三亚市农业科技110的发展现状及发展思路

概述海南省农业可持续发展的资源优势,结合实际从经济、社会、生态环境可持续性三个方面分析海南省农业可持续发展的现状,剖析农业可持续发展的制约因素,探讨海南农业可持续发展的模式,提出促进农业可持续发展的对策。     

Research Priorities in Natural Systems Agriculture

SUMMARY

Over the course of millennia and most dramatically in recent years, agriculture has eroded natural capital as it has supplied human demands. These tendencies can be offset by infusions of fossil fuels for fertility, pest control and traction, but only partially and not over the long term. This could be called the “problem of agriculture,” in contrast to problems in agriculture. Natural ecosystems are unmatched for efficient nutrient recycling, solar energy use, and biodiversity preservation, but they cannot feed dense human populations. An ecological agriculture that is a synthesis of natural and agricultural systems can save soils from erosion and reduce chemical and water use. Reducing chemical pollution of air, water and soils will conserve wildlife habitat, improve water quantity and quality and protect human health. By practicing an agriculture that has conservation as a direct result, farmers can become better stewards of the land. Lower input costs and inherent sustained soil fertility will mean more profit for farmers and communities. Principles of natural systems agriculture (NSA) are applicable to any food- or fiber-production system worldwide. In the central Great Plains of the United States, agriculture should mimic the native prairie, which is a polyculture of herbaceous perennial plants. The Land Institute has spent 25 years studying the structure and function of prairies. Now we and other research organizations are breeding perennial grain crops, including cool- and warm-season grasses, legumes, and composites. We are following two parallel strategies: selecting wild perennials for greater seed production and other traits of domestication and hybridizing wild perennials with annual crops to combine desired traits. Although the breeding process will take many years, the effort will be repaid many times over if we achieve our goal: a lasting solution to the 10,000-year-old problem of agriculture.     

稻田生态种养在日本的发展及其对中国生态农业的启示

日本的生态农业已经取得较大的发展成效.稻鱼共生是中国的传统农业文明,现已发展出稻鸭、稻虾、稻鳖等多种生态种养模式,是中国生态农业发展的关键手段.日本与中国在地理位置、人口条件、农业文明上有许多共同之处,日本稻田生态种养结合生态农业的发展经验对今后中国的生态农业前进方向具有借鉴意义.     

The Importance of Biodiversity in Agroecosystems

SUMMARY

This article identifies the important functions and benefits of biodiversity in agriculture, for sustainable crop production and food security. After clarifying impacts from the decline of biodiversity in agriculture, the article summarizes principles, practices and policies for biodiversity conservation and enhancement in farming systems and in landscapes. Some of the strategies identified build upon valuable local experiences and knowledge in traditional farming practices, while others take advantage of recent scientific findings in agroecology and ecosystem health. The analysis suggests the value of adopting an agroeco-systems approach, beyond a focus on genetic resource conservation alone-to implement other biodiversity-enhancing methods in farms, such as integrated ecological pest and soil management. Attention is also given to the challenges by conflicting agricultural policies that contribute to the decline of biodiversity in farming systems, and potential of reforming such policies. The practices and approaches reviewed in this analysis show effective ways to link biodiversity conservation and sustainable agriculture.     

Integrating Agroecological Processes into Cropping Systems Research

Summary

Agroecology is defined as the application of ecological concepts and principles to the design and management of sustainable agroecosystems. By viewing cropping systems as agroecosystems, an understanding of the value of the emergent qualities of systems can become a guiding element in research design. A framework for applying this approach in cropping systems research in proposed. A protocol for researching the conversion to sustainable agriculture involves three levels of investigation. The first focuses on improving the efficiency of conventional farming inputs and practices in ways that reduce both their amounts and the environmental impacts of their use. The second focuses on substituting conventional inputs and practices with alternatives that meet broader environmental standards, such as certified organic. Since the problems addressed at these two levels continue to present themselves, a third level is proposed whereby the agroecosystem is redesigned so as to operate on the basis of a new set of ecological processes. At this third level, the emergent qualities of the system itself help prevent problems. Such an approach promotes the conversion to sustainability.     

盘锦市生态农业建设与可持续发展

简要地阐述了盘锦生态农业建设的主要模式,分析了各种生态工程的建设主要内容及对生态农业发展的作用;指出了生态农业是促进农业生产结构调整和农产品质量提高,实现农业和农村经济持续发展的新途径。     

国际旅游岛背景下的海南热带农业生态转型

从生态学角度分析海南热带农业的产业发展基础,发展海南热带生态农业存在的突出问题,生态农业转型的原理及特征,探讨海南国际旅游岛建设中热带农业生态转型的措施。     

南安市有机茶产业发展思路与对策

本文对南安市发展有机茶叶的有利条件及制约因素进行分析,并提出了发展南安市有机茶生产的思路与对策     

Cover Crops as Affecting Soil Chemical and Physical Properties and Development of Upland Rice and Soybean Cultivated in Rotation

Cover crops can provide changes in soil chemical and physical properties, which could allow a sustainable development of soybean and upland rice rotation in Brazilian Cerrado. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of cover crops(cultivated in the offseason) in the soybean-upland rice rotation(cultivated in the summer season) on the soil chemical and physical properties, yield components and grain yield of the cash crops. The experimental design was a randomized block design in factorial scheme 4 × 2 with six replications. Treatments were composed by four cover crops: fallow, millet(Pennisetum glaucum) + Crotalaria ochroleuca, millet + pigeon pea(Cajanus cajans), and millet + pigeon pea + Urochola ruziziensis in the offseason with one or two cycles of cover crops, with rice(Oryza sativa)or soybean(Glycine max) in the summer season. Cover crops alone provided no changes in soil chemical properties. However, the rotation cover crops/cash crops/cover crops/cash crops reduced p H, Al and H + Al and increased Ca, Mg, K and Fe contents in the soil. The cover crops millet + pigeon pea and millet + pigeon pea + U. ruziziensis improved soil physical properties in relation to fallow,especially in the 0–0.10 m soil layer. In spite of the improvement of the soil physical properties after two years of rotation with cover crops and cash crops, the soil physical quality was still below the recommended level, showing values of macroporosity, S index and soil aeration capacity lower than 0.10 m3/m3, 0.035 and 0.34, respectively. Upland rice production was higher under mixtures of cover crops than under fallow, mainly because of soil physical changes done by these mixtures of cover crops.Soybean grain yield was similar under all cover crops tested, but was higher after the rotation cover crops/upland rice/cover crops than after only one cycle of cover crops.     

海南休闲农业整合营销策略探析

随着休闲农业在国内外的蓬勃发展,海南也开始了休闲农业的有益尝试,但是缺乏特色和市场竞争力,休闲农业的整合营销已经成为旅游城市之间提高竞争力的重要手段。因此,本文分析海南休闲农业营销过程中存在的问题,提出了海南休闲农业整合营销的策略,以此提高海南休闲农业的形象,提高城市的竞争力,促进海南经济和文化的繁荣发展。     

生态农业建设与绿色食品生产

针对我国农业和食品发展要实现的目标,阐述了我国农业所面临的种种挑战。如:生态危机日益严重;城乡人民对食物的要求不断提高;国际农产品及食品市场竞争激烈;提出了生态农业的特征,绿色食品的概念和体系构成,同时指出生态农业和绿色食品都是可持续发展理论与实践的模式,更具中国特色,更适合我国国情。     

水稻病虫草“无害化”防治技术的问题与对策

为了维护农业生产的可持续性和保证生态农业的顺利发展,实现农作物病虫“无害化”治理策略已成为发展的必然。本文通过调研,分析了当前水稻病虫草“无害化”防治工作中存在的问题,提出了几点应对措施和发展意见。     

衡阳生态农业发展现状及对策探讨

生态农业是我国现代农业发展的重要模式和主导方向.阐述了衡阳市生态农业发展现状、存在的问题,提出了发展生态农业的对策,最后介绍了衡阳市重点生态种养典型模式——稻田养虾.     

Benefits of Re-Integrating Livestock and Forages in Crop Production Systems

SUMMARY

Specialization is the foundation of contemporary agriculture, yet until the early decades of the 20th century, enterprise diversity was the norm. As agriculture has become more specialized in the intervening years, yields have increased dramatically, but so too have a range of economic, environmental, and health problems. This contribution presents evidence that specialization is an ecologically dysfunctional design for food production, a thesis which is supported by the predominance of problem-solving research in the contemporary literature. As demonstrated by Louis Bromfield in the 1940s and by organic and sustainable farmers today, the strategic integration of crops and livestock/ forage enterprises avoids many of the problems of specialization, while also capturing economic and ecological synergies denied to specialist producers. In addition to providing human foodstuffs, forage-based livestock production also offers a range of novel opportunities to channel natural processes to the service of humanity, from carbon sequestration and site remediation to non-chemical vegetation management.     

福州市森林旅游资源现状及森林生态旅游可持续发展探析

对福州市森林旅游资源现状和特点进行阐述,分析当前福州地区森林旅游开发、利用过程中存在的生态环境问题,提出福州地区森林生态旅游业可持续发展的几点建议。     

Problems and Perspectives of Yam-Based Cropping Systems in Africa

SUMMARY

Yams (Dioscorea spp.) constitute an important starchy staple in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where food security for a growing population is a critical issue. Mixed cropping in yam based systems is the norm in the region and productivity of yams in these systems is below potential. It is concluded that there is much scope for improvement of yam based cropping systems in SSA in order to meet the needs of the region. The strategy of crop breeding to select yam varieties suitable for various cropping systems must consider a truly multidisciplinary systems approach. Further manipulation must be made to tuber dormancy to expand flexibility in field propagation in different cropping systems and improve storage and marketing. The sustainability of yam based cropping systems in SSA could improve if agronomic research was focused on strategies for improving soil fertility, weed and pest management including design of cropping systems and suitable rotations.     

稻鸭共作系统中稻飞虱及主要捕食性天敌类群之间的关系

 以生态位理论为依据,研究了施用化肥（化肥区）、稻鸭共作（稻鸭区）和无化肥农药（对照区）3个处理区中稻飞虱与主要捕食性天敌类群的数量及消长动态、时间生态位特征,并进行了灰色关联度分析。结果表明,3个处理区稻飞虱与主要捕食性天敌类群的数量、时序特征、时间生态位宽度与重叠指数等均存在不同程度的差别。稻鸭共作使稻飞虱发生高峰期的数量、主要捕食性天敌总量降低,与化肥区、对照区相比,益害比分别下降了172%和2614%;与化肥区相比,稻鸭区除瓢虫外,其他捕食性天敌类群的生态位宽度均降低214%~3577%,多数天敌之间如肖蛸与隐翅虫、园蛛与瓢虫等的生态位重叠度增加,但瓢虫、球蛛对稻飞虱的跟随效应和控制潜能加大,一定程度上弥补了天敌数量减少、对稻飞虱影响减弱等不足,使得晚稻整个观测期内稻飞虱的总数比化肥区下降2370%。不同稻作模式、不同类型的捕食性天敌与稻飞虱的关联性不同,稻鸭区中瓢虫、狼蛛和球蛛对稻飞虱影响较大。     

Cropping Systems and Integrated Pest Management: Examples from Selected Crops

SUMMARY

Cropping systems have been central to managing associated pests for centuries. This treatment focuses on the history, concepts, and the integration of available Integrated Pest Management (IPM) tools/strategies into cropping systems. Pest assessments/diagnoses, IPM-decision-making aids, and examples of pest management in selected crops/cropping systems (wheat, soybean, corn, cotton, potato, and strawberry) as well as emerging opportunities and challenges are discussed. The evolving philosophy of IPM and the recently renewed emphasis on ecologically based pest management address the fact that significant levels of predation and/or parasitism are desirable insofar as they promote diversity and sustainability of agroecosystems. Thus, cropping systems are beginning to focus on soil and crop health as well as specific IPM and production goals. Although extensive efforts have been directed toward modeling the many interactions between crops, associated pests and the environment, the general implementation of a systems approach to integrated crop and pest management remains to be accomplished.     

Evaluation of thermal, pneumatic and biological methods for controlling Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say)

Summary The efficacies of four methods (hot water steam (HS), open flame (OF), pneumatic collector (PC), bio-insecticide NOVODOR (BT)) for controlling Colorado potato beetles (CPB) in potatoes were compared under field conditions. HS, OF and PC were tested at various driving speeds, and all methods were tested on CPB that were at three life stages. The results suggest that the best time to control CPB is at L_1–2 stage using BT (86% effectiveness). When averaged across driving speeds, OF performed better than HS and PC with 56% efficacy on L_1–2, and 45–50% on L_3–4 and Adult life stages. PC worked relatively better on L_3–4 than on L_1–2 and Adult life stages. HS gave excellent efficacy (63% on L_1–2, 52–54% on L_3–4 and Adult) at 1.0 km/h speed. This research demonstrated the potential of alternative CPB control methods, and identified the optimum life stage and driving speed for best results.     

日本创新型人才培养模式对海南高等教育发展的启示

人才培养模式是人才培养的核心问题。本文在对日本和海南高等教育比较的基础上,阐述了日本创新型人才培养模式的特征;从教育理念、大学品牌形象、教育投入、教师队伍与科研团队建设等方面为海南省高等教育的发展提出了建议。