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化感作用与可持续农业 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
这了农业生态系统中化感物质的种类和作用机制以及化感作用对养分资源管理及其他农艺措施的影响,提出优化农艺措施、合理利用植物间化感作用建设可持续农业的方法和途径,并指出今后化感作用研究的重点和方向。 相似文献
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简述了农业生态系统中化感物质的种类和作用机制以及化感作用对养分资源管理及其他农艺措施的影响,提出优化农艺措施、合理利用植物间化感作用建设可持续农业的方法和途径,并指出今后化感作用研究的重点和方向。 相似文献
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作物化感作用研究是一个相对较新的研究方向,尽管2000年前就有关于植物间克生现象的描述,化感作用在农业生产实践中的应用很有潜力,从化感作用的概念着手总结了近20年来的研究成果,包括化感作用物质研究,作用机制研究,种质资源,生物检测方法和遗传特性研究等,并阐明了作物化感作用的研究意义,研究存在困难以及应用途径与前景。 相似文献
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综述了水稻化感作用的研究进展,包括水稻与其他植物相互间的化感作用、水稻化感物质的分离鉴定及其特征特性、水稻化感育种、水稻化感作用与农业可持续发展等方面进展。 相似文献
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杂草危害农作物的生长和发育,而大量施用除草剂会造成环境污染和增加杂草抗药性。利用植物相互间化感作用控制杂草非常有效,抑草植物通过释放化感物质并与杂草竞争生存环境,进而对杂草发芽和生长产生抑制作用。轮作、耕作等措施影响植物残茬化感物质的释放,造成抑草效果不同。化感育种是解决杂草危害的最有效途径,可使植物具有对杂草抑制作用的化感性状。 相似文献
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植物化感作用的研究对持续性农业建设的意义 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
植物化感作用是植物界普遍存在的一种现象。本文概述了植物化感作用的研究对持续性农业建设的必要性,并从持续农业建设的生物措施方面,讨论了农业生态系统中植物化感作用的现象及其实质,以及植物化感作用在农业生产上的应用。指出植物化感作用的研究对持续农业建设既有直接作用,又有长远的影响。 相似文献
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本文总结前人研究成果的基础上,对不同植物化感作用类型及其作用机制和在农业中的应用进行了探讨。植物化感作用包括化感偏害作用、自毒作用、自促作用和互惠作用。植物化感偏害作用是由植物根系分泌物介导下的植物与特异微生物共同作用的结果。利用植物化感偏害作用控制田间杂草是一项环境友好型的可持续农业技术,并已在水稻化感抑草研究方面取得了较突出的成果。植物化感自毒作用(作物连作障碍)是造成作物产量降低、生长状况变差、品质变差、病虫害频发的现象。药用植物,特别是以根部入药的药用植物中,连作障碍表现更为突出。近年来研究结果认为根系分泌物生态效应的间接作用及土壤微生物区系功能紊乱是导致植物连作障碍的主要因素。因此,改善土壤生长环境,恢复和修复根际土壤微生物结构平衡,增强生态系统机能是克服作物连作障碍的关键。植物化感自促作用(连作促进作用)是在植物根系分泌物促进下,根际土壤微生物之间此消彼长,有益微生物之间互利协作,土壤肥力和营养补给能力明显改善,从而增强植物根系抗性,促进植物生长发育,提高产量和品质的结果。牛膝的连作促进作用明显,有学者试图通过牛膝与其他不耐连作药用植物间作套种或轮作,实现药用植物生产的可持续发展。植物间的正相互作用(互惠作用)是作物间套种系统超产和养分等资源高效利用的重要机制,根系分泌物在介导根际微生物与植物的有利互作中起到重要作用。最后作者强调指出,存在于根际土壤的微生物群落的宏基因组组成是决定植物能否健康生长的关键。深入研究存在于土壤生态系统中的植物体外基因组的组成与演化机制,将成为借用现代合成生物学原理与技术,定向控制植物根际生物学过程,促进作物生产可持续发展的优先研究领域。 相似文献
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为了研究农林复合生态系统中树种对农作物种子萌发的影响,以泡桐和杨树为对象,采用振荡溶解的方法提取泡桐和杨树叶浸出液,通过测定种子萌发率,研究树叶水提取物对小麦、玉米、大豆种子萌发的化感作用。结果表明:(1)杨树和泡桐叶水提取物质量浓度达到50 mg/mL对大豆的发芽率、发芽速率有明显抑制作用;杨树叶水提取物质量浓度达到10 mg/mL和泡桐叶水提取物质量浓度高于20mg/mL对小麦、玉米有显著的抑制作用。(2)杨树叶水浸液对3种作物种子萌发的化感作用(RI=15.147)大于泡桐叶(RI=13.973)。(3)杨树和泡桐叶水浸液对3种作物种子的化感抑制作用强度依次为小麦>玉米>大豆,而且随着杨树和泡桐叶水浸液质量浓度的上升其化感抑制作用越来越强,作物种子的发芽率也越来越低。 相似文献
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近年来植物化感物质的提取、纯化、鉴定及其生物检测方法的研究取得很大进展。化感作用物质主要来自植物的次生代谢产物,它通过影响植物膜系统、激素水平、矿质吸收、呼吸和光合作用等对植物的生长产生影响。并阐述了植物化感作用及其机理、化感作用的研究方法,指出植物化感作用研究中存在的问题和研究方向。 相似文献
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Crop yields are affected by many factors, related to breeding, management and climate. Understanding these factors, and their relative contributions to historical yield increases, is important to help ensure that these yield increases can continue in the future. Two important factors that can affect yields are planting dates and the crop's growing degree day (GDD) requirements. We analyzed 25 years of data collected by the USDA in order to document trends in planting dates, lengths of the vegetative and reproductive growth periods, and the length of time between maturity and harvest for corn and soybeans across the United States. We then drove the Agro-IBIS agroecosystem model with these observations to investigate the effects of changing planting dates and crop GDD requirements on crop yields and fluxes of water and energy. Averaged across the U.S., corn planting dates advanced about 10 days from 1981 to 2005, and soybean planting dates about 12 days. For both crops, but especially for corn, this was accompanied by a lengthening of the growth period. The period from corn planting to maturity was about 12 days longer around 2005 than it was around 1981. A large driver of this change was a 14% increase in the number of GDD needed for corn to progress through the reproductive period, probably reflecting an adoption of longer season cultivars. If these changes in cultivars had not occurred, yields around 2005 would have been 12.6 bu ac−1 lower across the U.S. Corn Belt, erasing 26% of the yield increase from 1981 to 2005. These changes in crop phenology, together with a shortening of the time from maturity to harvest, have also modified the surface water and energy balance. Earlier planting has led to an increase in the latent heat flux and a decrease in the sensible heat flux in June, while a shorter time from maturity to harvest has meant an increase in net radiation in October. 相似文献
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作物多样性种植在中国有着古老而悠久的历史,在现代农业生产中仍发挥着重要作用。近几年,利用多样性种植控制虫害成为全世界农业研究的热点之一。作物多样性种植直接影响农田害虫的发生、危害、行为。许多研究表明,农作物多样性种植,害虫数量和危害程度都有不同程度的减轻。但也有一些研究表明,作物多样性种植不仅不能减轻害虫的危害程度,甚至还会加重其危害程度。多样性种植不仅影响天敌昆虫数量,而且影响其寄生率或捕食率,并通过影响其定向行为、搜索行为、转移行为等影响其活动能力。本文总结了近年来作物多样性种植对农田害虫及天敌的影响方面的研究结果,并讨论了该领域研究的前景及目前存在的问题。本文还介绍了作物多样性种植对昆虫影响机制的7种假说(物理阻隔假说、视动反应假说、寄主植物气味掩盖假说、驱避性化学物质假说、植物气味组成改变假说、天敌假说、资源密度假说)和1种理论(适宜性/非适宜性降落理论),这些假说和理论在一定程度上能够阐明多样性种植对昆虫的影响机理,但是没有一种假说或理论能够全面阐明多样性种植控制害虫的生态机制。 相似文献
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为探讨当归(Angelica sinensis)自毒作用与连作障碍的关系并建立合理的轮作制度,利用4个浓度当归营养期根部及茎叶部水浸液对当归及其种植区常见作物油菜(Brassica campestris)、小麦(Triticum aestivum)和燕麦(Avena sativa)的种子和幼苗进行了生物测定。分析结果表明,当归具明显的自毒作用(敏感指数M3=-0.258 3),茎叶部分的自毒效应强于根部,且作用强度随浓度增加而增强;小麦和燕麦对当归的化感作用有一定的耐受能力,综合敏感指数(M)分别为-0.075 5和-0.144 7;而油菜对当归的化感作用较为敏感,综合敏感指数为-0.307 9,这一结果与实际种植情况不符,推断可能与当归化感物质在土壤中的转化导致化感作用降低有关。在种间化感作用的研究中发现根部的化感作用强于茎叶,并有高抑制低促进的浓度效应。试验结果说明当归的自毒作用是造成连作障碍的原因之一;当归对小麦和燕麦的化感作用较弱,可以用于当归轮作体系,缓解因自毒作用而引起的连作障碍。 相似文献
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Cover crops have traditionally been used to reduce soil erosion and build soil quality, but more recently cover crops are being used as an effective tool in organic weed management. Many studies have demonstrated microbial community response to individual cover crop species, but the effects of mixed species cover crop communities have received less attention. Moreover, the relationship between arable weeds and soil microbial communities is not well understood. The objective of this study was to determine the relative influence of cover crop diversity, early-season weed communities, and tillage on soil microbial community structure in an organic cropping system through the extraction of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). A field experiment was conducted between 2009 and 2011 near Mead, NE where spring-sown mixtures of zero (control), two, and eight cover crop species were included in a sunflower–soybean–corn crop rotation. A mixture of four weed species was planted in all experimental units (excluding the no-cover control), and also included as an individual treatment. Cover crops and weeds were planted in late-March, then terminated in late-May using a field disk or sweep plow undercutter, and main crops were planted within one week of termination. Three (2009) or four (2010–11) soil cores were taken to a depth of 20 cm in all experimental units at 45, 32, and 25 days following cover crop termination in 2009, 2010, and 2011, respectively. Total FAMEs pooled across 2009 and 2010 were greatest in the two species mixture–undercutter treatment combination (140.8 ± 3.9 nmol g−1) followed by the eight species mixture–undercutter treatment combination (132.4 ± 3.9 nmol g−1). Abundance of five (2009 and 2010) and seventeen (2011) FAME biomarkers was reduced in the weedy treatment relative to both cover-cropped treatments and the no-cover control. In 2009 and 2010, termination with the undercutter reduced abundance of most actinomycete biomarkers while termination with the field disk reduced abundance of C18:1(cis11) and iC16:0. Canonical discriminant analysis of the microbial community successfully segregated most cover crop mixture by termination method treatment combinations in 2009 and 2010. Microbial communities were most strongly influenced by the presence and type of early-spring plant communities, as weeds exerted a strong negative influence on abundance of many key microbial biomarkers, including the AMF markers C16:1(cis11) and C18:1(cis11). Weeds may alter soil microbial community structure as a means of increasing competitive success in arable soils, but this relationship requires further investigation. 相似文献
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生态系统健康是生态系统管理的目标。阐述了农业生态系统健康的概念、评价指标和评价方法,指出农业生态系统健康评价指标与标准的选择应根据其结构和功能将社会经济指标及资源环境指标有机结合,以客观评价农业环境资源承载力及农业生产发展方向,并科学管理农业生态系统。 相似文献
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吕富保 《中国生态农业学报》1994,2(3):40-46
本文在对一个由农、牧、果组成的农业生态系统的实体模式进行试验研究取得大量试验数据的基础上,分析计算了该农业生态系统的能量流,评价了系统的某些生态特征,并提出了改善系统功能、提高系统能量转化效率的途径。 相似文献
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Beneficial microbial allelopathies in the root zone: the management of soil quality and plant disease with rhizobacteria 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
By virtue of their physiological adaptability and metabolic versatility, bacteria in plant root zones are a key agent of change in soil agroecosystems. Interactions between plant root systems and rhizobacteria have a profound effect on crop health, yield, and soil quality. Through the selective release of exudates and leachates plants activate and sustain specific rhizobacterial communities in the root zone. In turn, root zone bacteria are able to generate a wide array of secondary metabolites which can have a positive influence on plant growth; enhancing the availability of minerals and nutrients, improving nitrogen fixation ability, decreasing susceptibility to frost damage, improving plant health through the biocontrol of phytopathogens, inducing systemic plant disease resistance, and facilitating plant establishment, growth and development. The benefits from root zone bacterial biodiversity are moot in managed agroecosystems, where community complexity is minimized, and ecosystem stability is often disrupted for the purpose of disease control and yield maximization. The complexity of plant–soil–microbial interactions are so varied, that a complete understanding of all the relationships involved is unlikely to be achieved, even in a production monoculture. Nevertheless, the consequences of beneficial biological interactions that stimulate crop yields and improve plant health can be evaluated relatively simply and a number of general management strategies can be devised accordingly. 相似文献
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作物实际产量与潜在产量间存在较大差距,地区间甚至同一地区不同田块间作物产量也存在显著差异,这种现象在世界范围内的农业生产中广泛存在.缩小该差距对于提高粮食产量,确保粮食安全具有重要意义.本文在阐述开展作物产量差研究重要性和必要性的基础上,从产量差的内涵、研究尺度的扩展及分析方法等方面介绍了目前国内外有关作物产量差的研究进展,并综述了作物生长模拟模型在产量差研究中的应用,最后分析了目前作物产量差研究中存在的问题和不足之处,并探讨了未来作物产量差研究的发展方向. 相似文献
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程治山 《中国生态农业学报》1994,2(4):10-13
本文分析了功能整合效应与农业生态系统总体功能的关系,论述了功能整合性是农业生态系统的必备特征,它的提高是农业发展进步的内在动因。进而说明农业生态系统总体功能的提高主要取决于系统功能整合效应的增强,而系统功能整合效应的提高要靠系统结构的优化来实现,功能整合效应是关系到农业生态系统结构优劣和总体功能高低的重要衡量指标。 相似文献