Impact of late-season N fertilisation strategies on the gluten content and composition of high protein wheat grown under humid Mediterranean conditions

The rise in high protein common wheat in humid Mediterranean areas has determined a need to compare specific and effective nitrogen (N) fertilisation protocols in order to increase their end-use value. The aim of the work was to assess the impact of late-season N fertilisation strategies on grain yield and protein content (GPC), gluten fraction composition, and rheological traits. Different applications and types of fertiliser (soil applied ammonium nitrate, soil applied urea, foliar applied urea and a foliar applied commercial fertiliser) were distributed at the same rate (30 kg N ha⁻¹) in a field experiment in NW Italy, during three growing seasons. A control without any late-season N fertilisation was also considered. All the treatments received 130 kg N ha⁻¹ as ammonium nitrate (AN), which was split between tillering and the beginning of the stem elongation growth stages.None of the compared late-season N fertilisations significantly affected canopy greenness and stay green duration during the grain filling period, or the grain yield, test weight, and thousand kernel weight, although the foliar application significantly increased foliage burning (+9.8%). The late application of N consistently increased GPC (+1.1%) and dough strength (W, +21%) in the different growing seasons. The type of fertilisation strategies clearly affected the gluten content and rheological parameters: AN was more effective than urea as a soil top-dressed applied fertiliser in increasing W (+10%), as a result of a higher rise in the GPC content (+0.5%) and extensibility (L, +11%). The foliar application at anthesis, at the same N rate, led to a comparable GPC and W with those of the soil top-dressed granular fertiliser. Only a weak effect of granular urea on y/x type HMW was observed for the gluten composition. Conversely, a notable influence of year was observed (i.e. GS/Glia and y/x type HMW), which in turn resulted in a significant impact on W and P and on the aggregation time and aggregation energy.This study offers a further contribution to the improvement of specific N fertilisation strategies in order to enhance the wheat quality according to its end-use value.     

The effect of late-season urea spraying on grain yield and quality of winter wheat cultivars under low and high basal nitrogen fertilization

The late-season foliar application of urea may increase yield and grain quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Limited information is available regarding the effect of late urea spraying on the performance of wheat cultivars under various basal N fertilization rates. Field experiments were conducted during 2000 through 2002 to evaluate the responses of six winter wheat cultivars to foliar urea (30 kg N ha⁻¹) treatment around flowering at low (67 kg N ha⁻¹) and high (194 kg N ha⁻¹) basal N fertilization rates. Following urea spraying at low N rate, all cultivars increased grain yields to a similar extent (by an average of 7.8% or 509 kg ha⁻¹) primarily due to an increase in the 1000-kernel weight. No yield response to the late-season urea treatment occurred at high basal N rate where grain yields averaged 24.9% (1680 kg ha⁻¹) higher than those at low N rate. In contrast, late foliar urea application similarly improved grain quality at both low and high N rates by an average of 5 g kg⁻¹ (4.5%) for protein content, 3.2 cm³ (11.9%) for Zeleny sedimentation, and 20 g kg⁻¹ (8.6%) for wet gluten. These quality increments were consistent in all growing seasons regardless of significant variations in grain yields and protein concentrations across years. However, most cultivars failed to achieve breadmaking standards at low N rate as quality increments associated with the urea treatment were relatively small when compared to those achieved by high basal N rate. Late urea spraying had no effect on the falling number, whereas some cultivars showed small, but significant reduction in the gluten index at both N rates. Cultivars improved the hectolitre weight with the late-season urea treatment only at low N rate. Significant cultivar × urea interactions existed for most quality traits, which were due to the cultivar differences in the magnitude of responses. Thus, late-season urea spraying consistently produced larger yields at low basal N rate, and resulted in cultivar-dependent increases in protein content, Zeleny sedimentation, and wet gluten at both low and high N rates.     

Effects of Application of N,P And K Alone Or In Combination on Growth,Yield And Curcumin Content of Turmeric(Curcuma Longa L.)

Abstract

The effect of nitrogen (N) application rates at active tillering and anthesis on grain yield and protein content of a bread wheat cultivar, ‘Minaminokaori’, was examined in the field study conducted in Fukuoka, Japan. Number of spikes, leaf area index (LAI), and SPAD value at anthesis increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing N application rate at active tillering. Grain yield also increased significantly (P < 0.05) because of the increased number of spikes. However, grain yield did not increase significantly (P > 0.05) with increasing N application rate at anthesis. The slope of the relationship between N application rate at active tillering and grain yield was about 3 times that of the relationship between N application rate at anthesis and grain yield. These results indicate that N application at active tillering is more effective than N application at anthesis for increasing grain yield. Increasing N application rate at active tillering and anthesis generally increased grain protein content. However, the slope of the relationship between N application rate at anthesis and grain protein content was about 2 times that of the relationship between N application rate at active tillering and grain protein content. These results indicate that N application at anthesis is more effective than N application at active tillering for increasing grain protein content. The interaction between N application rates at active tillering and anthesis was significant (P < 0.05) for grain protein content. With the application of 4 g N m^–2 at active tillering, grain protein content increased linearly at a rate of about 0.5% per 1 g N m^–2 (from 10.9% to 14.0%) with increasing N application rate (from 0 to 6 g N m^–2) at anthesis. However, the rate of increase in grain protein content with increasing N application rate at anthesis was greater with 0 g N m^–2 at active tillering than that with 4 g N m^–2 at active tillering, whereas that with 8 g N m^–2 at active tillering was smaller than that with 4 g N m^–2 at active tillering. Application of 8 g N m^–2 at tillering resulted in the highest SPAD value at anthesis; this was followed by the results for 4 and 0 g N m^–2. Therefore, the SPAD value may be an important trait to decide N application rate at anthesis.     

Nitrogen fertilizer and urease inhibitor effects on canola seed quality in a one-pass seeding and fertilizing system

Field studies were conducted over three years on a clay loam (CL) and fine sandy loam (FSL) soil on the eastern Canadian prairies to evaluate the impact of urea and urea ammonium nitrate (UAN), with or without the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), placed near the seed-row in a one-pass seeding and fertilizing operation on seed protein, oil, chlorophyll and glucosinolate content of canola (Brassica napus L.). Application of N fertilizer as a side-band application at the time of seeding increased protein concentration and decreased oil concentration. Protein and oil yield increased with low to moderate N rates, but stabilized or fell with high N rates due to reductions in yield from seedling toxicity. Both chlorophyll and glucosinolate concentrations increased with increasing N rates. Use of UAN led to higher protein, chlorophyll and glucosinolate and lower oil concentration than urea on the CL soil. Use of the urease inhibitor NBPT generally increased oil concentration on both soils and reduced the chlorophyll and glucosinolate concentration on the CL soil. Observed difference may have been due to delayed maturity and reduced stand density caused by seedling damage and high N rates. High N rates applied as a side-band of urea or UAN near the canola seed row can negatively influence both seed yield and quality in canola and the negative effects may be reduced by the use of the urease inhibitor NBPT.     

氮素调控措施对小麦植株氮素同化过程和产量的影响

为明确不同氮素调控措施对小麦氮素同化过程和产量的影响,以皖麦68为试验材料,设置传统施肥+生物炭(CN+C)、传统施肥+硝化抑制剂(CN+D)、传统施肥+叶面肥(CN+P)、不施氮肥(CK)和传统施肥(CN)5个处理,分析各氮素调控措施与小麦叶片和茎秆的氮代谢物质含量、氮肥利用效率及产量等的关系。结果表明,与传统施肥相比,施用生物炭和硝化抑制剂能提高小麦体内铵态氮含量以及硝酸还原酶(NR)和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性,叶面喷肥能提高小麦灌浆期铵态氮含量和NR活性;各氮素调控措施能提高小麦灌浆期体内游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白质含量,增强小麦的氮素转运速率和氮代谢水平,显著提高氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮素偏生产力,进而提高小麦产量;施用生物炭、硝化抑制剂和叶面肥相比传统施肥分别增产568.3、520.0和663.3 kg·hm~(-2)。     

外源硒对滴灌小麦籽粒硒含量及产量的影响

为给小麦高效富硒提供理论依据,通过田间小区试验研究了外源硒不同施用方式及用量对小麦籽粒硒含量及产量的影响。 结果表明,基施与喷施外源硒的小麦生物量和产量均随硒用量的增加而增加,滴施外源硒小麦的生物量和产量随硒用量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势。在喷施20 mg·L^-1外源硒处理下小麦产量最高,比对照提高了19.5%;滴施0.6 kg·hm^-2处理,小麦产量提高14.3%;而基施外源硒对小麦产量无显著影响;喷施处理最高产量分别比基施、滴施处理最高产量增加4.5％和0.8％。在小麦籽粒硒富集上,滴施处理中籽粒硒富集量最大,分别是基施和喷施处理的2.6倍和1.6倍。基施、滴施和喷施外源硒处理下,小麦籽粒硒转化率分别比对照提高了45.5%、55.6%和67.8%,喷施处理小麦籽粒转化率最高。喷施处理小麦的硒利用率显著高于基施和滴施处理,分别是基施和滴施的2.2和1.7倍。分别在小麦孕穗期和灌浆期滴施0.6 kg·hm^-2、喷施20 mg·L^-1 Na₂SeO₃,既能使小麦籽粒硒含量达到国家富硒食品标准,又能增加小麦产量。     

Effect of foliar treatments to durum wheat on flag leaf senescence, grain yield, quality and deoxynivalenol contamination in North Italy

Since the production of durum wheat in the drier areas of the Mediterranean Basin is characterized by high variability in terms of yield and grain quality, there is also considerable interest in developing durum wheat in the northern regions, where the pedo-climatic conditions can offer the possibility of obtaining grain yields with higher technological quality and stability. However, the climatic conditions in the northern regions make durum wheat more prone to fungal foliar disease, particularly to Septoria Tritici Blotch (Septoria tritici Rob.) and to Fusarium Head Blight (Fusarium graminearum Petch and Fusarium culmorum Sacc.), with the consequent occurrence of DON in grains.Field experiments have been conducted over two growing seasons at four sites in North West Italy to evaluate the effect of fungicides and foliar nitrogen fertilizer application on durum wheat yield and grain quality. Five combinations of foliar application were compared at each site and each year (untreated control, azole fungicide application at heading, strobilurin fungicide at the stem elongation stage and/or at heading, the addition of a foliar N fertilizer to a fungicide programme). The following parameters were analysed: Septoria Tritici Blotch (STB) severity, flag leaf greenness using a chlorophyll meter, grain yield, test weight, grain protein content, ash content, vitreousness, Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) incidence and severity and deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination. The collected data underline that the cultivation of durum wheat at the climatic conditions of North Italy is actually risky and needs a direct control of fungal disease, which would be able to reduce the development of both foliar and head attacks. The double treatment, with a strobilurin application during the stem elongation stage and azole at heading, results to be an essential practice and showed advantages in terms of the delay of flag leaf senescence (+27%), STB control (+31), FHB control (+11%), yield (+32%) and DON contamination (−45%), compared to the untreated control. Other foliar treatments at heading, such as strobilurin or foliar N fertilizer applications, do not seem to provide any further advantage, for either grain yield or quality. No significant effect of fungicide or foliar N fertilizer application was recorded on the protein or ash concentration or vitreousness.     

浅埋滴灌下尿素减量配施UAN对春玉米根系形态及其生理特性的影响

在内蒙古科尔沁区农业高新科技示范园区,以常规追施尿素为对照,研究浅埋滴灌减施尿素配施尿素硝酸铵溶液（UAN）对春玉米根系、产量及效益的影响。结果表明,适量减施尿素配施UAN能促进玉米根系生长,增强吐丝期和乳熟期根系超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）酶活性,降低丙二醛（MDA）含量,延缓根系的衰老,有利于生育后期产量的形成。各土层土壤铵态氮及硝态氮含量均表现为CK （常规追施尿素）显著高于尿素减量配施UAN处理,UAN能促进根系对土壤氮的吸收利用。减施尿素25%、配施UAN 75 kg/hm²处理（N2U）产量与CK差异不显著,且显著高于减施尿素51%、配施UAN 75kg/hm²（N1U）处理;N2U处理两年的经济效益均最高。浅埋滴灌技术为尿素减量配施UAN玉米的田间作业提供便利,配施UAN、减施尿素是西辽河平原灌区春玉米减氮增效的有效途径。     

施氮模式对强筋小麦氮素积累和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响

为探索冀东平原强筋小麦适宜的氮肥施用模式,选用2个强筋小麦品种（津农7号和中麦998）,在总施氮量为210 kg·hm_-2的前提下设置4种施氮模式（CK：底肥50%+拔节肥50%;N1：底肥30%+起身肥20%+拔节肥50%;N2：底肥50%+拔节肥30%+孕穗肥20%;N3：底肥30%+拔节肥50%+孕穗肥20%）,研究了不同施氮模式对强筋小麦氮素积累、转运、籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,N2和N3处理提高了强筋小麦干物质积累量,显著增加植株花前氮素积累量及其转运量。花前氮素对籽粒氮素的贡献率因品种和处理而异,津农7号花前氮素对籽粒氮素的贡献率以CK最高,中麦998花前氮素对籽粒氮素的贡献率以N2处理最高。与CK相比,N2和N3处理显著增加小麦籽粒的蛋白质含量,提高醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量;2个强筋小麦品种籽粒产量均以N2处理较高。综上所述,本试验条件下,总施氮量的20%后移至孕穗期可提高强筋小麦植株干物质积累量,促进花前积累氮素向籽粒转移,提高籽粒蛋白质含量;N2处理可使津农7号获得最高的籽粒产量和蛋白质含量;中麦998在N2处理下籽粒产量最高,N3处理下蛋白质含量最高。     

施氮量对强筋小麦氮素积累和氮肥农学利用效率的影响

为探究冀东平原强筋小麦高产优质高效的最佳施氮量,在大田选用石优20号和中麦998两个强筋小麦品种,设置施氮量0 (N_0)、180 (N_1)和240 (N_2)kg·hm~(-2),研究了施氮量对强筋小麦氮素积累、转运和氮肥农学利用效率的效应。结果表明,小麦花前氮素积累量占成熟期植株地上部总氮素积累量的59%～66%,花后占34%～41%。随施氮量增加,小麦植株花前氮素积累量和转运量均提高,叶是花前氮素积累和转运的主要器官。小麦籽粒灌浆过程中,营养器官的氮素积累量逐渐下降,籽粒氮素积累量逐渐提高,营养器官氮素转运高峰与籽粒氮素积累高峰一致,石优20号为花后14～21d,中麦998为花后7～21d。施氮量从180 kg·hm~(-2)增加到240kg·hm~(-2),石优20号和中麦998的产量分别提高了6.10%和7.58%,籽粒蛋白质含量分别提高了3.68%和3.73%,而氮肥农学利用效率分别降低了25.68%和23.93%。综上所述,促进花前氮素的积累和转运可提高强筋小麦蛋白质含量;适当减少施氮量可实现强筋小麦的提质增效。本试验条件下,冀东平原强筋小麦生产的适宜施氮量为180kg·hm~(-2)。     

缓释尿素在玉米上的应用效果

利用大田小区试验,在赤峰市和鄂尔多斯市分别进行不同氮素处理对玉米产量、肥料吸收利用和土壤氮残留影响的研究。结果表明,施用氮肥玉米子粒产量和秸秆产量可分别增加13.3%～157.2%和6.9%～64.2%。减少20%施氮量同时配比75%的缓释尿素处理,玉米子粒氮含量、秸秆氮含量和氮积累量最大,与100%推荐施氮量无显著差异。缓释尿素占比60%以上时氮素回收率、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学效率达最大值,较普通尿素(RU)可分别提高14.3、4.5、61.7个百分点(赤峰市)和8.4、11.0、35.7个百分点(鄂尔多斯市)。玉米收获后耕层(0～20 cm)土壤矿质氮含量表现,赤峰市耕层土壤硝态氮含量远大于铵态氮且不同处理间差异显著(P0.05),100%推荐施氮量最大,80%推荐施氮量(RU80%)最小。鄂尔多斯市耕层土壤硝态氮含量和铵态氮含量基本相当,除各氮素处理与对照(CK)达显著差异外(P0.05),其他各处理间均未达显著差异。施氮量减少20%,缓释尿素占比30%以上与普通尿素配施即可替代100%推荐施氮量,且缓释尿素占比越大养分吸收利用越显著,玉米产量间无显著差异。     

叶面锌肥对紫粒小麦产量及品质的影响

为明确叶面施锌肥对紫粒小麦产量及品质的影响,选用小麦山农紫（紫粒）和山农129（红粒）为试验材料,采用大田试验,设置不施锌肥（Zn₀,对照）、叶面喷施锌肥10 kg·hm^-2（Zn_{10）、20 kg·hm^-2（Zn20）、30 kg·hm^-2（Zn30）、40 kg·hm^-2（Zn40）5个处理,分析了不同施锌量下紫粒小麦产量和品质相关指标的异同。结果表明,与不施锌肥比较,叶面施锌肥后山农129和山农紫分别增产1.4%~4.7%和2.3%~5.2%;随着施锌量的增加,山农129和山农紫的籽粒锌含量、总蛋白含量及蛋白质产量均表现出先增后降的趋势,分别在Zn30和Zn20处理下达到最高值,比Zn0分别提高25.8%、1.2%、16.8%和44.1%、2.1%、20.1%。两品种叶面施锌肥较其对照显著提高了籽粒蔗糖含量、湿面筋含量、面筋指数（P<0.05),但总淀粉和可溶性糖含量无显著性差异;总体上,山农紫小麦增幅大于山农129。综上所述,本试验条件下,叶面喷施锌肥可提高紫粒小麦产量、锌含量以及营养品质,以喷施锌肥20 kg·hm^-2较佳。}     

施氮量对强筋小麦产量、氮素利用率和品质的影响

为探明协同提高强筋小麦产量、氮素利用率和品质的施氮量,以强筋小麦品种济麦20（中穗型）和洲元9369（大穗型）为材料, 研究了180、240和300 kg·hm^-2三个氮肥水平（分别用N180、N240和N300表示）对强筋小麦产量、氮素利用率、品质及其相关指标的影响。结果表明,相同施氮量下,洲元9369的产量、氮素利用率、面团形成时间、面团稳定时间、面包体积和面包评分均高于济麦20。当施氮量由N180增至N240时,2个品种的产量无显著变化,但沉降值、面团形成时间、面团稳定时间、面包体积和面包评分均显著提高;施氮量增至N300后,2个品种的产量和品质又都显著下降,籽粒总蛋白含量、谷蛋白含量、SDS-不可溶性谷蛋白含量、醇溶蛋白含量和谷蛋白聚合指数均明显降低,而SDS-可溶性谷蛋白含量和谷醇比却表现为上升趋势。经相关分析,SDS-不可溶性谷蛋白含量、谷蛋白聚合指数与面团形成时间、面团稳定时间、面包体积和面包评分均呈显著正相关。以上结果表明,谷蛋白聚合程度降低是过量施氮条件下强筋小麦品质下降的主要原因。综合考虑小麦产量、氮素利用率和籽粒品质,240 kg·hm^-2为本研究条件下的最佳施氮量。     

树脂膜控释尿素及普通尿素配施对强筋小麦产量、品质和氮肥利用率的影响

为给小麦高产优质栽培中控释尿素的合理应用提供理论依据,以控释期90 d的树脂膜控释尿素为材料,通过田间小区试验,研究了树脂膜控释尿素及普通尿素配施对强筋小麦产量、品质及氮肥利用率的影响.结果表明,与普通尿素(PU)全部底施相比,树脂膜控释尿素及普通尿素配施抑制剂处理均能显著提高小麦产量和氮肥利用率,增幅分别达5.6％～12.6％和32.4％～137.3％.与分次施用普通尿素相比,树脂膜控释尿素及普通尿素配施抑制剂处理使籽粒产量增加1.5％～8.2％;等氮量施用树脂膜控释尿素处理显著提高了籽粒蛋白质含量、沉降值及湿面筋含量;等氮量施用树脂膜控释尿素及普通尿素配施抑制剂处理显著提高了氮肥利用率,增幅达13.9％～42.6％.小麦籽粒产量、品质、土壤无机氮与氮肥利用率皆以树脂膜控释尿素70％+普通尿素30％处理最高,其中产量和氮肥利用率与其他施氮处理差异显著.     

氮肥后移对春玉米子粒灌浆特性及内源激素的影响

以陕科9号为材料,2019～2020年在陕西榆林灌溉区进行大田试验,在总施氮量相同、基肥和大喇叭口期追肥分别占总施氮量20%和40%条件下,设置4个施氮处理,传统施氮(拔节肥40%,N1)、氮肥后移10%(拔节肥30%+花粒肥10%,N2)、氮肥后移20%(拔节肥20%+花粒肥20%,N3)和氮肥后移30%(拔节肥10%+花粒肥30%,N4),分析各处理子粒灌浆特性、内源激素含量和产量构成。结果表明,氮肥后移各处理2年玉米产量均显著高于传统施肥,N3处理产量最高。氮肥后移增加子粒灌浆速率最大时生长量(W_max)、最大灌浆速率(G_max),延长子粒灌浆活跃期;氮肥后移过量(N4),子粒灌浆参数受到不良影响。同时,N3处理子粒生长素(IAA)含量达到峰值时均较N1处理显著增加51.7%,玉米素(ZR)含量显著增加16.7%,赤霉素(GA₃)含量显著增加28.9%,脱落酸(ABA)含量显著降低18.2%。在陕西灌溉春玉米区,总施氮量270 kg/hm²时,拔节期追肥54 kg/hm²、大喇叭口期追肥108 kg/hm²、花后7 d追肥54kg/hm²为该区玉米高产的优化施氮制度。     

冬小麦碳氮积累、转运和籽粒产量对小花发育期追氮的响应

为给冬小麦高产优质栽培过程中氮肥的合理调控提供参考依据,通过河南郑州和兰考两点大田试验,分别在总施氮量240和180 kg·hm^-2下,以全部基施为对照,进行基施和追施各50%施氮处理［追肥时期分别在返青期(二棱末期)、返青后10 d(护颖原基分化期)、20 d(雌雄蕊原基分化期)和30 d(雌蕊凹期)］,探讨了小花发育期施氮对两种穗型冬小麦碳、氮积累和转运及产量构成的影响。结果表明,在小花发育期追施氮肥均有利于花前碳、氮的贮藏积累和转运,且兰考矮早8品种贮藏碳、氮转运对籽粒的贡献率分别高于对照处理4.49和3.98个百分点,而豫麦49198品种分别高于对照处理1.68和0.47个百分点;两个品种花前贮藏氮素转运对籽粒的贡献率分别高于碳素42.97和38.47个百分点。在本试验条件下,在小花雌雄蕊原基分化期追施氮肥增加了兰考矮早8的千粒重和豫麦49198的穗粒数,且追肥处理的穗粒数、千粒重和籽粒产量显著高于其他处理,氮素积累和转运的增加也显著提高了籽粒蛋白质含量和产量。根据本研究结果,在总施氮量180~240 kg·hm^-2下,采取基施和小花雌雄蕊原基分化期追施氮肥各50%,提高了籽粒产量和蛋白质产量。     

Wheat grain yield,phosphorus uptake and soil phosphorus fraction after 23 years of annual fertilizer application to an Andosol

A field experiment was conducted on an Andosol to evaluate wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield, P and N uptake and soil P fraction after long-term fertilization (no fertilizer, NPK, NP, NK and PK treatments). Application rates of N, P and K fertilizers were 100, 65 and 83 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ by ammonium sulfate, superphosphate, and potassium chloride, respectively. Phosphorus fertilization was critical for grain yield since the NK treatment did not increase yield compared with no fertilizer treatment. Agronomic efficiency of P was greater than agronomic efficiency of N, although apparent recovery of P and N were 17 and 53%, respectively. Combination application of fertilizer P and N resulted in the greatest grain yield over 23-year cultivation. Interaction impact on grain yield between P and N ranged from 71 to 109%, and was greater than the values for cereals in the earlier works. The N/P ratios of wheat decreased by P application and increased by N application. The N/P ratios in NPK and NP treatments were higher than the values attaining maximum yield for cereal crops reported by other works.     

Effects of Seeding Rate and Nitrogen Application Rate on Grain Yield and Protein Content of the Bread Wheat Cultivar ‘Minaminokaori’ in Southwestern Japan

Abstract

We examined the effects of seeding rate, 50 or 150 seeds m-², nitrogen (N) application rate at active tillering and jointing, 4 and 2 g N m-², respectively, or none, and N application rate at anthesis, 0, 2, 4, or 6 g N m-², on grain yield and protein content of a bread wheat cultivar, ‘Minaminokaori’, during the 2004–2005 crop season in southwestern Japan. Grain yield was similar at a seeding rate of 50 and 150 seeds m-². It was higher when 4 and 2 g N m-² were applied at active tillering and jointing, respectively (4–2N), than when no N was applied at these stages (0–0N). However, it was not influenced by N application rate at anthesis. Grain protein content was similar at 50 and 150 seeds m-². It was higher in 4–2N than in 0–0N. It was the highest when 6 g N m-² was applied at anthesis, followed by 4, 2, and 0 g N m-². The SPAD value at anthesis was higher at 50 than 150 seeds m-², but leaf area index (LAI) at anthesis was similar at 50 and 150 seeds m-² and protein content of grain was nearly the same at 50 and 150 seeds m-² irrespective of N application rate at anthesis. LAI and the SPAD value were higher in 4–2N than in 0–0N and the protein content of grain was also higher in 4–2N than in 0–0N irrespective of N application rate at anthesis. Therefore, both LAI and the SPAD value may be important traits related to the N application rate at anthesis suitable for yielding wheat grain with a high protein content.     

雨养与灌溉条件下施氮对小麦花后氮素累积与转运的影响

为给冀东平原冬小麦雨养和灌溉栽培中合理施氮提供依据,以小麦品种京冬8号和宝麦38为材料,在雨养、灌溉条件下各设置4个施氮水平(0、120、240、360kg·hm-2),研究了两种水分条件下施氮量对小麦植株氮素吸收、累积和转运的影响。结果表明,施氮可显著增加小麦的籽粒产量和蛋白质含量,但过多施氮会导致产量下降。增施氮肥明显提高了小麦花后各器官的氮素累积量及叶、茎、鞘的花前贮存氮素转运量,同时增加了成熟期叶、茎、鞘的氮素残留量。营养器官的氮素累积量及花前贮存氮素的转运量在水分条件间和品种间也存在明显的差异。综合分析,在雨养条件下,京冬8号和宝麦38最适施氮量分别为240和120kg·hm-2,灌溉条件下均为120kg·hm-2。     

In winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), post-anthesis nitrogen uptake and remobilisation to the grain correlates with agronomic traits and nitrogen physiological markers

In wheat, nitrogen (N) uptake and remobilisation after flowering contributes largely, in Northern countries, to grain yield and grain protein content. The aim of our study was first to estimate the proportion of N taken up and remobilised to the grain as well as their relative efficiency using ¹⁵NO₃⁻-labelling at flowering. The validity of the technique was assessed in comparison to the N budget calculation method on five winter wheat cultivars grown for 2 years at low and high fertilization input. We estimated that on average 71.2% of grain N originates from remobilisation with significant genotypic differences. Among the five genotypes, significant differences were also found for both N remobilisation efficiency (from 69.8 to 88.8%) and N translocation efficiency (from 89.7 to 93.4%). In parallel, during 1 year, we monitored physiological markers representative of N assimilation and recycling at two sampling dates during the grain filling period. We then examined if there was any relationship between these physiological markers, N absorption and remobilisation estimates and agronomic traits related to yield and grain N content. Nitrate reductase (NR) activity was highly correlated to N absorbed post-flowering and to grain protein content. Glutamine synthetase (GS) activity was even more highly correlated than NR activity to the amount of N remobilised and grain yield. The use of physiological traits such as NR and GS activities as markers of the wheat N status is discussed.