Contribution of Health Attributes,Research Investment and Innovation to Developments in the Blueberry Industry

Abstract

This paper examines how the United States and Canadian highbush and lowbush blueberry industries have changed over the last two decades. Production increases have been driven by a combination of changing consumer preferences for healthy foods and the development of new cultivars that have opened new production regions, expanded fresh market opportunities, and created new food products. Canada has found it advantageous and economical to invest its research effort in the development of the lowbush blueberry, exploiting its health protective properties. The United States has concentrated its research effort on highbush cultivars to lengthen the harvest window and promote diversification opportunities in the Southern United States. Highbush production expansion in the Pacific Northwest has relied very little on new cultivar development and improvements in yield but more on increases in cultivated area.     

蓝莓果实中营养成分的生物学功能

整理分析了蓝莓果实中果胶、微量元素K、维生素、花青素等成分的功能与功效;阐述了蓝莓具有降低胆固醇、防止冠状动脉硬化、抑制动脉内斑块的形成和预防多种癌症的多种营养保健功能。以期对蓝莓果实成分的分析和为蓝莓产品的开发提供借鉴。     

Apple Industry Performance,Intellectual Property Rights and Innovation

Abstract

This study examines the changing structure of the apple industry in Canada and the United States over the last two decades. We attempt to describe whether changing policy environments (e.g., Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement) and strengthened intellectual property (IP) rights have affected innovativeness and the competitive position of the North American apple industry. Our analysis shows that Canadian apple production has been on a decline, with apple imports expanding to satisfy production shortfalls and changing consumer preferences for cultivar diversity and year-round supply. By contrast, U.S. apple production expanded in the 1990s because of strengthened exports stemming from export promotion programs and slight increases in foreign demand in selected Asian markets. Our results show that U.S. inventors are protecting their IP by the use of patents to a larger extent than their Canadian counterparts.     

肥水耦合对蓝莓产量和品质的影响

以免眼蓝莓‘园蓝’品种为试材,研究水肥（N、P、K）耦合对蓝莓产量和果实品质的影响。结果表明：与传统的肥料干施相比,肥水耦合能显著提高蓝莓产量,对增加果实大小也有一定的积极作用;在改善品质方面,肥水耦合对增加蓝莓果实糖和花青苷含量也较为明显。     

美国越橘虫害的发生与防治

综述了美国不同越橘种植区发生的虫害,主要介绍了危害越橘花芽、果实、叶片、茎部的害虫,对其危害方式和防治方法进行了说明,为我国近些年快速发展的越橘种植业的虫害防治提供参考。     

高丛蓝莓对干旱胁迫的生理响应及其抗旱性综合评价

 为研究高丛蓝莓对干旱胁迫的生理响应并筛选具有较强抗旱能力的品种,同时确定基于生理指标的隶属函数分析对于筛选蓝莓抗干旱品种的可行性,分别以北高丛蓝莓中的‘布里吉塔’、‘斯巴坦’以及南高丛蓝莓中的‘夏普蓝’、‘奥尼尔’4 个品种为材料,在人工控水模拟水分胁迫条件下,测定叶片相对含水量、电导率、丙二醛含量、H₂O₂ 含量与　产生速率、F_v/F_m 以及叶片气孔特性等生理生化指标的变化,并采用隶属函数法进行综合评价。结果表明,随着干旱胁迫程度的加深,4 个蓝莓品种叶片的相对含水量、Fv/Fm、气孔开放率和气孔大小均呈下降趋势,而相对电导率、丙二醛含量、H₂O₂ 含量与产生速率以及气孔密度则呈上升趋势。4 个高丛蓝莓品种的抗旱性强弱顺序为奥尼尔 > 夏普蓝 > 布里吉塔 > 斯巴坦,大田干旱试验验证了基于生理指标的隶属函数分析对于蓝莓抗旱品种的筛选的准确性及可靠性。     

非酸性根际土壤对蓝莓铁元素吸收及其代谢相关基因表达的影响

为探究蓝莓（Vaccinium spp.）对非酸性土壤的不适应性是否与铁营养代谢紊乱有关。以两年生蓝莓‘比洛克西’、‘奥尼尔’和‘布里吉塔’为材料,在根际土壤pH 5.5、7.0及7.5的条件下处理20 d后,测定根系活力、丙二醛、矿质元素含量以及铁吸收转运相关基因的表达情况。结果表明,与pH 5.5根际土壤处理相比,pH 7.0及pH 7.5处理显著加剧蓝莓根及叶部膜脂系统氧化程度,并导致根系活力显著降低;同时,pH 7.5处理下根部铁含量仅为pH 5.5处理下的53.2%,而K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Cu和Zn元素未见明显的规律性变化。实时荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,与pH 5.5土壤条件下相比,铁螯合还原酶2基因（FRO2）、铁结合蛋白2基因（Fer2）和天然抗性相关巨噬细胞蛋白3基因（Nramp3）的表达在pH 7.5条件下显著下调,质膜质子泵酶基因（HA）未见显著变化。以上结果表明,在pH 7.5根际土壤条件下,蓝莓根内FRO2表达量降低,导致根部对Fe3+的还原能力下降;此外,Fer2和Nramp3基因表达下调使根部对铁的结合储藏以及转运能力下降,最后因根部铁的转运和吸收减少,导致地上部出现缺铁性黄化,推断蓝莓在碱性根际下生长不良的关键因素是铁的减少,以及与铁代谢相关基因表达的下降。     

Attributes of blowdown patches from a severe wind event in the Southern Rocky Mountains,USA

There is increasing interest in large, infrequent, natural disturbances and how they affect ecosystems. Attributes of patches produced by some natural disturbances, such as blowdowns, have seldom been measured. We measured attributes of patches produced by a large blowdown (over 10 000 ha) in northern Colorado, USA in 1997. The blowdown produced 402, 655, or 756 patches, based on three different concepts of a blowdown patch. An inverse-J relationship shows that most patches are small in size (<200 ha), while few are large. Most patches have a high percentage of blown-down trees (>50% down). Blowdown patches are highly variable in their size, perimeter length, and distance to the nearest patch. The blowdown patches are larger and have more complex shapes than patches in the surrounding forest. Mean size of blowdown patches (25 ha) may be smaller than those of crown fires in a nearby forest, but similar total areas may be affected. About 75% of the blowdown area is within 125 m of a forest not blown down, so natural tree regeneration should not be a problem. About 16,400 ha of mature spruce-fir forest is susceptible to first-year attack by spruce beetles, as this forest is within the expected dispersal distance (1.2 km) from blowdown patches where beetle reproduction is favored. Timber harvest patches differ from blowdown patches in size and distance to nearest patch. It also may be inappropriate to mimic forest blowdown patches using timber harvesting in this region, due to the rare occurrence of large blowdowns, their spatial restriction, and other factors.     

营养·健康·安全农产品产业前瞻

当前社会生活中,人们通过饮食所摄取的营养成分普遍存在过剩或者不足的营养失衡问题,这种现象既反映出营养成分的浪费,又表明不良的饮食习惯会对人体健康带来负面影响,因而,提出了一种营养健康安全农产品产业及其发展目标,介绍了营养配餐的定义、理论依据和意义,指导现代人在生活繁忙之中合理进行饮食搭配以符合自身营养素的需要,从而达成调整用户达到营养平衡的膳食结构以及方便其烹饪的目的,然后进一步阐述了营养提高新思路、创新此种农产品营销方式等,以供参考。     

系统开展萝卜全产业链科技研发促进我国萝卜产业不断提档升级

综述了萝卜产业以及萝卜学科发展的背景以及现状,介绍了当前萝卜产业和萝卜学科方面取得的成绩,提出近5a的发展目标．指出下一步的研发方向、产业发展的前景,以及目前萝卜产业发展中需要解决的几个技术性问题。     

我国花椰菜种业发展现状、市场需求及研究热点综述

综述了我国花椰菜产业情况及主栽品种区域分布现状,结合市场需求,指出如今研究的热点品类,如松花菜、西兰花及其各种类型用途的品种,最后总结出花椰菜种业存在的基本问题,如种质资源缺失,多抗品种短缺,加工型品种缺乏,种子生产技术落后、产量低、制种成本高等。     

初论我国辣椒产业的现状及发展趋势

辣椒是我国人们喜食的蔬菜之一,随着高效农业的推进,我国辣椒生产面积迅速扩大.目前,我国辣椒种植面积居蔬菜作物第二位,而产值和效益居蔬菜作物之首,因此辣椒对提高我国人们的物质生活水平和精神生活水平、解决三农问题做出了重要贡献.本文从辣椒消费量、辣椒加工和国际贸易量等方面分析了我国辣椒产业的市场潜力;从辣椒的种植面积、总产量、栽培方式、品种利用等方面分析了我国辣椒生产的现状和存在问题,提出辣椒生产的新趋势;从辣椒育种和基础研究两方面对我国辣椒研究现状与发达国家之间进行了比较,并提出了今后辣椒研究的方向;对我国辣椒种业现状与发达国家进行了比较,分析了目前国外品种对我国辣椒种业的影响.作者针对国际国内市场,为增加我国辣椒产业的核心竞争力,提出六点建议.     

陕西省青椒生产与科研发展状况

本文主要介绍了陕西青椒的栽培历史、生产现状和主要栽培方式，以及青椒基础研究和育种方面所取得的成绩，对陕西辣椒的生产和科研具有一定的指导意义。     

Spatial pattern of coniferous and deciduous forest patches in an Eastern North America agricultural landscape: the influence of land use and physical attributes

In agricultural landscapes, most studies have investigated the influence of the spatial pattern of forest patches on other ecological phenomena and processes, such as animal movement and biodiversity. However, few have focused on explaining the spatial pattern of the forest patches themselves. Understanding how these patterns relate to the processes that generate them is fundamental in developing a sound theory of landscape ecology, and in devising rational management strategies. In this paper, the pattern of the overall forest patches, as well as the pattern of deciduous and coniferous patches in an agricultural landscape of Southern Quebec, Canada, were analyzed and related to landscape physical attributes and land use, using remote sensing, geographic information systems and statistical methods. Results show that the role of landscape physical attributes on forest patch pattern has been modified by land use. In the study area, coniferous or deciduous patches are not associated with a specific surface deposit. In addition, physical attributes explain only a small proportion of the abundance of conifers on past abandoned land compared with land-use factors. Physical attributes only indirectly influence the forest pattern because they strongly influence the land-use practices. Our results reveal a conifer recovery process with the abandonment of agricultural land. On past abandoned land, conifers expand with increasing stand age, mostly by invasion from neighboring coniferous patches. Spatially, coniferous patches are usually located on the margins of the overall forest patches, and they are connected to non-forest land-use types such as crop and pasture, the latter being the most important. By showing the importance of some coniferous forest types that did not exist in the precolonial forest, a new perspective emerges when landscape, especially, land-use dynamics are taken into account.     

献县金丝小枣区土壤元素空间变异及与人体健康的关系

研究基于ArcGIS技术,应用地统计学方法对献县金丝小枣产区土壤元素空间分布特征进行描述,并探讨元素分布与人体健康的关系。结果表明:全量钾、全量铁、全量锌、全量硒和全量镍的土壤样本均呈正态分布,5种元素均为中等变异强度,且彼此间基本上都呈显著的相关性。地统计学的空间结构分析表明,全量钾、全量锌和全量镍的空间相关性都比较强烈,而全量铁和全量硒则呈现中等程度的空间相关性。等值线图显示,各元素的分布与地形之间有一定程度的空间相关性。各元素在研究区土壤中的含量均处于安全水平,可以根据元素在研究区的空间分布来参考规划金丝小枣的种植,从而为人们提供比较安全有效的矿质元素摄入途径。     

茄子种业现状及遗传育种研究进展

茄子是我国栽培面积较大的蔬菜作物之一,深受广大消费者的喜爱。近年来,茄子种业市场逐渐成熟,为我国茄子产业发展提供基础。新品种的培育在茄子种业中占据重要的位置。该研究从茄子的种业的现状和问题出发,对茄子种质资源的评价和创新、产量育种研究、品质育种研究3个方面的进展进行了系统综述,并对我国茄子种业和育种提出了对策和展望,以期对促进我国茄子种业的发展及育种提供一定的参考。     

我国辣椒品种资源多样性及利用研究概况

本文概述了我国对辣椒种质资源的多样性及其研究利用的进展情况。     

希腊油橄榄产学研联动经验对我国油橄榄发展的启示

为提高我国油橄榄产业化发展水平,在学习借鉴希腊油橄榄产学研联动经验基础上,参考希腊油橄榄原产地油橄榄种植、加工、质量控制、产品检测、有机认证等方面的先进技术,结合我国油橄榄生产实际,提出了加快我国油橄榄产业发展的建议。     

从世界苹果、梨生产及发展趋势与国际贸易看我国苹果、梨产业存在的问题

苹果和梨是世界上许多国家落叶果树中的两大重要树种， 其产量增长很快。1997～1999年世界苹果年均产量达5 728．5万t，较10年前的4 010．7万t增长了42．8％；梨年均产量达1 483万t， 较10年前的952．9万t增长了55．6％。我国苹果和梨自20世纪80年代后期以来得到了巨大发展，目前苹果产量已占世界苹果总产量的35％1999,梨占48％1999,可谓世界上苹果和梨生产大国。从世界苹果和梨的生产现状与发展趋势以及贸易情况探讨了我国在苹果和梨产业上存在的单产低、质量差、品种结构不合理、生产体制不适应、出口少以及优质商品生产基地不足等问题，并提出了改进的意见。     

浙江省食用菌循环生产模式剖析

浙江省食用菌生产总量不断增长,栽培区域不断拓展,特色优势布局形成,循环生产和集约化生产已成为浙江食用菌产业发展的核心竞争力和发展方向。充分利用食用菌的优势,发展循环生产,对食用菌产业转型升级、产业的可持续发展和建设生态高效农业都具有十分重要的现实意义。确定重点区域,突出主导品种,建设循环生产示范区,创新循环生产模式,做好产业间的衔接规划,培育实施主体,加大对关键技术的攻关研究和政策扶持力度,以促进食用菌产业稳定发展。