大豆耐盐碱种质资源鉴定

盐碱胁迫伴随作物生长各个阶段,筛选获得全生育期耐盐碱大豆资源意义重大。试验通过测定大庆地区盐碱土含盐碱种类、含盐量及pH值等指标,确定筛选用盐碱种类、浓度。在培养皿、发芽袋和盆栽试验筛选中,通过大豆芽期发芽率、芽苗期物质生长量、成熟期物质生长量鉴定耐盐碱大豆种质。结果显示大庆地区盐碱土壤为硫酸盐苏打盐碱土,确定盐碱溶液为NaCl、Na₂CO₃、NaHCO₃和Na₂SO₄（摩尔比为1∶1∶9∶9）的混合盐碱溶液,以Na离子含量计算总盐浓度为80 mmol·L^-1,溶液pH值为8.9,盆栽筛选用土壤盐含量为3.3‰,pH值为8.9。鉴定的887份种质资源中种皮颜色有黑、褐、红、绿、黄及双色等,相关性分析发现大豆耐盐碱性与大豆种皮颜色极显著正相关。通过芽期耐盐碱鉴定,887份大豆资源中筛选获得296份耐以上资源,进一步芽苗期筛选有123份显示高耐,再经过全生育期筛选获得7份高耐资源,5份来源于南方,2份来源于黄淮,62份耐资源,盆栽筛选比例为56.10%。本研究建立了从芽期、芽苗期到全生育期的逐级筛选方法,从887份大豆种质资源中筛选获得69份耐盐碱资源,为耐盐碱育种与耐盐碱基因资源利用提供基础材料。     

玉米耐盐碱生理特性的杂种优势及遗传分析

利用7个自交系进行4×3不完全双列杂交,获得12个杂交组合,在盐碱土和黑土条件下进行盆栽试验,调查苗期植株形态(株高、叶面积)与生理特性(SOD、POD活性),并进行杂种优势及遗传分析。结果表明,4个指标可以用于鉴定玉米的耐盐碱性,盐碱胁迫下玉米幼苗株高和叶面积降低,SOD、POD活性升高。不同自交系耐盐碱能力差异显著,根据4个指标及减少比例进行动态聚类,筛选出郑58是耐盐碱能力较强的自交系,Mo17对盐碱最敏感,5个中耐品种中昌7-2、444和B73偏敏感。杂交种间耐盐碱能力差异显著,郑单958、郑58×178、郑58×Mo17和黄C×178是耐盐碱性较高的杂交组合,444×Mo17是敏感组合。杂交种的耐盐碱性能与性状的杂种优势无关,与亲本的耐盐碱程度有关。4个指标的广义遗传力较高,非加性遗传的作用较突出。因此,筛选耐盐碱的自交系时既要考虑有关性状,又要考虑其性状对比非逆境条件下的变化率。     

Variability in salt tolerance of native populations of Elymus scabrifolius (Döll) J. H. Hunz from Argentina

Elymus scabrifolius is a native C3 South American grass species. It is valued as forage species adapted to various environments in Argentina and is also a potential source of traits for wheat‐breeding programmes. Efficient utilization of native genetic resources requires extensive collection and characterization of available material. The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize variability in salt tolerance within E. scabrifolius populations in Argentina. Specimens of E. scabrifolius were collected from a wide range of soils in Argentina, and most populations were found in saline environments with high sodium levels. Intraspecific variability in salt tolerance was estimated, and its relation to the salinity level of the populations’ natural environment was assessed. A principal component analysis based on growth data distinguished lines from saline and non‐saline habitats only under salt conditions. Results suggest that selecting under stressed environments is a reasonable strategy for breeding E. scabrifolius. Lines of saline origin had higher biomass under both control and saline conditions, suggesting that higher gains from selection would be obtained if germplasm from this origin was used, and tillering may be the most useful indirect selection criterion for improving salt tolerance. The association between salt tolerance, ion content and osmotic adjustment was also assessed. Salt‐sensitive lines accumulated high sodium levels in leaves. However, osmotic adjustment did not correlate with the maintenance of leaf elongation rates under salinity in the genotypes included in this study.     

The Use of Saline Water in Agriculture in the Near East and North Africa Region: Present and Future

SUMMARY

Salinity is a major problem that negatively impacts agricultural activities in many regions in the world, and especially the Near East and North Africa region. Generally, salinity problems increase with increasing salt concentration in irrigation water. Crop growth reduction due to salinity is generally related to the osmotic potential of the root-zone soil solution. This will lead to certain phenological changes and substantial reduction in productivity. Salinity also affects the soil physical properties. Sewage treated wastewater is an alternative water source for irrigation. Using such wastewater will provide a new water resource to expand agricultural activities as well as reduce the environmental pollution. Each country in the region has a unique system of rules and regulations to protect the quality of water resources. Important aspects that should be taken into account when using wastewater for irrigation are discussed, including some information on the different irrigation systems used in the region, and the factors leading to success of using saline water for economic crop production. Information on the use of saline water or marginal saline soils for wheat production and improvement of irrigation systems, including old land irrigation systems, under Egyptian conditions is also presented. The regional experiences and the future prospects of using saline water for crop production that vary greatly among countries in the Near East and North Africa region are summarized. This article also presents information on special cultivation methods, such as protected agriculture and soilless culture that can help in alleviating the salinity effects. Finally, the article includes some examples on the inherited knowledge for saline agriculture that conveys the grower's experience in the Near East and North Africa region where several living examples for unique and sustainable cultivation system are still in operation. One of the most impressive cultivation techniques for bio-saline crop management in Egypt is the Edkawy production system.     

小麦耐盐种质筛选及栽培调控技术研究进展

小麦耐盐种质筛选及配套栽培调控技术研究是小麦耐盐品种选育、盐碱地小麦减损稳产的前提。本文简介了小麦耐盐种质筛选流程、耐盐性评价指标与方法,重点总结了山东、河北、新疆和江苏4省的耐盐小麦品种(系)概况以及抗盐相关栽培调控技术研究进展,提出了研究存在筛选方法不统一、盐碱地实地筛选研究缺乏和栽培调控技术不系统等问题,建议统一室内筛选方法、利用室外盐池和盐碱地开展耐盐种质筛选及配套抗盐栽培调控技术研发,并基于多组学技术从遗传学和生理学角度系统探究小麦耐盐种质的耐盐机理以及栽培调控原理。     

大田全生育期盐水灌溉胁迫筛选水稻耐盐恢复系

 2009-2010年在浙江省三门县沿海滩涂采用0.5%盐浓度海水进行全生育期灌溉的方法,以胁迫后植株存活率、单株结实率和单株粒重为指标对明恢86背景的49个回交导入系群体进行全生育期耐盐性评价。结果表明,不同群体的田间耐盐性存在很大差异,粳稻供体导入系群体的田间耐盐性总体好于籼稻供体的导入系群体,而且在同一亚种内不同供体品种的导入系群体的耐盐性差异明显。其中,沈农265、Y134、早籼14和Gayabyeo 为供体的4个导入系群体的耐盐株系的比率较高,分别为10.04%、6.98%、11.83%和7.9%。耐盐重复鉴定表明,大田全生育期耐盐性鉴定结果具有较高的可靠性。在常规栽培条件下对丰产性较好的耐盐恢复系与协青早A测交种进行鉴定,筛选出单株穗数、每穗总粒数和千粒重优势明显,单株产量比生产上对照组合显著增加的杂交组合6个。研究表明,利用大田全生育期盐胁迫筛选耐盐恢复系,不仅可以选育到在常规栽培条件下的高产组合,而且将为高产耐盐杂交新组合的选育创造有利条件。     

高产香草兰栽培土壤条件的研究

对海南不同管理水平香草兰种植园土壤理化性状调查分析和土壤ｐＨ、水分地表覆盖盆栽试验的研究结果表明,香草兰栽培要维持高产稳产,在土壤管理中必须达到如下主要条件：（１）香草兰对土壤ｐＨ反应极为敏感,最适于生长的土壤ｐＨ值为６．５,在ｐＨ６．０￣７．０范围内生长良好,低于ｐＨ５．５和高于ｐＨ７．０都抑制其生长,低ｐＨ的抑制作用大于高ｐＨ,酸性土壤施石灰对生长和养分吸收反应良好;２）香草兰喜湿而好气,土壤     

秸秆覆盖下旱作水稻的生长发育特征研究

通过半腐解秸秆覆盖旱作、地膜覆盖旱作、裸地旱作比较试验,研究了在田间覆盖条件下旱作水稻的生长发育以及产量形成特征。结果表明,在水稻生长期,降雨量为440 mm条件下,与其他旱作相比,采用半腐解秸秆覆盖,水稻生育前期植株个体生长受到一定抑制,但生育中后期有利于水稻植株的生长发育,分蘖成穗率较高,冠层叶长,叶面积大,光合功能强,每穗结实粒数多,粒重大,产量高。     

Evaluation of salt-tolerant genotypes of durum wheat derived from in vitro and field experiments

The performance of selected salt-tolerant genotypes of durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.], derived from field and in vitro assessment methods, was evaluated under greenhouse and field conditions. Eight durum wheat genotypes comprising three salt-tolerant genotypes and one salt-sensitive genotype selected from each of the methods were used. This study was conducted under both saline and non-saline field conditions as well as under greenhouse condition with salinized solution culture at 0 mM (control), 75 and 150 mM NaCl (concentrations) using supplemental Ca²⁺. Days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, 1000 grain weight, number of spikes per m², grain yield and harvest index were recorded in the field experiments. Plant dry weight, Na⁺, K⁺ and Ca²⁺ accumulated in the hydroponically grown seedlings were measured 20 days after salinity treatments. In spite of the smaller range of genotypes used by the in vitro screening method, tolerant genotypes screened by the in vitro method (ITGs) performed comparably with those of the field-derived tolerant genotypes (FTGs) for grain yield under saline field conditions. Field salinity significantly reduced (P < 0.01) means of all traits averaged on eight tested genotypes. In vitro salt-tolerant genotypes Dipper-6 and Prion-1 produced the highest dry weight and K⁺/Na⁺ ratio under salt stress conditions (150 mM NaCl) in the greenhouse. Although dry matter correlated with the grain yield (R² = 0.37), the regression coefficient was higher for shoot K⁺/Na⁺ ratio (R² = 0.44). Dipper-6 (ITG) and Prion-1 (ITG) genotypes have been ranked superior while Massara-1 (ISG) was inferior for salt tolerance in the regression analysis. However, based on grain yield reduction Ajaia/Hora/Jro/3/Gan (FTG) and PI40100 (ITG) were the most tolerant having 58% and 60% reduction, respectively.     

Responses of jojoba explants to different salinity levels during the proliferation stage in vitro

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis Link Schneider) explants were cultured under four levels of sodium chloride salinity (0, 56.4, 112.8 and 169.2 mM) during the proliferation stage. The fresh and dry weight of explants, as well as their mean shoot length increased up to the medium salt concentration, while the mean shoot number decreased. Salinity enhanced the length and thickness of leaves as well as the thickness of shoots. Sodium and chloride ions accumulated significantly under saline conditions while the opposite stood for nitrate ions as well as for potassium, which concentration decreased significantly in the high salt treatment. Ethylene evolution was highest under the high salt concentration and low at the low and medium salt treatment, even lower than that of the control and therefore it exhibited a significant strong negative relationship with the changes of both fresh and dry weight during the third month under saline conditions. Explants were transferred separately from each salt treatment to the rooting stage at the end of the third month. There were not any significant differences among explants deriving from different salt treatments in the rooting percentage, the root number and length, 6 weeks after the incubation of explants into the rooting medium.     

盐碱地大豆根内促生拮抗细菌DCX的分离及鉴定

根系内生细菌资源的开发与利用是绿色农业发展的研究重点，而盐碱地大豆根内生细菌的分离与鉴定鲜有报道。本文以大庆盐碱地大豆根系为材料，分离纯化大豆内生细菌，采用平板对峙法和比色法测定内生细菌的抑菌能力和分泌IAA能力，选取抑菌谱广且分泌IAA能力强的株菌，通过检测形态学特征、生理生化性质、结构基因和功能基因序列的系统发育分析，明确细菌的分类地位。结果表明从大庆盐碱地大豆根内分离获得的一株内生细菌DCX，对10种植物病原真菌均具有拮抗作用，其中，对玉米新月弯孢菌、大豆菌核病菌、稻瘟病菌、禾谷镰刀菌的抑菌率分别为50.00%、78.12%、56.25%、43.75%，分泌IAA的能力为2.56±0.41μg·mL-1（n=6）。经形态学、生理生化试验及系统进化分析鉴定，DCX菌株属于解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens），该菌株在pH11、NaCl浓度 10%的NA培养基中生长良好，可为盐碱地的作物病害防治提供资源。     

Comparative Effects of Salt Stress and Extreme pH Stress Combined on Glycinebetaine Accumulation, Photosynthetic Abilities and Growth Characters of Two Rice Genotypes

Glycinebetaine (Glybet) accumulation, photosynthetic efficiency and growth performance in indica rice cultivated under salt stress and extreme pH stress were investigated. Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) activity and Glybet accumulation in the seedlings of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive rice varieties grown under saline and acidic conditions peaked after treatment for 72 h and 96 h, respectively, and were higher than those grown under neutral pH and alkaline salt stress. A positive correlation was found between BADH activity and Glybet content in both salt-tolerant (r2=0.71) and salt-sensitive (r2=0.86) genotypes. The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and total carotenoids contents in the stressed seedlings significantly decreased under both acidic and alkaline stresses, especially in the salt-sensitive genotype. Similarly, the maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), photon yield of PSII ((PSII), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in the stressed seedlings were inhibited, leading to overall growth reduction. The positive correlations between chlorophyll a content and Fv/Fm, total chlorophyll content and (PSII, (PSII and Pn as well as Pn and leaf area in both salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive genotypes were found. Saline acidic and saline alkaline soils may play a key role affecting vegetative growth prior to the reproductive stage in rice plants.     

Field Crop Production in Areas with Saline Soils and Shallow Saline Groundwater in the San Joaquin Valley of California

SUMMARY

Salinity in soil and water is irrevocably associated with irrigated agriculture throughout the world and as a result requires that salt management becomes an integral part of the production system. With careful water management, it is possible to sustain irrigated agriculture in areas with saline soil and saline groundwater with and without subsurface drainage. The results from two field projects conducted in an area with saline soils and saline groundwater demonstrated the type of irrigation systems and management needed to sustain production of moderately salt tolerant and tolerant crops. During the first study at Murrieta farms, yields of cotton and sugar beet were maintained using both saline and non-saline water for irrigation when pre-plant irrigation and rainfall were adequate to maintain soil salinity at a tolerable level. Wheat production was reduced in areas that used saline water for irrigation. Use of saline water containing toxic elements such as boron for irrigation poses a threat to the sustainability of the system. The second study evaluated the management of furrow and subsurface drip irrigation in the presence of shallow saline groundwater. Careful management of the furrow system during pre-plant irrigation and the first irrigation of the growing season was required to prevent waterlogging. It was possible to manage the subsurface drip system to induce significant crop water use from shallow groundwater. Rainfall and pre-plant irrigation were adequate at this site to manage soil salinity.     

不同钾吸收类型小麦品种(系)秸秆还田对农田钾素平衡的影响

为明确不同小麦品种(系)秸秆还田对土壤钾素平衡的影响,采用大田试验,研究了32个小麦品种(系)成熟期植株的钾含量及分布,对比分析了秸秆直接就地还田与收获不还田条件下不同小麦品种(系)钾素的携出量、回田量与土壤钾素盈亏量。结果表明,在麦田钾肥施用量为93kg·hm-2条件下,秸秆还田后,小麦植株返还到土壤中的钾素量高达60.4~146.3kg·hm-2。与秸秆不还田相比,秸秆还田多向农田返还钾素44.6~112.6kg·hm-2。在秸秆还田条件下,种植所有品种(系)的土壤钾素均呈现大量盈余状态,其盈余量为65.7~81.3kg·hm-2,占施钾量的70.7%~87.4%。秸秆还田还有利于缩小不同品种(系)种植农田土壤钾素的差异。秸秆不还田条件下农田钾素盈亏状况在品种(系)间差异显著,而秸秆还田条件下不同品种(系)间农田钾素盈亏状况差异较小。钾高效吸收型小麦品种(系)具有较高的钾素携出量和回田量及较低的土壤盈余量,而钾低效吸收型小麦品种(系)则具有较低的钾素携出量和回田量及较高的土壤盈余量。从土壤可持续发展而言,无论小麦品种(系)钾吸收效率高低,秸秆还田条件下麦田均应大幅减少钾肥施用量。     

Relationship Between Diurnal Changes of Net Photosynthetic Rate and Influencing Factors in Rice under Saline Sodic Stress

The net photosynthetic rate of flag leaves and influencing factors under saline sodic soil conditions were investigated at the full heading stage of rice. The net photosynthetic rate of rice leaves showed a double-peak curve in a day in both non-saline sodic and saline sodic soil treatments. The first peak of the net photosynthetic rate appeared at 9:00–10:00 and 9:00 in the saline sodic and non-saline sodic soil treatments, respectively, whereas the second peak both at 14:00. The midday depression of the n...     

Seasonal changes in properties of abandoned terraced paddy field soil incubated under different water content conditions

The chemical properties of soil samples collected in August and November from an abandoned terraced paddy field dominated by reeds were examined by in vitro incubation under normal moisture and flooded conditions. Soil pH extracted with water [pH(H₂O)] was higher in soil samples collected from a depth of 0–10 cm in November than in samples collected in August; a high pH(H₂O) was maintained even during nitrification under normal moisture conditions. When soil samples collected in August from a depth of 0–10 cm were incubated under flooded conditions, a significant decrease in reduction potentials (Eh) and an increase in total Fe²⁺ concentrations were observed. Reductive conditions during sampling were strong in soil samples collected in August from a depth of 40–50 cm. Moreover, under normal moisture conditions, soil samples collected in August showed significant decreases in pH(H₂O) and significant production of water-soluble SO₄ ^2? than those collected in November. Glucose addition to soil samples collected from a depth of 0–10 cm caused nitrogen immobilization under normal moisture conditions, increases in exchangeable Fe²⁺ and Mn²⁺, and decreases in exchangeable bases (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺) under flooded conditions. Seasonal changes in soil properties were probably due to microbial activity and vegetation phenology; thus, the timing of soil sampling influenced incubation experiment results. When abandoned terraced paddy fields are created as biotopes, seasonal changes in reductive soil conditions and slope position must be considered to prevent soil acidification and base cation elution.     

Salinity effects on the early development stages of Panicum coloratum: cultivar differences

The Argentinean semiarid Chaco region is climatically suitable for cattle raising and has an average annual rainfall of 550 mm, concentrated from November to February. There, large areas are affected by high salinity; thus, perennial forages suitable for this region must combine adequate salt and drought tolerance. Panicum coloratum is a C₄ perennial grass adapted over a wide range of soil and rainfall conditions, and the purpose of this study was to evaluate the response of two cultivars (Klein Verde and Bambatsi) to salinity. Under controlled conditions, 100 and 200 mmol l⁻¹ NaCl delayed germination and significantly reduced germination percentages and seedling survival in both cultivars. However, in the field, factors other than salinity (possibly drought) had a large impact on plant survival. In short-term experiments under controlled environmental conditions, the vegetative growth of cultivar Klein Verde was less affected by salinity than Bambatsi. The cumulative growth over one year in a saline plot was also higher in cultivar Klein Verde. This cultivar also had higher shoot K⁺/Na⁺ ratios under salinity, as a result of higher K⁺ concentrations, and accumulated more triglycerides in roots. These features have been associated with salt tolerance in other species.     

设施甜瓜种植年限对土壤生物学特性和细菌多样性的影响

以广西北海市种植不同年限的设施甜瓜土壤为研究对象，研究甜瓜不同种植年限对其设施土壤的理化、生物学性状的影响和细菌多样性的演变规律。结果表明：随着种植年限的增加，设施土壤 EC 值随着设施种植年限的增加逐年增大，而 pH 值却随着设施种植年限的增加而下降，两者均以种植 3 a 后变化幅度增大；另一方面，设施土壤中可培养微生物的数量，以及涉及碳、氮、磷循环相关酶活性和微生物生物量（C、N、P）亦随着种植年限的增加而逐年下降，特别是种植 3 a 后的下降幅度表现出甚为剧烈的趋势；同时，设施土壤细菌多样性指数（H）、丰富度（S）和均匀度（Eh）指数亦随着设施栽培年限的增加而降低，同样表现出种植 3 a 后下降幅度加剧的趋势。此外，测序结果显示种植 3 a 后，设施土壤优势细菌种属主要以不可培养细菌为主；而且导致了诸如芽孢杆菌属、根瘤菌属等部分有益细菌种属的缺失。基于上述结果可知：施用化肥为主的甜瓜设施栽培连续 3 a 后易出现土壤肥力下降、质量劣化、发生盐渍化等危害。     

水稻种植对陕北盐碱地土壤理化性质的影响及耐盐碱水稻品种筛选

为明确种植水稻对陕北盐碱地土壤理化性质的影响,并筛选适宜陕北地区种植的耐盐渍水稻品种,进一步探索陕北盐碱地改良利用方式,以陕西省定边县堆子梁镇营盘梁村土地开发项目为契机,开展大田试验。结果表明,水稻种植可以显著改善盐碱地表层（0~20 cm）土壤的理化性质,表层土壤pH值和含盐量较未种植水稻前分别降低5.7%和25.5%,全氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质含量则分别提高117.3%、45.9%、27.7%和67.3%。另外,种植不同水稻品种对盐碱地土壤酸碱度和含盐量影响基本无差异,但对表层土壤养分含量影响存在一定差异,水稻收获后,种植东稻4号的土壤全氮、有效磷含量最高,种植宁粳28的土壤有机质含量最高。隆优619产量较宁粳28、东稻4号分别提高4.96%和42.78%。     

外源NO对盐胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片丙二醛、叶绿素及氧化酶的影响

为了给小麦抗盐育种和盐渍土小麦丰产栽培提供理论依据,本试验以SNP为外源NO供体,分析不同浓度外源NO浸种对盐胁迫（100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl）下小麦幼苗叶片MDA含量、叶绿素含量、SOD活性和CAT活性的影响。结果表明,不同浓度NO可以显著降低盐胁迫后叶片中MDA含量,显著提升叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量,显著增强SOD和CAT活性（P<0.05）,其中以0.06 mmol·L^-1 SNP浸种处理效果最好。因此,外源NO对盐胁迫小麦幼苗的生长有一定的缓解作用。