Selection before backcross during exotic germplasm introgression

Introgression of genes from exotic germplasm into breeding populations can broaden the genetic base of crop improvement. Only a very small percentage of genetic variability has been used in crop breeding programs. Traditionally, F₁ plants are used to backcross to the adapted lines or populations. An alternative approach is to backcross the F₂ individuals selected for agronomic acceptability. Our objective was to determine whether selection before backcross would lead to more progenies with both high yield and acceptable levels of agronomic performance than direct backcross without selection. To test the feasibility of the proposed approach, we conducted parallel experiments in which two exotic sorghum accessions were crossed to two adapted sorghum parents and further backcrossing was conducted with either F₁ or selected F₂ plants. Fifty random S₁ families were evaluated in three test environments. Although selection before backcross resulted in a higher frequency of families with maturity equal to or earlier than those of the adapted parents, no consistent changes in grain yield and plant height were observed between populations with and without selection. Similar results were found with either an inbred or a population as the recurrent parents. Given these findings and the extra generation required, we do not recommend selection before backcross in the process of introgression of exotic germplasm.     

Heritability of components of a simple physiological model for yield in groundnut under semiarid rainfed conditions

Use of physiological models has been suggested as a means to improve efficiency of breeding for higher yield. Our objectives were to estimate heritabilities of yield components of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) identified in a yield model [crop growth rate (C), reproductive duration (D_R) and partitioning (p)] and determine their predictive value in early generations. Forty bulk populations and nine parental lines were evaluated in replicated trials in 1992 (F₂), 1993 (F₃) and 1994 (F₄) at three contrasting locations in Niger. Physiological components of yield were estimated from final yield and biomass as well as data on flowering and maturity. Differences were observed among populations for pod yield and model components. The effects of locations were significant (P<0.01) for C, p and D_R in F₂ and F₃ but nonsignificant for yield and C in F₄. Heritabilities were estimated by parent–offspring regression of F₃ on F₂ and F₄ on F₃. Heritability estimates for C, p, D_R and yield based on the F₂:F₃ regression were 0.10, 0.45, 0.10 and 0.16, respectively. Heritabilities based on F₃:F₄ regression were 0.20 for C, 0.46 for p, 0.14 for D_R and 0.57 for yield. These results reveal that none of the yield-model traits had larger heritability than yield and that selection for these traits in segregating bulk populations is difficult.     

Gene effects for cotton-fiber traits in cotton plant (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under Verticillium conditions

Verticillium wilt (VW), caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb., has become one of the most serious problems in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The use of resistant cultivars has long been considered the most practical and effective means of control. The objective of this work was to study the quantitative genetic basis of fiber traits under Verticillium conditions in upland cotton by using five genotypes and their possible crosses without reciprocals, selecting simultaneously for quality fiber, resistance, and agronomic characteristics. Five cotton cultivars and 10 F₁s from half diallel crosses were analyzed for quality fiber under VW conditions. The fiber length, uniformity, strength, elongation, and micronaire were measured during two crop seasons at two different sites each year, consistently in plots with soil naturally infested with Verticillium. Genetic components of variance were analyzed using the Hayman model. Analysis of variance for all traits showed significant differences between genotypes, with the genotype–site interaction in most of the studied traits except for fiber length and micronaire. Both the additive genetic variance component (D) and dominance genetic variance components (H1 and H2) were present in all traits. D was the most important component for uniformity, strength, elongation, and micronaire. Elongation was the trait most correlated with seed-cotton yield. Strength and micronaire were the traits most correlated with VWI. Broad-sense heritability was high for all the traits studied. Narrow-sense heritability was high for uniformity, strength and elongation, and moderate for length and micronaire.     

棕絮棉18个性状的杂种优势研究

本文利用3个亲本配制的6个杂交组合。研究了棕絮棉的生育期、株高、果技数、总果节数、木技数、木技铃、总铃数、单铃重、衣分、亩籽棉、株皮棉、2．5％跨长、整齐度、比强度、伸长率、麦克隆值等18个性状的中索优势、超亲优势和竞争优势。并据此初步选育出产量、纤维品质较为优良的杂种棉一个。     

Genetic Gain and Heritability of Seedling Characters Selected at a Low Temperature in Pearl Millet (Pennisetum typhoideum Rich.)

Abstract

One cycle of selection was applied for studying genetic gain and heritability of seedling characters such as shoot length and root length at a low temperature in two genetic populations. The correlation of these characters to yield components was also examined. Selection had a significant effect on seedling characters other than shoot-root ratio. Selection for a long shoot or root increased the percentage of germination, shoot length, root length, panicle length and panicle weight in the field. Shoot length was significantly correlated to root length. There was a relationship between seedling characters and yield components. A genetic gain for seedling characters was obtained. Shoot and root lengths are heritable characters and may be useful as selection criteria at low temperatures. Heritability differed with the population selected for shoot or root length. Heritability values were 0.28?0.69 for shoot length and 0.37?0.76 for root length. Further selection gain for a longer shoot and root should be possible.     

不同生态条件下杂交棉产量与品质性状稳定性研究

2009-2010年,在湖南农业大学、澧县、大通湖、省棉科所、南县、君山、安乡7个区试点。对包括湘杂棉8号在内的共11个杂交棉品种组合进行了产量性状和纤维品质性状的稳定性分析。结果表明：从不同生态条件下年际间杂交棉产量性状、纤维品质性状变异系数来看,铃数和麦克隆值变异系数较大,衣分和整齐度变异系数较小;从不同生态条件下年际间杂交棉产量性状、纤维品质性状相关性分析来看,皮棉产量与铃数、衣分呈极显著性正相关,与铃重呈负相关,纺纱均匀性指数与比强、纤维长度成极显著的正相关,与麦克隆值呈极显著性负相关。,衣分值是产量性状中最稳定的,整齐度是纤维品质性状中最稳定的。     

Combining ability analysis to identify suitable parents for heterosis in seed cotton yield,its components and lint % in upland cotton

Combining ability and heterosis were studied in a 6 × 6 diallel cross to see the nature of gene action in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) during 2002 to 2004. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among all the F₁ and F₂ hybrid means and their respective six parental values for all the traits examined. In both generations, the mean squares due to general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were also highly significant. SCA genetic variances were greater than GCA and more important for the traits, i.e. boll weight, boll number and seed cotton yield per plant, showing the predominance of non-additive gene action. Lint % in both generations and boll weight in F₂s only were controlled by additive type of gene action due to maximum GCA variances. Cultivar CIM-1100 was found to be the best general combiner and its utilization produced valuable hybrids with desirable SCA in both generations. F₁ and F₂ hybrids, viz., CIM-1100 × CRIS-9, CIM-1100 × FH-682, CIM-1100 × BH-36 and CIM-109 × CIM-1100 as high × low and low × high parents performed well in SCA determination, outstanding mean performance and heterosis. Better SCA effects associated with useful heterosis were more pronounced for yield traits. In F₁ hybrids, maximum heterosis was observed for seed cotton yield followed by boll number, boll weight and lint %. The heterosis over better parent was +3.13 to +65.63% for bolls per plant, +0.75 to +24.40% for boll weight, +0.82 to +115.22% for seed cotton yield and +0.27 to +3.88% for lint %. Involvement of CIM-1100 in most of the F₁ and F₂ hybrids resulted in the synthesis of superior genotypes for most of the traits studied. Inbreeding depression was elevated in good performing hybrids and was the highest for seed cotton yield. Highest yielding F₁ hybrids yielded lesser in the subsequent generation due to over-dominance and inbreeding depression, whereas moderate yielding F₁ hybrids were found more stable even passing through process of segregation due to additive gene action. The combined performance of F₁ and F₂ hybrids could be a good indicator to identify the most promising populations to be utilized either as F₂ hybrids or as a resource population for further selection.     

小黑麦杂交F_1代真假杂种的ISSR标记鉴定及遗传多样性分析

为了给ISSR标记技术应用于小黑麦杂种鉴定提供参考,利用ISSR标记对小黑麦品系P1和P_2有性杂交得到的F_1代群体进行分子鉴定,同时结合田间表型调查结果对F_1代群体进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,66个杂交F_1代单株中,52个为真杂种,其中,5个单株无主茎、未结实,1个生长后期死亡。14条ISSR引物对46个正常结实真杂种扩增的多态性条带百分率为61.19%,其中,UBC822的多态性条带百分率为100%,UBC808和UBC815的多态性条带百分率均为75%。F_1代群体和父母本的遗传相似系数为0.62~0.94,说明杂交后代产生了丰富的遗传变异。聚类分析将杂交F_1代群体和父母本在阈值0.748处分为3大类群,第1类群包括1份材料(父本,P1),第2类群包括1份材料(母本,P_2),第3类包括46个杂交F_1代单株;杂交F_1代与父母本的遗传距离较远,先与母本聚为一类,之后与父本聚为一类。田间调查结果表明,7个性状中,除株高偏向于父本外,分蘖数、有效分蘖数、穗长、小穗数、穗粒数和穗粒重均偏向于母本,与父本的差距较大,这与ISSR分析结果基本相吻合。     

Horizontal resistance insolanum tuberosum to colorado potato beetle (leptinotarsa decemlineata say)

Horizontal resistance (HR) was assessed as a strategy to reduce potato defoliation by the Colorado potato beetle (CPB). Hybrids amongSolanum tuberosum varieties grown in Iowa were first evaluated with a detached leaflet feeding bioassay. Beginning in 1998, resistance was increased annually over three years by intermating and selecting the most resistant l%–2% of each generation of 300–400 plants using the bioassay. When C (= mg leaf tissue consumed_* neonate larva^-1 over 48 h) was measured for the 1% most-resistant genotypes of all generations grown side by side in 2000, it ranged from 6.1 mg_* larva^-1 in the parents to 2.3 for progeny of the F₃ generation compared to 2.7 in ND2858-1, a resistant check. Field trials in Wisconsin showed less defoliation in the F₁ and F₂ selected genotypes than in the parents. A second breeding program using moreS. tuberosum parents with greater genetic diversity, and much larger breeding populations, resulted in significantly faster accumulation of resistance, further suggesting that recurrent mass selection is effective. Foliar glycoalkaloid analyses revealed low levels of solanine and chaconine in the F₃ selections; no leptines or leptinines were detected. Because the parents wereS. tuberosum varieties in which vertical resistance to CPB is unknown, and because the resistance to feeding from parents to the F₃ resistant plants was linear and gradual while ranging from initially very low to considerably higher in the third year, horizontal resistance is strongly implicated. The development of a significant degree of resistance after three rounds of breeding using relatively small breeding populations suggests that HR can be developed from varieties ofSolanum tuberosum lacking initial high levels of resistance to CPB.     

Introgression of Two Drought QTLs into FUNAABOR-2 Early Generation Backcross Progenies Under Drought Stress at Reproductive Stage

FUNAABOR-2 is a popular Ofada rice variety grown in a large area under rainfed upland condition across western states of Nigeria. We used the combination of phenotypic and marker-assisted selection(MAS) to improve grain yield of FUNAABOR-2 under drought stress(DS) at the reproductive stage via introgression of two drought quantitative trait loci(QTLs), qDTY12.1 and qDTY2.3. Foreground selection was carried out using peak markers RM511 and RM250, associated with qDTY12.1 and qDTY2.3, respectively, followed by recombinant selection with RM28099 and RM1261 distally flanking qDTY12.1. Furthermore, BC1 F2-derived introgressed lines and their parents were evaluated under DS and non-stress(NS) conditions during the 2015–2016 dry season. Overall reduction of grain yield under DS compared to NS was recorded. Introgressed lines with qDTY12.1 and qDTY2.3 combinations showed higher yield potential compared to lines with single or no QTL under DS, indicating significant positive interactions between the two QTLs under the FUNAABOR-2 genetic background. Pyramiding of qDTY12.1 and qDTY2.3 in the FUNAABOR-2 genetic background led to higher grain yield production under DS and NS.     

Heterosis for yield in hybrids betweenS. Tuberosum ssp.Tuberosum andtuberosum ssp.Andigena

Five cycles of phenotypic recurrent selection of a population ofSolanum tuberosum ssp.Andigena for adaptation to N. temperate growing conditions have been accomplished. There have been marked improvements in maturity and yield. Unselected F₁ hybrids between this population and tuberosum clones yielded 15% more total yield than unselected intratuberosum progenies at Ithaca as spaced plants and 17% as twelve-hill plots. In Huancayo, Peru and Toluca, Mexico the hybrids produced total yields greater than tuberosum progenies and equal to the andigena progenies. In Colombia, the hybrids were intermediate in yield. It appears that the extent of heterotic advantage of the intergroup tuberosum-andigena F₁ hybrids may be dependent upon the day length of where the crop is grown.     

Insect-mediated cross-pollination in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] : I. Agronomic performance

In soybean, manual cross-pollination to produce large quantities of F₁ hybrid seed for yield trials is difficult and time-consuming. Conversely, insect-mediated cross-pollination has been shown to produce large quantities of hybrid seed in soybean and could facilitate the identification of heterotic patterns. The objective of our study was: (1) evaluate F₁ hybrid soybean plants from single crosses for yield and agronomic traits over several environments and (2) compare hybrid performance of the single crosses to lines developed from three-way crosses and backcrosses. In 2003, F₁ seed of single-crosses and their parent lines were evaluated in replicated experiments at three locations. Also in 2003, three-way crosses, and BC₁F₁ seed were produced. In 2004, three-way crosses, BC₁F₁ crosses, and their parent lines were evaluated at one location. High-parent heterosis (HPH) in single-crosses for grain yield ranged from −41.11% to +11.19%; for protein content from −4.34% to +3.53%, and for oil content from −13.22% to −0.84%. In three-way crosses, HPH for yield ranged from −25.21% to −4.50%, for protein from −2.72% to +1.92%, and for oil from −5.87% to −1.20%. For BC₁F₁ crosses, HPH for yield ranged from −15.65% to +41.97%, for protein from −2.57% to +1.69%, and for oil from −2.47% to +2.22%. Although positive heterosis levels were observed across all populations tested to determine the economic feasibility it is imperative that more tests of more cross-combinations be evaluated in replicated environments. Extensive research in different environments must be conducted to determine what parental combinations will produce the highest heterosis levels, and to develop criteria for selecting the parents with the best combining ability. This will be important to maximize agronomic performance that can economically justify the use of hybrids in soybean production.     

玉米雌穗一节多穗性状的遗传研究

以玉米自交系XL21和PH6WC组成的6世代群体为材料,调查各群体同一穗位处果穗数量。利用P₁、P₂、F₁、F₂、BC₁和BC₂多世代联合分析法,研究控制玉米一节多穗性状的基因分离规律。结果表明,该性状在F₂分离世代表现为斜率负值的直线分布,BC₁群体主要呈类似于偏正态分布,BC₂群体呈类似于反比例函数分布。通过群体AIC值进行适合性检验,该性状符合一对加-显主基因+加-显-上位性多基因遗传D模型,主基因效应大于多基因效应,且加性效应大于显性效应,主基因遗传率为49.5%～60.2%,多基因遗传力为27.4%～41.1%,两者累加贡献率达到87.6%～90.6%。控制玉米一节多穗性状以加性效应为主,在遗传育种中针对该性状对早代试材进行重点选择和淘汰。     

HMW-GS标记辅助选育优质小麦新品系

为加速优质小麦育种进程,将聚合杂交、HMW-GS辅助选择与常规育种程序结合,在小麦品种烟农19、济麦20、郑优6号、百农66不同杂交组合F2代进行HMW-GS标记辅助选择,经连续多代鉴定筛选,选育出14个含优质HMW-GS或HMW-GS组合的小麦新品系.鉴定结果表明,14个新品系的蛋白质含量、沉降值、湿面筋含量、面筋指...     

小麦籽粒性状的遗传效应分析及其育种策略

大粒性状对于小麦高产育种具有重要意义。为明确大粒型小麦新种质籽粒性状的遗传特性,以漯麦76（大粒型）和L529（小粒型）为亲本构建P₁、P₂、F₁、F₂、B₁和B₂共4个世代6个群体,利用SmartGrain软件获得籽粒性状数据,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传分析方法研究大粒性状的遗传规律。结果表明,千粒重的最佳模型为两对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传模型（MX2-ADI-ADI）,籽粒面积和粒长的最佳模型均为加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传模型（PG-ADI）,籽粒周长的最佳模型为两对加性-显性-上位性主基因遗传模型（2MG-ADI）,粒宽的最佳模型为两对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性显性多基因遗传模型（MX2-ADI-AD）。综上,对大粒性状的选择,应采用“高粒重×高粒重”的组合配制方案构建F₂（单交）和B₂（大粒亲本回交）选择群体,多环境鉴定,以低代宽、高代严的选择标准,在高代对大粒性状进行选择。     

安徽沿江地区油麦后直播棉的品种选用策略

在目前安徽沿江地区不能实现棉花机采的情况下,提出了"植株高度既适于机采也适于人工采收,含絮力适中(不易落花便于集中采收),生育期适中(播种到采收为180天左右),纤维品质及产量性状较优(纤维长度30.0 mm以上,断裂比强度30.0 cN/tex以上,马克隆值5.0以下,籽棉产量3750 kg/hm2以上,衣分在40％...     

四倍体杂交冰草AFLP遗传连锁图谱的构建

为给冰草抗性及产量等重要性状QTL定位及分子标记辅助育种等研究奠定基础,以四倍体杂交冰草的347个F2代单株及其亲本为材料,利用AFLP分子标记技术构建四倍体冰草的分子遗传连锁图。结果表明,本研究首次成功构建出1张密度较高的四倍体杂交冰草分子遗传连锁图谱,该图谱包含14个连锁群,572个标记,各连锁群长度范围为129.75~214.90cM,覆盖基因组总长度2 266.59cM,标记间平均间距4.13cM。     

Perennial O. sativa × O. rufipogon interspecific hybrids: I. Photosynthetic characteristics and their inheritance

A survey of 24 wild Oryza accessions identified Oryza australiensis and Oryza rufipogon as potential sources of enhanced photosynthetic rate for introgression into cultivated rice. Photosynthetic capacity per unit leaf area (CER) was associated with leaf N content but not with leaf chlorophyll concentration, flag leaf area, or specific leaf area. Eight fertile, perennial F₁ hybrids between O. sativa and O. rufipogon were grown in non-flooded soil, and CER was measured at flowering under saturating light. Two F₁ hybrids had greater CER than the average of 26.1 μmol m² s⁻¹. The F₂ progeny from these hybrids were screened for CER in the field, and segregants with even greater rates of photosynthesis were selected. The basis of high photosynthetic rate in the F₂ populations was not leaf thickness or leaf chlorophyll content. One F₂ line had exceptionally high CER and stomatal conductance. Broad-sense heritability on an individual plant basis for CER in two F₂ populations was 0.44 and 0.37. A highly significant offspring-parent regression of 0.89 for CER was observed in a replicated field evaluation (four blocks, five plants per plot) of 20 vegetatively propagated F₂ selections and their F₃ seedling progeny. Broad-sense heritability for CER on a plot-mean basis was estimated as 0.74 for both selected F_2:3 families and for the selected F₂ clones. Genetic resources in the genus Oryza may represent a source of alleles to increase leaf photosynthetic rate in the cultivated species, which we have demonstrated to be a heritable, though environmentally variable, trait in an O. sativa/O. rufipogon population.     

小麦抗白粉病基因 Pm4的分子标记辅助育种研究

Pm4是我国目前有效的小麦抗白粉病基因之一,该基因对陕西关中当前流行的白粉病菌系关中4号表现高抗。本研究利用与Pm4基因紧密连锁的STS470分子标记对7个小麦品种间的6个杂交组合F3代单株进行分子标记检测并结合田间抗性鉴定筛选出抗病单株14个。对由这14个单株衍生出的64个F5代品系进行分子检测和田间抗性鉴定,发现53个品系表现抗病,占总品系的82.81%,其中51个抗病品系可以检测到与Pm4基因紧密连锁的STS470特异带,占总品系的79.69%。本研究结果表明,STS470是Pm4基因的可靠标记,可有效的用于分子标记辅助育种。     

Combining ability and inheritance studies for protein content in mungbean

The present investigation was carried on a 8 parent diallel of mungbean involving 28 F₁'s and 28 F₂'s excluding reciprocals grown at three different locations including Meerut, Ludhiana and Hissar. Three different analyses including combining ability, graphical and component analysis were utilized.From the combining ability analysis over different environments it was reported that g.c.a. effects are relatively more consistent over environments than s.c.a. effects. The parents P₃ and P₅ were ranked as the best general combiners and the cross P5 × P7 was the good specific combination in both the diallel sets. The graphical analysis suggested that high protein content is governed by dominant genes. Further all the analyses revealed that non-additive variance was mostly responsible for this character. Thus two methods, including biparental mating system among the selected F₂/F₃ plants from P₅×P₇ cross; and modified diallel selective mating system for the selected parents with good or average general combining ability were suggested. From these populations the desirable combinations with high protein content and other desirable attributes, be selected which can constitute a future variety.