丙酸钙对西门塔尔牛日粮能量平衡和氮平衡的影响

选用4头体重500kg、年龄3.5岁的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,以混合精料和玉米秸秆为基础日粮,研究丙酸钙(0、100、200和300g/d)对日粮能量平衡和氮平衡的影响。结果表明:各处理组采食总能和尿能差异不显著(P>0.05);日粮添加丙酸钙200g/d和300g/d组粪能和气体能有降低趋势(P>0.05),消化能、代谢能和沉积能较对照组均显著提高(P<0.05)。各处理组采食氮和尿氮差异不显著(P>0.05);日粮添加丙酸钙组粪氮显著降低(P<0.05),可消化氮显著提高(P<0.05);200g/d组沉积氮显著高于对照组和100g/d组(P<0.05),高于300g/d组但差异不显著(P>0.05)。根据本试验结果推断日粮中丙酸钙的适宜添加水平为200g/d。     

乙酸钠对西门塔尔牛日粮能量平衡和氮平衡的影响

选用4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管,年龄3.5岁,体重约500kg,体况良好的西门塔尔阉牛。采用4×4拉丁方设计,以混合精料和玉米秸秆为基础日粮,研究乙酸钠(0、200、400和600g/d)对西门塔尔牛日粮能量平衡和氮平衡的影响。结果表明:400g/d组和600g/d组消化能、代谢能、沉积能显著高于对照组和200g/d组(P<0.05),其中200g/d组沉积能显著高于对照组(P<0.05);400g/d组和600g/d尿能、消化能/总能、代谢能/总能、沉积能/消化能显著高于对照组(P<0.05);各处理组总能、气体能、产热量差异不显著(P>0.05);400g/d组和600g/d组粪氮含量显著降低(P<0.05);尿氮含量差异不显著(P>0.05);400g/d组和600g/d组可消化氮和沉积氮含量、氮利用率显著高于对照组和200g/d组(P<0.05),400g/d组显著高于600g/d组(P<0.05)。由此推断日粮中乙酸钠的适宜添加量为400g/d。     

丙酸镁对西门塔尔牛氮平衡和能量平衡的影响

选用4头年龄3.5岁,体况良好,体重(500±20)kg的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛。采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究日粮添加丙酸镁(100 g/d)、丙酸(87 g/d)和氧化镁(24 g/d)对西门塔尔牛氮平衡和能量平衡的影响。结果表明:日粮中添加丙酸镁、丙酸和氧化镁后,各组采食氮、采食总能、粪能、尿能、气体能、产热量、消化能/采食能差异均不显著(P>0.05);丙酸镁组粪氮较对照和氧化镁组显著降低(P<0.05);处理组尿氮较对照组显著降低(P<0.05),处理组间差异不显著(P>0.05);丙酸镁和丙酸组可消化氮和沉积氮、代谢能和沉积能较对照和氧化镁组显著提高(P<0.05),氧化镁组沉积氮较对照组显著提高(P<0.05)。丙酸镁组消化能、沉积能/消化能和沉积能/采食能较对照和氧化镁组显著提高(P<0.05)。丙酸镁降低了粪氮和尿氮,提高了可消化氮、沉积氮、消化能、代谢能、沉积能、沉积能/消化能、沉积能/采食能,改善了氮平衡和能量平衡。     

添加柠檬酸对西门塔尔牛日粮养分消化率的影响

选用4头年龄4岁、体况良好、平均体重500k，装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国西门塔尔阉牛，采用4×4拉丁方设计，以混合精料和玉米秸秆为基础日粮．研究柠檬酸（0、100、200和300g／d）对日粮养分表观消化率的影响。结果表明：200g／d组精饲料干物质（DM）、粗脂肪（EE）、无氮浸出物（NFE）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）较对照组显著提高（P〈0．05）。根据试验结果推断日粮中柠檬酸的适宜添加水平为200g/d。     

赛乐硒对西门塔尔牛营养物质消化和氮平衡的影响

选用7头体重420kg、2．5岁的中国西门塔尔牛。采用7×7拉丁方设计，研究添加赛乐硒（7．5、15和22．5m$e／d）和亚硒酸钠（7．5、15和22．5mgSe／d）对日粮营养物质消化和氮平衡的影响。结果表明，7．5～15mg／d赛乐硒组OM、CP、EE、NFE、NDF和ADF表观消化率显著提高，15-22．5m岛『d亚硒酸钠组显著降低。赛乐硒较亚硒酸钠显著提高了采食氮、消化氮、沉积氮和消化氮，沉积氮比例。以上结果表明，赛乐硒较无机硒能更有效促进营养物质的消化与利用。提高抗氧化能力，其适宜添加量为7．5—15mg／d。     

丙酸钙对西门塔尔牛日粮养分表观消化率的影响

选用4头体重500kg,年龄3．5岁的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用44拉丁方设计,以混合精料和玉米秸秆为基础日粮,研究丙酸钙（0、100、200和300g／d）对日粮养分表观消化率的影响。结果表明：日粮添加丙酸钙200g／d组干物质（DM）、有机物质（OM）、粗蛋白质（CP）、粗脂肪（EE）、无氮浸出物（NFE）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）表观消化率与对照组相比均显著提高（P〈0。05）;高于其它丙酸钙处理组,但差异不显著（P〉0．05）。根据实验结果推断,日粮中丙酸钙的适宜添加水平为200g／d。     

日粮添加甘油对奶牛血液指标和尿酮含量的影响

选用36头经产奶牛,根据泌乳期、上一泌乳期305d产奶量和预产期,采用随机区组设计分为4组,研究甘油（0、100、200和300g／d）对泌乳早期奶牛血液指标和尿酮浓度的影响。结果表明：日粮添加甘油后,200g／d组和300g／d组血浆葡萄糖浓度显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,而血浆游离脂肪酸和β-羟丁酸浓度显著低于对照组（P〈0、05）;200g／d组和300g／d组尿酮浓度显著低于对照组和100g／d组（P〈0．05）。根据试验结果,甘油适宜添加量为200g／d。     

日粮中添加葛根粉对奶牛生产性能的影响

本试验研究了奶牛日粮中添加葛根粉对奶牛生产性能的影响。选用产奶量、体重相近的健康中国荷斯坦奶牛60头,随机分成3组,每组20头。3组日粮分别是：对照组日粮为基础日粮、试验Ⅰ组目粮为基础日粮＋葛根粉200g/（头&#183;d）,试验Ⅱ组日粮为基础日粮＋葛根粉300g/（头&#183;d）。结果表明,日粮添加葛根粉200g／（头&#183;d）试验组产奶量和乳成分与对照组无显著差异（P〉0．05）;日粮添加葛根粉300g/（头&#183;d）试验组产奶量、4％标准乳产奶量比对照组显著增加（P〈0．05）,乳脂产量、乳蛋白产量比对照组有提高的趋势,但差异不显著（P〉0．05）。     

活性干酵母添加水平对产蛋初期铁脚麻种鸡生产性能的影响

为探讨活性干酵母（ADY）添加水平对产蛋初期铁脚麻种鸡生产性能的影响,选用153d铁脚麻种鸡1008只,随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复84只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2与3组分别饲喂添加100、300与600g／tADY的日粮。测定试验前期（O～13d）、后期（14～33d）及全期（0～33d）产蛋率与破蛋率。结果表明：添加100g／tADY组0～13d及0～33d产蛋率极显著或显著高于对照组（P〈0．01或0．05）,各期破蛋率与对照组无显著差异（P〉0．05）;添加300g／tADY组各期产蛋率与对照组无显著差异（P〉0．05）,14～33d及O～33d破蛋率显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）;添加600g／tADY组14～33d及0～33d产蛋率极显著或显著低于对照组（P〈0．01或0．05）,14～33d破蛋率显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。表明适量添加ADY可以改善产蛋率,添加效应随时间延长有降低趋势;过量添加会降低产蛋率并增加破蛋率。     

日粮添加苹果酸对西门塔尔牛日粮养分消化率的影响

选用4头体重约500kg．年龄3岁装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔阉牛．采用4×4拉丁方设计．以混合精料和玉米秸秆为基础日粮．研究不同添加水平的苹果酸（0、70、140和210g／d）对西门塔尔牛日粮养分表观消化率的影响。结果表明：140g／d组和210g／d组有机物质、粗脂肪、无氮浸出物、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。在本试验条件下．苹果酸的适宜添加水平为140g／d．     

反刍动物日粮阴阳离子平衡研究进展

矿物质元素对动物营养十分重要,随着单个矿物质元素研究的深入,矿物质元素之间的平衡备受重视.近年来,国外有关日粮阴阳离子平衡(DCAB)的研究报道相当多,而国内较少.矿物质阴阳离子参与维持机体酸碱平衡,对于维持动物的正常生理活动和最佳的生产性能十分重要,因此,DCAB可直接影响到动物的生理活动和生产性能.根据动物的体液酸碱平衡情况调节日粮阴阳离子浓度,使体液中的酸碱平衡达到动物最佳生产性能的要求,这是研究DCAB的主要目的.     

仔猪低蛋白氨基酸平衡日粮的研究

1仔猪采食量和后期生长的关系断奶前后的一段时期是猪生长的多事之秋。在这个时期,猪的营养来源从优质的母乳转换到质量相对较差的固体的植物源性饲料。由于消化系统不能完全适应这种转换,猪时常会发生消化不良,直接导致采食、生长和健康受到影响。仔猪的婴幼期采食量总体上说是低的并且不固定,变化范围在3～77g/头·d(Pluske等,1995)。在母乳减少的某些情况下,比如周围环境高热时,采食量会增加。Quiniou等(2000)、Renaudeau和Noblet(2001)都报道了在外界环境温度升高时采食量会增加。当环境温度从20°C升高到26°C时,仔猪采食量增加6g/…     

Nutrient balance in the diet of spring calving, pasture-fed dairy cows

AIMS: To report the nutrient composition of pastures fed to spring-calving dairy cows in the Manawatu region of New Zealand, and describe changes in the nutrient composition of these pastures over a 12-month period. Having done this we sought to: (1) compare the nutrient composition of the pasture offered with the nutrient requirements of spring-calving dairy cows; (2) identify periods when individual nutrient surpluses and deficits are likely; and, (3) identify nutrients that demonstrate a high level of variability between sampling occasions. METHODS: Seven farms took part in the study. Each farm was visited monthly from August 1996 to July 1997. Samples of pasture were taken at each visit and submitted for estimation of dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), crude protein (CP), non-structural carbohydrate (NSC), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl), sulphur (S), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), and dietary cation-anion differences (DCAD). RESULTS: Sampled pastures were characterised by low to marginal ME, NSC, Ca, Mg, and Zn concentrations when compared with recommended dietary nutrient concentrations for lactating and non-lactating dairy cattle in New Zealand. Analyses revealed relatively high CP, NDF and K concentrations, and DCAD. CONCLUSIONS: These analyses identify broad trends in the nutrient balance of a pasture-only feeding regime and provide a useful reference for planning feed strategies for spring-calving, pasture-fed dairy herds in this region. Recommended changes to on-farm practice should be made after considering the whole farm system, rather than being made solely on the basis of perceived deficiencies or excesses of individual nutrients.     

Influence of a high-protein diet on energy balance in obese cats allowed ad libitum access to food

The influence of a high-protein [HP, 47% of metabolizable energy (ME)] diet on energy balance was evaluated in obese cats allowed ad libitum access to food. Energy intake, body weight, body composition, energy expenditure, and concentrations of hormones and metabolites associated with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism (glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, triglycerides and leptin) were measured in cats after consuming either a moderate protein (MP, 27% of ME) or HP diet for 4 months. Indirect respiration calorimetry showed that resting and total energy expenditure (kJ/day) adjusted for either body weight or lean body mass was increased in cats consuming the HP in relation to MP diets. However, voluntary energy intake also was increased in the HP treatment and, thus, there was no difference in body weight between animals consuming the two diets. Body composition measurements using deuterium oxide dilution showed that dietary protein content did not alter amounts of either lean body mass or fat mass. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between the two treatment groups for blood glucose, free fatty acid or leptin concentrations, although there was a trend (p = 0.054) towards an increase of serum insulin concentrations in the cats eating the HP diet. This study showed that short-term ad libitum feeding of an HP diet did not reduce food intake or promote weight loss in obese cats. However, energy expenditure was increased in the HP diet group and it is possible that this effect of HP might help promote weight loss when energy intake is restricted.     

Isoleucine and valine supplementation of a low-protein corn-wheat-soybean meal-based diet for piglets: growth performance and nitrogen balance

The effects of Ile and Val supplementation of a low-CP, corn-wheat-soybean meal-based piglet diet on growth performance, incidence of diarrhea, and N balance were studied using 60 Landrace x Duroc male piglets in a 4-wk experiment. The 60 individually caged piglets were divided into 5 dietary treatments, each consisting of 12 piglets. Diet 1 was a positive control diet (20% CP); diet 2 was a low-CP negative control diet (17% CP); diets 3, 4, and 5 were low-CP diets to which Ile, Val, or the combination of Ile and Val were added, respectively. All diets were supplemented with Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp to provide the required concentrations of these AA according to the 1998 NRC. Average daily gain and ADFI were similar among pigs fed the positive control, Val-added, and the Val plus Ile-added diets. On wk-2 and wk-4, fecal score was greater (softer feces) in piglets fed the 20% CP level compared with the remaining treatments (P < 0.01). Nitrogen intake was decreased (P < 0.0001) in pigs fed diets containing low levels of CP compared with pigs fed the 20% CP diet. Fecal N excretion (g/d) was decreased (P < 0.05) in piglets fed low-CP diets at wk 1 and wk 4 of feeding, and in urine at wk 4 of feeding. Crude protein levels or AA supplementation had no effect on N retention efficiencies. These results indicate that the supplementation of Val alone, or in combination with Ile, to a low-CP piglet diet with adequate levels of Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp is necessary to achieve maximum performance in pigs consuming corn-wheat-soybean meal-based diets.     

Growth performance, energy, and nitrogen balance of weanling pigs fed a cereal-based diet supplemented with Chinese rhubarb

Forty Swiss Large White piglets of 4 weeks of age were used to determine the effect of dietary Chinese rhubarb on growth performance, as well as on energy and nitrogen metabolism by means of indirect respiration calorimetry studies. A cereal-based diet, supplemented with four different dosages of Chinese rhubarb (0.0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%), was offered ad libitum to the piglets. Gaseous exchange was measured, and urine, faeces, and blood samples were taken. The addition of 0.25% dietary rhubarb increased feed intake (+32%) and daily weight gain (+67%) compared to the diet containing the greatest amount of rhubarb (1%). The piglets fed diet supplemented with 0.25% rhubarb digested and metabolised more energy and nitrogen relative to the animals of treatment 1%. As a consequence, the same group (0.25%) converted more energy and nitrogen into body protein than piglets receiving diet supplemented with 1% rhubarb. However, compared to the control group, the addition of 0.25% rhubarb to the diet resulted in not significantly alter growth performance, energy, and nitrogen metabolism of the animals.Blood parameters were not affected by the rhubarb supplementation. The dose-responding effect of Chinese rhubarb was reflected by the dry matter content of faecal samples. According to the laxative effect of higher doses of rhubarb, the addition of 1% rhubarb to the diet reduced dry matter content of faeces. This effect was well visible in practice, although not relevant in statistical terms. The addition of 0.5% dietary rhubarb had no relevant effect on growth performance or on energy and nitrogen metabolism of treated animals.     

Nitrogen balance in lambs fed a high-concentrate diet and infused with differing proportions of casein in the rumen and abomasum

Twenty-five wether lambs (34 +/- 0.9 kg) fitted with ruminal and abomasal infusion catheters were used in a completely randomized design to determine the effects of differing proportions of ruminal and abomasal casein infusion on N balance in lambs fed a high-concentrate diet (85% corn grain, 1.6% N; DM basis) for ad libitum intake. Wethers were infused with 0 (control) or 10.4 g/d of N from casein with ruminal:abomasal infusion ratios of 100:0, 67:33, 33:67, or 0:100% over a 14-d period. Feed, orts, feces, and urine were collected over the last 5 d. Total N intake and excretion were greater (P < 0.01) in lambs infused with casein than in controls; however, N retention did not differ in lambs infused with casein compared with controls, suggesting that N requirements were met without casein supplementation. Total N intake and total N excretion did not differ among casein infusion treatments. Urinary N excretion decreased linearly (P = 0.07) with decreasing ruminal infusion of casein. Site of casein infusion quadratically (P = 0.06) influenced N retained (g/d), with the greatest retention observed in the 33:67 ruminal:abomasal infusion treatment. Dry matter intake from feed decreased from 1,183 to 945 g/d (P = 0.02) in lambs infused with casein compared with controls, but apparently digested DM did not differ among treatments. These data indicate that decreasing the ruminal degradability of supplemental protein above that required to maximize N retention results in decreased urinary excretion of N without greatly affecting apparent diet digestion.     

The effects of tannins-containing ground pine bark diet upon nutrient digestion,nitrogen balance,and mineral retention in meat goats

Background

Pine bark is a rich source of phytochemical compounds including tannins, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and fatty acids. These phytochemicals have potential to significantly impact on animal health and animal production. The goal of this work is to measure the effects of tannins in ground pine bark as a partial feed replacement on feed intake, dietary apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance, and mineral retention in meat goats.

Results

Eighteen Kiko cross goats (initial BW = 31.8 ± 1.49 kg) were randomly assigned to three treatment groups (n = 6). Dietary treatments were tested: control (0 % pine bark powder (PB) and 30 % wheat straw (WS)); 15 % PB and 15 % WS, and 30 % PB and 0 % WS. Although dry matter (DM) intake and digestibility were not affected (P > 0.10) by feeding PB, neutral detergent fiber (linear; P = 0.01), acid detergent fiber (linear; P = 0.001) and lignin digestibility (linear; P = 0.01) decreased, and crude protein (CP) digestibility tended to decrease (P = 0.09) as PB increased in the diet, apparent retention of Ca (P = 0.09), P (P = 0.03), Mg (P = 0.01), Mn (P = 0.01), Zn (P = 0.01) and Fe (P = 0.09) also increased linearly. Nitrogen intake and fecal N excretion were not affected (P > 0.05) by addition of PB in the diet, but N balance in the body was quadratically increased (P < 0.01) in the 15 % PB diet compared to other diets. This may be due to more rumen escape protein and less excreted N in the urine with the 15 % PB diet. The study showed that a moderate level of tannin-containing pine bark supplementation could improve gastrointestinal nitrogen balance with the aim of improving animal performance.

Conclusion

These results suggest that tannin-containing PB has negative impact on fiber, lignin, and protein digestibility, but positively impacted on N-balance.