三种吡唑类硝化抑制剂对黑土中尿素氮转化的抑制效果研究

通过室内培养试验,研究了3种吡唑类硝化抑制剂CMP(1-甲氨甲酰-3-甲基吡唑);DMPP(3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐);DMP(3,5-二甲基吡唑)在黑土上的抑制效果。其结果表明:在相同质量浓度下,3种吡唑类硝化抑制剂的硝化抑制顺序为CMP>DMPP>DMP。CMP是一种高效的硝化抑制剂,0.1%尿素添加量下强烈抑制了铵态氮的转化。DMP的抑制效果最差,在整个培养的第40 d,硝态氮的含量甚至超过了CK。     

含硝化抑制剂DMPP氮肥对小白菜硝酸盐累积和营养品质的影响

新型硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate,DMPP)对叶菜类蔬菜(如菠菜)硝酸盐的累积有明显的抑制作用[1-5],但其与氮肥一起造粒形成的新型氮肥在蔬菜上的研究还少有报道.我们以常规氮肥(NH4HCO3,urea,ASN)作对比,就新型含硝化抑制剂氮肥(ASN DMPP)在典型菜地正常施肥条件下对降低小白菜硝酸盐累积及营养品质的影响进行了研究,以期为提高蔬菜品质提供依据.     

DMPP农业应用研究进展

本文对新型硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(简称DMPP)的特性作了介绍,对DMPP提高作物产量,改善品质,提高氮肥利用率。降低氮温室气体的释放,减少NO3-淋失,促进环境保护方面的作用及其影响因素作了评述。     

添加NBPT/DMPP/CP的高效稳定性尿素在黑土和褐土中的施用效应

[目的]研究添加脲酶/硝化抑制剂的高效稳定性尿素在黑土和褐土中的作用效果,为科学合理选择抑制剂提供科学依据.[方法]以春玉米为试材,采用东北典型的黑土和褐土进行盆栽试验.供试抑制剂包括N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)、3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)、2-氯-6(三氯甲基)-吡啶(CP).试验设不施氮肥(U0)、施...     

1-羟甲基-3,5-二甲基吡唑(DMHMP)的硝化抑制效应初探

采用室内好气培养方法,以DCD为参比对象研究了新型硝化抑制剂1-羟甲基-3,5-二甲基吡唑(DMHMP)对土壤硝化作用的影响。研究结果表明,DMHMP同DCD一样对土壤硝化作用有明显的抑制效应,主要表现在三个方面:(1)可使土壤NH4+-N含量在整个培养期内显著高于不添加抑制剂的对照处理(P<0.01);(2)使土壤NO3--N含量显著低于对照处理(P<0.01);(3)添加硝化抑制剂处理土壤的pH下降幅度和速度均较对照处理有所降低.当添加DMHMP的量与DCD相等时,其硝化抑制作用不如DCD,而当其添加量为DCD的2倍时,其硝化抑制效果明显优于DCD.在培养的第7天至第21天之间,DMHMP具有最优的硝化抑制效应。     

不同硝化抑制剂的复配施用对尿素转化及土壤中氮的影响

通过室外模拟田间培养试验,研究不同硝化抑制剂及其复配后的硝化抑制效果。结果表明:不同硝化抑制剂,明显抑制了NH4+-N向NO3--N的转化。硝化抑制剂1-甲胺酰基-3,5-二甲基吡唑(CMP)有明显的抑制效果,优于4氨基-1,2,4-三唑盐酸盐(ATC)、双氰胺(DCD);硝化抑制剂CMP与DCD复配的抑制效果显著,硝化抑制率为35.6%。为了结合生产实际获得最优性价比,在硝化抑制剂复配比率方面尚需进一步研究。     

土壤微生物氮固持及氮转化过程对连续施用脲酶/硝化抑制剂的响应

采用田间原位试验的方法,研究了正丁基硫代磷酸三胺(NBPT)和硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)及其配合施用7年后土壤pH、全氮和微生物生物量氮、硝化作用及反硝化作用的变化。结果表明:与NBPT相比,DMPP的使用可显著提高土壤pH值、增加微生物生物量氮的含量、降低土壤的表观硝化率,且以NBPT+DMPP配合施用的效果更明显。而NBPT+DMPP连续施用可能增加了土壤反硝化作用潜势的结果尚有待进一步验证。     

三种吡唑类硝化抑制剂在潮棕壤中的垂直和水平迁移

分别利用土柱淋溶试验和水平扩散试验研究了3种吡唑类硝化抑制剂[3-甲基吡唑(MP)、3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)和4-氯-3-甲基吡唑(ClMP)]随水在潮棕壤中垂直和水平迁移及与NH4+移动的同步性。结果表明,淋溶试验结束后(总淋洗量700 mm),各土层(0、10、20 cm)MP含量与NH4+-N含量的比值未发生变化,而DMPP和ClMP含量与NH4+-N含量的比值随土层深度增加显著降低。扩散试验结束后,在距圆心40 mm范围内,MP和DMPP含量与NH4+-N含量的比值均未发生较大变化,而ClMP含量与NH4+-N含量比值显著减小。研究结果说明,MP随水沿垂直和水平方向移动的速率几乎和NH4+一样,不存在同NH4+脱离风险,而DMPP和ClMP随水移动的速率比NH4+慢。     

DMPP减少稻田土壤氮素损失的研究进展

以追求高产为目标的过量施肥不仅造成养分资源的浪费,而且由于养分流失导致对周边水体的污染。利用硝化抑制剂与氮肥配施被认为是减少农田氮素损失,提高氮肥利用率的有效途径。本文以新型硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(简称DMPP)为研究对象,就其特性与优势,结合稻田氮素循环的自身特点,重点介绍了DMPP对稻田氮素损失各主要环节的影响。从DMPP对稻田硝化与反硝化的作用机理、微生物影响及作用效果等方面,综述了其在减少稻田氮素损失、提高氮素利用率,降低农业面源污染风险,促进环境保护方面的作用。同时对目前研究中存在的问题和争议进行了分析讨论,对今后关于DMPP应该深入的研究方向进行了展望。     

抑制剂对海南土壤中硝化作用及N2O排放的影响

通过室内培养试验研究4种肥料增效剂对尿素在海南土壤中氮素转化和N₂O排放的影响,以期筛选出适合海南土壤的氮肥增效剂类型。培养试验设单施尿素（CK）、尿素 + 长效复混肥添加剂（加入尿素量的8‰,NAM）、尿素 + 双氰胺（加入尿素量的3.5%,DCD）、尿素 + 3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐（加入尿素量的1%,DMPP）、尿素 + 2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡啶（加入尿素量的8‰,NMAX）5个处理。在培养过程中定期测定土壤理化性质、铵态氮和硝态氮含量以及N₂O排放量的变化,以分析不同增效剂对土壤氮素形态及N₂O排放的影响。结果表明:添加增效剂处理土壤的pH、有机质、全氮和速效钾等均与CK无显著差异,但土壤速效磷含量显著降低。培养过程中,除DCD外,DMPP、NAM和NMAX处理铵态氮浓度一直处于较低水平,而土壤硝态氮含量缓慢增长,显示出明显的硝化抑制效果。与CK处理相比,添加抑制剂处理土壤N₂O浓度峰值延后,累计排放量显著降低,但不同抑制剂间差异不显著。综合比较硝化抑制作用及N₂O减排效果,可以认为添加长效复混肥添加剂（NAM）、3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐（DMPP）和2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡啶（NMAX）等抑制剂的肥料适宜应用于海南水稻土。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.