Consumer Acceptance of Mayhaw (Crataegus opaca Hook,and Arn.) Juice Blended with Muscadine Grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) Juice

Abstract

Fruit juices are among the top 10 products occupying grocery store shelf space. They are also one of the top five consumption patterns of fruits and vegetables. There is a strong potential for growth in blended juices and juice-based beverages. A study was conducted to evaluate the potential for mayhaw and muscadine juices to compete in this growing market. Mayhaws and muscadines are well utilized in jams, jellies, and syrups. Five juice-blend ratios were tested for juice quality, juice-blend compatibility, and consumer preference. Pasteurized samples of mayhaw and muscadine juice were blended 70/30, 60/40, and 50/50. Juice was ambient temperature when tested. Color, percent soluble solids, and sugar/acid ratio were evaluated. Juice blends of 70, and 60% muscadine received the lowest color preference values among panelists. Forty to seventy percent mayhaw juice received the highest color preference scores. A blend of 60/40 muscadine/mayhaw was most preferred among panelists for overall taste. When consumers were asked to compare a commercial blend of cranberry/apple juice, with a 60/40 or 40/60 blend, the muscadine/mayhaw combination was most preferred.     

Vegetative and yield component characteristics of micropropagated muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.)

SUMMARY

Evaluations were made of the field performance of micropropagated (tissue cultured axillary buds) versus conventionally rooted softwood cuttings of muscadine grape, Vitis rotundifolia Michx. Trunk cross-sectional area did not differ between treatments during three years of field evaluation following planting. There were no differences in leaf area and dry weight or shoot number in the two propagation types; leaf morphology was normal with no apparent juvenile characteristics. Yield components including flower number per shoot and inflorescence, fruit number, total fruit weight and yield efficiency were greater in micropropagated plants during the second year, the first year of cropping; differences diminished and yield components were not different in year three. Performance of tissue cultured plants was therefore as good as, or surpassed, conventionally propagated plants during early vine establishment.     

中国野生毛葡萄芪合酶基因抗白粉病功能分析

中国野生毛葡萄(Vitis quinquangularis)‘丹凤–2’白藜芦醇含量高,并抗白粉病。以此为材料,利用同源序列克隆技术获得两个芪合酶基因VqSTS12和VqSTS25。以欧洲葡萄‘无核白’分生愈伤组织为受体材料,通过农杆菌介导法进行遗传转化,分别获得7个VqSTS12和5个VqSTS25‘无核白’葡萄转基因植株。实时定量PCR分析发现,与野生型植株相比,转基因植株中芪合酶基因STS与下游白藜芦醇糖基转移酶基因RSGT表达量升高,与STS有底物竞争关系的查尔酮合酶基因CHS表达量降低。STS的表达产物中主要的芪类物质反式云杉新苷含量增加。选择芪类物质含量高的转基因植株接种白粉菌发现,转基因植株对白粉菌的敏感性降低,发病较晚,病情较轻,在转基因植株上部分孢子萌发受抑制,菌丝发育迟缓。转基因植株中VqSTS12和VqSTS25受白粉菌诱导表达:在接菌后1～3 d内表达量显著升高,随后略有下降,在6～7 d表达量再次上升。同时高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测到STS的表达产物白藜芦醇、云杉新苷、葡萄素与紫檀芪含量增加。研究结果表明‘丹凤–2’毛葡萄VqSTS12和VqSTS25及其表...     

野生毛葡萄水通道蛋白基因VhPIPs的克隆与组织特异性表达研究

从野生毛葡萄组织中克隆了9个质膜水通道蛋白基因（VhPIP）的cDNA全长序列,并研究了其生物信息学特征及组织特异性表达。氨基酸序列分析表明,9个VhPIP分为PIP1和PIP2两类;均含有MIP蛋白家族保守的信号序列SGGHINPAVT和两个NPA（Asn-Pro-Ala）单元,均为稳定性蛋白、疏水性蛋白,且每个VhPIP均含有6个跨膜区。实时荧光定量RT-PCR分析表明,这9个VhPIP在抗旱的毛葡萄‘花溪–9’根、茎、叶中均有表达,其中VhPIP1;1、VhPIP1;2、VhPIP1;4、VhPIP2;1、VhPIP2;2和VhPIP2;4在其根中的表达量最多,可能与根部水分运输的调节密切相关;VhPIP1;5和VhPIP2;3在其叶中的表达量最多,可能主要参与叶片的水分运输,与叶片的蒸腾作用密切相关;VhPIP1;3在根、茎和叶中的表达量无显著性差异;相对于其他基因的表达,VhPIP1;1和VhPIP2;4在根中表达量最高,这两个基因可能在水分运输过程中起较大作用。     

SO2对葡萄采后呼吸强度及内源激素的影响

采用气相色谱法和改进的高效液相色谱法研究发现：‘无核白’葡萄果粒为非跃变型呼吸类型，其乙烯释放量很低，但释放潜力很高，切伤后乙烯释放速率迅速增高；果梗和穗梗为跃变型呼吸类型，有很高的呼吸高峰和乙烯释放高峰。适量的ＳＯ２保鲜处理对葡萄的呼吸强度、脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）含量及乙烯释放具有明显抑制作用，对生长素（ＩＡＡ）、赤霉素（ＧＡ）有促进作用，既可抑制葡萄生理衰老，又可减轻葡萄的落粒，延长葡萄采后贮藏寿命     

Thermal imaging to detect spatial and temporal variation in the water status of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

Thermal imaging can detect variation in stomatal conductance and therefore spatial variation in the water status of grapevine. Temporal variation can also be assessed, using indices that relate canopy temperature to reference temperatures, but, as yet, there is no standard approach to obtain these reference values. Also, the potential of above-canopy imaging is uncertain for vine rows with mainly vertically oriented leaves. Thermal images of the side (vertical leaves) and top (horizontal leaves) of ‘Tempranillo’ (Vitis vinifera L.) grapevine rows were captured on different dates and in different plots in a vineyard in the Rioja, Spain. Reference temperatures were determined separately (i) as the temperature of artificial leaves placed in the grapevine canopy, or (ii) by calculation from the leaf energy budget. With respect to imaging the side of grapevine rows, the two approaches exhibited similar potential to indicate variation in stomatal conductance or stem water potential within a single date and time of day. Over different dates (implying temporal as well as spatial variability) and both sides of the grapevines, the use of the artificial surfaces resulted in stronger correlations between thermal indices and physiological variables than the application of energy budget models. The use of such reference surfaces would allow a standardised approach to thermography. Imaging the top of rows produced some highly significant correlations between thermal indices and physiological variables. Modified artificial leaves could be developed to standardise the determination of reference temperatures, at the same spatial resolution as the leaves of interest. That imaging the top of grapevine canopies provides useful information on water status suggests that aerial imaging could be used to assess spatial variation in water status across entire vineyards.     

Evaluation of conditions for in vitro storage of commercial and minor grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars

In vitro culture represents a tool for the ex situ conservation of a high number of sanitised plants in a reduced space. However, the culture media and/or other growing conditions need to be optimised to minimising plant growth and storage cost. Growth on MW medium was evaluated in the commercial cultivars ‘Airén’, ‘Bobal’, ‘Chardonnay’, ‘Garnacha Blanca’, ‘Moscatel de Alejandría’, ‘Moscatel de Grano Menudo’, ‘Pedro Ximénez’, ‘Pinot Blanc’, ‘Pinot Gris’, ‘Sauvignon Blanc’, and ‘Tempranillo’; the minor cultivars ‘Chelva’, ‘Valencí Negre’, ‘Valencí Blanc’, and ‘Verdil’; and the endangered cv. ‘Esclafacherre’. Different growth rates were observed among cultivars: those with faster growth need to be subcultured every 1.5–2.0 months; those with the slowest growth every 3.5–4.0 months. The effect of halving the sucrose in MW reduced the growth of the cultivars that grew faster without compromising survival. When IBA was removed from MW, growth was also reduced in some cultivars. Therefore, small modifications of the MW composition are adequate for grapevine in vitro storage under standard incubation conditions. This is an advantage with respect to the change of temperature used in other work to achieve growth reduction, and allows the use of the same chamber for different in vitro culture procedures.     

Response of health-promoting bioactive compounds and related enzyme activities of table grape (Vitis vinifera L.) to deficit irrigation in greenhouse

Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) containsabundant secondary metabolites that are beneficial to humanhealth. Previous studies reported that deficit irrigation alters fruitcomposition, however, the mechanisms underlying the responseof health-promoting bioactive compounds to deficit irrigation indifferent phenological stages and those of associated metabolismrelatedenzymes remain unclear. Continual maintain irrigation (CI),deficit irrigation throughout growth seasons (DI), deficit irrigationbefore (ED) and after (LD) fruit set were performed for investigatingthe response of bioactive compounds and related enzyme activitiesin grape berries to deficit irrigation. Resveratrol, anthocyanins,phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) in grape berries were increase in DI, ED and LD treatments,whereas proanthocyanidins and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) weresignificantly increased in CI treatment. Significant differenceswere observed between the groups with respect to resveratrol,anthocyanins and PAL activity. Grapevine evapotranspirationwere decreased in ED and LD treatments, with water useefficiency increased. Principal component analysis showed a clearseparation among four treatments, and the LD had the highesttotal membership function value. Changes of bioactive compoundscontent can be attributed to PAL activity. Deficit irrigation after fruitset can promote the production of functional and superior qualitytable grape in greenhouse.     

山丁子及山葡萄深沟播种覆地膜育苗研究

采用垅上或苗床上开深沟播种、沟上直接平扣地膜的方法,解决普通露地条件下山丁子、山葡萄等育苗周期长的问题。结果表明:培育的山丁子苗在翌年春季98%以上可达嫁接粗度,山葡萄苗也整齐、粗壮。比普通育苗方法提早嫁接1a,并解决了常规不扣膜育苗易干籽和出苗率低、常规的扣小拱棚方法废工、前期棚内易干旱、大面积育苗时不便揭棚浇水的难题。应用上述2项创新技术,多年来育苗达几百万株,因此很多农户和育苗单位获得了很大的经济效益。     

河南境内桑叶葡萄种内形态和遗传多样性分析

对河南省境内桑叶葡萄(Vitis ficifolia Bge.)的形态变异水平、遗传变异水平以及分布进行了研究。形态学分析结果表明,新梢、幼叶和成龄叶的17个性状中有10个性状在居群间存在显著或极显著差异,所有性状的变异系数在2.6%～54.7%,表明形态变异较丰富。SSR分析检测到69个位点,其中多态位点64个,多态位点比率(PPB)为92.75%,表明桑叶葡萄遗传多样性水平较高。居群间的遗传分化系数(GST)和Nei’s基因多样性指数分析显示,大部分遗传变异存在于居群内(分别为24.05%、11.83%)。     

山葡萄‘双丰’和‘左优红’叶绿素荧光特性及活性氧代谢与低温伤害的关系

为探明山葡萄叶片低温伤害的生理机制,以抗寒性差异明显的‘双丰’(山葡萄种内杂交种)和‘左优红’(种间杂交种)为试材,对低温处理过程中叶绿素荧光参数和活性氧代谢的相关指标进行测定。结果表明,随低温胁迫加剧,两个品种叶片的叶绿素含量、Chl.a/b、Fv/Fm值均呈显著下降趋势,1–qp值及MDA含量明显增加;整个胁迫过程中NPQ值较稳定的‘双丰’其叶片遭受低温伤害程度较轻,NPQ值一直下降的‘左优红’叶片伤害程度较重,‘双丰’的NPQ值始终显著高于‘左优红’。‘双丰’叶片的SOD和APX活性始终较‘左优红’高。说明低温使山葡萄叶片叶绿素分解,PSⅡ电子传递受阻,激发能增加,造成叶绿体膜脂过氧化损伤;热耗散及抗氧化酶共同作用减轻了活性氧对叶片PSⅡ的伤害程度。由此可见,热耗散NPQ值及活性氧清除酶SOD和APX活性的差异可能是造成两个山葡萄品种叶片低温伤害程度不同的重要原因。     

中国野生葡萄抗黑痘病基因RAPD标记的克隆、序列分析及辅助育种应用

对中国野生葡萄抗黑痘病基因RAPD标记OPS03-1300进行了克隆、测序及序列分析,结果表明该标记实际长度是1354bp,因此更名为OPS03-1354,其GenBank登录号为DQ350885。该标记序列与99条来自欧洲葡萄的EST有同源性,其中与1条来自赤霞珠叶片感染葡萄皮尔斯病病原菌后获得的EST同源性为82%,与2条来自赤霞珠果实在不同发育期获得的EST同源性分别为80%和85%。该序列与1条来自中国野生华东葡萄白河-35-1叶片接种霜霉病病原菌后获得的EST同源性为67%。该序列编码葡萄的一种假定蛋白。此外,应用该标记对中国野生葡萄与欧洲葡萄的种间杂交广西-1×京可晶F1代339株、白河-35-1×佳利酿F2代207株进行了辅助选择。     

Ampelographic and genetic characterisation of ancestral grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) accessions present in the Umbria Region (Central Italy)

Summary

During an ongoing effort to recover and preserve local germplasm, 14 accessions of indigenous minor grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars from the Umbria Region, Central Italy, were chosen because they had been neglected and were threatened with extinction. Their phenotypic and genetic characteristics were evaluated through an ampelographic study of their shoots, mature leaves, bunches, and berries and by genomic analysis using an international set of nine microsatellite (simple sequence repeat; SSR) markers (VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VrZAG62, VrZAG79, VVMD25, VVMD28, and VVMD32). Comparisons of the SSR profiles of all 14 accessions with grapevine accessions in several databases permitted the identification of unique genotypes, as well as possible synonyms. Information on these older, neglected cultivars will help to reduce the genetic erosion of grapevine germplasm, improve conservation and possible recovery, and assist in the future production of new, distinctive wines.     

Photosynthetic and physiological responses to high temperature in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) leaves during the seedling stage

To study the effects of high temperature (HT) on grape growth, a controlled experiment with grapevine (Vitis vinifera L., cv. Hongti) was conducted from July to October, 2015. The HT treatments were 34, 36, 38, and 40°C, with 28°C as control. The changes to photosynthetic pigment characteristics, antioxidant enzyme activities, and relative water content (RWC) under different HTs were investigated. Severe chlorosis was observed during the late stages of HT treatment. Chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), photosynthetic rate at irradiation saturation (P_max), light saturation point (LSP), apparent quantum efficiency (AQE), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activity in grape leaves increased at first, and then decreased under high-temperature stress (HTS), but the light compensation point acted contrary to the LSP. The carotenoid, malondialdehyde and relative electrical conductivity (REC) increased under HTS; and the Chl/carotenoid ratio and RWC were contrary to the REC. The results suggested that grapes subjected to 38°C for 4 d decreased their RWC, but Chl a, Chl b, P_max, AQE, LSP, SOD, POD, and CAT reached their maximums. Therefore, the high-temperature limit of Hongti was 38°C and the duration time was 4 d.     

水杨酸和一氧化氮对姜黄生长及次生代谢产物的影响

以姜黄（Curcuma longa L.）组培苗为试材,在继代培养基中添加不同浓度水杨酸（SA）和硝普钠（SNP,NO供体）,研究SA和NO对姜黄生长、次生代谢和姜黄素类化合物含量的影响。试验结果表明：SA和NO均能调节姜黄的生长,促进姜黄次生代谢产物的生成;SA 10 μmol ? L-1或SNP 200 μmol ? L-1处理时,姜黄叶片叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量和可溶性糖含量均达到最大值,姜黄生长处于最佳状态。SA和NO均能激活苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、肉桂酸–4–羟化酶（C4H）和4–香豆酸：辅酶A连接酶（4CL）活性,促进姜黄次生代谢途径中咖啡酸、对香豆酸、阿魏酸和肉桂酸的生成,提高双去甲氧基姜黄素、去甲氧基姜黄素和姜黄素含量;因此,SA 10 μmol ? L-1或SNP 200 μmol ? L-1最有利于姜黄生长和次生代谢产物的合成。SA和NO对姜黄次生代谢生理调控具有浓度效应。     

Genotypic variation in biochemical compounds of the Sri Lankan tea (Camellia sinensis L.) accessions and their relationships to quality and biotic stresses

Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is well known for its biochemical constituents that define the product quality and confer pest and disease resistance. Seven major metabolites – epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECg), epigallocatechin (EGC), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg), caffeine, theobromine, and gallic acid – of 87 beverage type and six non-beverage type tea accessions from Sri Lankan tea germplasm were profiled using HPLC and LC-MS/MS. All seven metabolites varied widely in the beverage type accessions. The non-beverage types only contained gallic acid and epicatechin. Results prove the presence of high EC and ECg contents in green leaves to be a reliable marker for identifying high-quality black tea-producing accessions. High EC and low EGCg contents in green tea leaves appear to enhance traits of resistance to blister blight disease. Significant variations detected in theobromine, caffeine, and total polyphenol content define the affinity of germplasm to the main three tea taxa, and we conclude that C. sinensis ssp. lasiocalyx predominates the Sri Lankan germplasm collection.     

蓝萼香茶菜子叶组织脱分化及再生培养研究

以蓝萼香茶菜的子叶为外植体,研究诱导愈伤组织不同激素的最佳浓度,建立蓝萼香茶菜的快速繁殖体系。结果表明:蓝萼香茶菜子叶在2,4-D 0.8 mg/L、KT 1.4 mg/L6、-BA 1.5mg/L时最早出现愈伤组织,且愈伤组织长势最好。     

杜鹃属常绿杜鹃组织培养的研究进展

常绿杜鹃树形优美,花色艳丽,具有较高的观赏价值和园林利用价值。但由于常绿杜鹃的繁殖困难,培育年限长,所以在市场上常常供不应求。随着植物组织培养技术的发展,近年来常绿杜鹃的组培快繁技术也有了一定的进展。现从常绿杜鹃组培快繁技术的外植体的选择、外植体的消毒方法、培养基的选择、不同激素对外植体的影响、增殖培养和生根培养以及生根苗移栽等方面作以综合性论述,以期为常绿杜鹃组培快繁技术提供借鉴。     

菜豆组培快繁技术研究

以双丰3号菜豆为试验材料,比较了种子消毒方法,筛选了快繁最佳增殖培养基、生根培养基及移栽基质。结果表明,25%次氯酸钠浸泡20 min对菜豆种子消毒效果最好;最佳增殖培养基为MSB5+6-BA 5.0 mg/L,14 d获得再生芽为9.2个/外植体;最佳生根培养基为1/2 MSB5+IBA 0.1 mg/L,生根率达95.3%;最佳移栽基质为草炭：蘑菇渣=1：1,移栽成活率为97%。