基于林分垂直空间结构特征的杉木人工林抚育间伐可视化模拟研究

[目的 ]针对抚育间伐目前存在较少利用垂直空间结构参数的问题,以林分三维可视化模拟系统为基础,加入森林结构功能模块,研究一种以林分垂直空间结构参数A_Pvi为依据,对森林经营方案原定的抚育强度进行改进的方法。[方法 ]利用林分三维场景可视化模拟系统中的森林结构功能模块,通过读取杉木样地调查表中的每木数据,在虚拟场景中模拟样地的真实情况,分析样地的各空间结构参数。[结果 ]经过考虑林分垂直结构的间伐强度间伐后的4块样地与原定间伐强度相比,平均A_Pvi更加趋近于0,样地内林木竞争状况更加均匀,1号样地的平均A_Pvi由0.46降到了-0.24,2号样地由0.46降为0,3号样地由-0.19提升到了-0.04,4号样地由0.40降到了0.04;平均角尺度无大幅度变化,4块样地都呈随机分布状态;4块样地中,除了3号样地外,平均大小比数均出现了较大幅度的减少。[结论 ]考虑林分垂直结构的间伐强度与原林场森林经营方案既定的间伐强度相比,改善了林分的竞争状况,使林分内的竞争状况趋近均势。林分三维场景可视化模拟系统可以精确模拟采用不同间伐强度进行间伐后的林分拟真场景及其空间结构变化情况。     

虚拟森林环境构建研究

在分析不同尺度的森林可视化建模内容和技术特点的基础上,从单棵树的建模、林分结构规律,森林场景的绘制技术等几个方面展开论述.在此基础上建立了一个虚拟森林环境系统原型,系统采用几何与图像混合绘制的方法实现森林环境建模,场景采用八叉树空间分割方法,实现了虚拟森林三维场景模拟、小班信息查询等功能,为森林资源和经营可视化提供了虚拟环境.     

森林经营可视化模拟研究

森林经营可视化模拟依托可视化技术及森林经营技术, 以模拟实地的虚拟森林环境作为实验区, 对各项森林经营活动进行模拟研究, 以期解决现实中森林经营管理难以解决的问题, 是近年来林业科学研究的一个重点方向。简要介绍了森林经营可视化模拟提出的背景与内容; 阐述了国内外研究现状, 并在此基础上归纳了森林经营可视化模拟研究存在的问题以及发展趋势, 并提出值得今后探讨的问题。     

林分3D可视化经营技术研究——以黄丰桥国有林场为例

为了解决以往二维森林资源信息系统对于现实世界表达的逼真程度低的问题,为用户提供视觉上更真实的感受,让决策者对森林资源信息有更为直观、生动的了解与认识,从而提高森林场景的交互性与实时性,研究开发了可独立运行的林分3D可视化经营系统。研究结果表明,利用可视化编程工具模拟虚拟森林环境的林分经营方法,操作简单,可用性强;,设计的面向森林经营管理的国有林场林分3D可视化系统,可实现森林的漫游,二维数据的查询、统计、造林模拟和森林经营模拟等功能。     

樟子松人工林空间结构优化及可视化模拟

为实现人工林的近自然化改造,以帽儿山樟子松人工林为研究对象,以可视化模拟为手段,以林分空间结构优化为目标,以常用空间结构参数(角尺度、混交度、大小比)为切入点,按照森林演替的一般规律构建樟子松人工林的空间结构优化方案,并将其与林分三维可视化模拟模型进行耦合,建立樟子松人工林三维可视化经营模拟系统.模拟实例表明:林分的平均角尺度从0.461提高到0.487,林木分布格局由均匀分布变为随机分布;林分混交度由0.284上升到0.308,混交程度得到提高;林分大小比由0.515变为0.481,林木个体生长的优势程度得到提高;基于林分空间结构的择伐,使林分空间结构得到了显著优化.该系统可以在虚拟森林环境中实现对森林经营过程的模拟、经营方案的评价和优化、林分未来生长状况的预测以及森林经营活动对林分结构的影响,为我国人工林的科学经营和管理提供一个全新的平台.     

浅析森林经营措施对森林碳汇计量的影响——以思茅松不同间伐强度为例

以思茅松人工林森林经营碳汇项目实践为基础,通过研究不同间伐强度经营措施对森林碳储量的影响分析,得出项目区内森林的碳储量随着间伐强度的增加而降低。进而提出森林经营碳汇项目应采用合理的森林经营措施,结合森林的可持续发展,研究不同森林经营措施下森林的多种功能与碳储量之间的平衡,在兼顾森林的多种服务功能的前提下,采取合理的间伐强度,以提高森林碳汇功能。     

抚育间伐对森林可持续经营的影响

随着人们对森林认识的不断深入和价值观的不断发展,森林可持续经营已经成为21世纪主要的森林经营方式;森林抚育间伐是森林抚育的主要环节,是实现森林可持续经营的重要手段,本文总结了抚育间伐的发展历史、概念、目的和分类;结合国内外研究现状,综述了抚育间伐对森林林分结构、森林生产力和森林生物多样性的影响,对抚育间伐技术要素的确定提出意见,就中国森林现状总结了森林抚育间伐工作中存在的问题,并提出相应的建议,希望对森林抚育间伐工作有所启示。     

以近自然森林经营为目标的天然次生林间伐木选择策略研究

以近自然森林经营为目标,对天然次生林抚育间伐技术关键点——间伐木的选择策略进行研究。选取林木的自由度、混交度、大小比数、健康指数、空间密度指数和目的树种特性指数等6个指标,结合近自然森林经营目标的需求,运用层次分析法(AHP)对以上各个指标进行赋权、"间伐指数"计算模型对该林分的间伐木被伐几率进行排序,以确定最后的间伐木。本文以黑龙江省东京城林业局天然次生林为案例进行研究,得到了较为理想的抚育间伐方案。     

森林抚育间伐的直接效应分析

森林抚育间伐是森林生态系统经营中人类作用于森林的主要措施。针对抚育间伐对森林地上环境和土壤理化性质等方面的直接效应进行综述分析,并指出未来森林抚育间伐工作应从以下几个方面予以加强：森林实施分类经营管理;科学编制森林经营方案;转变间伐理念;森林抚育间伐进行长期定位研究。     

基于模拟退火算法的林分多目标经营动态可视化模拟

[目的]基于模拟退火算法,研究一种考虑林分结构健康状况和目标平均胸径的多目标森林经营方法,同时结合单木生长方程,基于Unity3D可视化引擎实现林分经营动态可视化模拟。[方法]以湖南省攸县黄丰桥国有林场5块杉木人工纯林2012—2017年样地连年调查数据为数据源,考虑林分分布状况、竞争程度、营养空间,以平均角尺度、平均大小比、林分拥挤度3个结构参数建立空间结构函数。在此基础上,以健康林分结构和平均胸径为经营目标,以竞争指数为参考初步筛选出的间伐木组合排列的结果作为经营方案的集合,通过模拟退火算法进行最优间伐经营方案解的选择。最后,通过建立考虑Hegyi竞争指数的可变生长率的单木生长方程,以结构分析-经营-生长三者不断迭代的方式并基于Unity3D渲染引擎实现林分经营动态可视化模拟。[结果]通过对5号样地(初始林分230株,年龄16 a,平均胸径20.21 cm)以健康林分结构和30 cm林分平均胸径为经营目标进行经营动态可视化模拟,结果表明林分年龄在21、26、31 a分别进行过间伐模拟,当林分年龄31 a间伐后,林分平均胸径达到30.10 cm,林分平均角尺度为0.64,林分拥挤度为0.74,林分结构接近健康水平。[结论]本研究提出的基于模拟退火算法的林分多目标经营动态可视化模拟方法能够模拟在多目标经营需求下的林分动态,并且形象直观,可以进一步为林业科研和生产提供支持。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.