两种黄单胞病菌诱导水稻一氧化氮产生和防卫基因表达的比较研究

 【目的】阐明在不同黄单胞病菌诱导的水稻过敏性细胞死亡(HCD)中的一氧化氮(NO)信号途径及其作用机制。【方法】比较分析了在水稻细胞－番茄斑点病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, Xcv)不亲和互作、水稻－白叶枯病菌(X. oryzae pv. oryzae, Xoo)亲和互作中NO的发生以及NO对水稻防卫基因诱导表达的影响。【结果】Xcv不仅诱导了NO的迸发、NOS活性及其NO合成相关基因(nos和nr)的表达，而且诱导了防卫基因(苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因pal、过氧化物酶基因pox和谷胱苷肽转硫酶基因gst)的表达；Xoo不诱导NO的迸发，抑制了NOS的活性、NO合成相关基因和防卫基因的表达；NO清除剂PTIO和Xoo显著地抑制了Xcv 对防卫基因表达的诱导作用。【结论】Xcv通过NO信号途径诱导了水稻防卫基因的表达和HCD；Xoo 通过NO抑制或解毒机制抑制了由NO介导的防卫基因的表达及其HCD的发生。     

一氧化氮(NO)在植物抗病防卫反应中的功能

一氧化氮(NO)是一种高度活性分子,能通过细胞膜快速扩散,在植物中NO可通过酶促途径和非酶促途径产生。已在多种受病原物诱导的植物中检测到NO的产生。研究发现在植物-病原物互作中NO在过敏性(HR)细胞死亡和系统获得抗性(SAR)的建立中起非常重要的信号调节作用。     

一氧化氮影响植物不定根发生的研究进展

近年来,一氧化氮(NO)作为一种气态信号小分子,在植物中的研究越来越多,尤其是植物NO的产生机理及其在植物不定根发生中的作用机制研究取得了很大突破。本文概括了NO在植物体内的产生途径,详细阐述了NO及其与其他信号分子互作对植物不定根发生的影响,总结了植物不定根发生过程中NO调控的相关基因表达;最后,展望了NO参与植物不定根发生的研究趋势,以期为NO在植物不定根发生的应用研究提供理论参考。     

一氧化氮对植物抗旱和抗病性的调控

一氧化氮(NO)在植物的各个生理过程中都发挥着重要的信号调节作用。主要综述了NO分子在植物中的合成、化学特性及其信号分子作用,以及NO在植物抗旱中对气孔的调控作用和对植物抗病性的影响。     

Femtomolar sensitivity of a NO sensor from Clostridium botulinum

Nitric oxide (NO) is extremely toxic to Clostridium botulinum, but its molecular targets are unknown. Here, we identify a heme protein sensor (SONO) that displays femtomolar affinity for NO. The crystal structure of the SONO heme domain reveals a previously undescribed fold and a strategically placed tyrosine residue that modulates heme-nitrosyl coordination. Furthermore, the domain architecture of a SONO ortholog cloned from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii indicates that NO signaling through cyclic guanosine monophosphate arose before the origin of multicellular eukaryotes. Our findings have broad implications for understanding bacterial responses to NO, as well as for the activation of mammalian NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase.     

IWF诱导小麦悬浮细胞产生NO及其与Ca2+的关系

 【目的】以感染叶锈菌的小麦叶片细胞间隙液IWF-260作为激发子,刺激小麦洛夫林10悬浮细胞,探讨悬浮细胞受激发子刺激引发的NO变化情况及其产生的可能分子机制。【方法】采用Greiss试剂法及荧光分子探针DAF-2DA标记法检测胞内NO的动态变化,同时借助药物学试验探讨Ca2+和NO的关系。【结果】IWF-260能诱导小麦悬浮细胞产生NO,NO在IWF-260刺激诱发的细胞死亡过程中发挥重要作用。药物学抑制剂试验证明NOS和NR及胞外钙离子内流均与IWF-260刺激小麦悬浮细胞产生的NO有密切关系,且在NO的产生途径中,NR途径为主要途径。【结论】IWF-260能够诱导小麦悬浮细胞产生NO,NOS、NR及胞外Ca2+内流参与了此过程。     

Differential targeting of Gbetagamma-subunit signaling with small molecules

G protein betagamma subunits have potential as a target for therapeutic treatment of a number of diseases. We performed virtual docking of a small-molecule library to a site on Gbetagamma subunits that mediates protein interactions. We hypothesized that differential targeting of this surface could allow for selective modulation of Gbetagamma subunit functions. Several compounds bound to Gbetagamma subunits with affinities from 0.1 to 60 muM and selectively modulated functional Gbetagamma-protein-protein interactions in vitro, chemotactic peptide signaling pathways in HL-60 leukocytes, and opioid receptor-dependent analgesia in vivo. These data demonstrate an approach for modulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling that may represent an important therapeutic strategy.     

腐殖质促进植物根和地上部生长的信号传导和串扰机制研究进展

天然高分子异构混合物腐殖质（HS）是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,其促生作用近年来被广泛研究,其中多条信号通路在 HS 促进植物生长发育过程中起到重要作用。该文综述了 HS 促进植物根和地上部生长发育的信号通路传导及串扰机制。HS 在促进根系生长过程中吲哚乙酸（Indole-3-acetic acid,IAA）、一氧化氮（Nitric oxide,NO）、脱落酸（Abscisic acid,ABA）、活性氧（Reactive oxygen species,ROS）和 Ca2+ 等信号通路传导及相互串扰过程参与其中;HS 在促进地上部生长过程中细胞分裂素（Cytokinin,CTK）、ABA 和硝酸盐信号通路发生复杂的传导和相互串扰过程。HS 通过复杂的代谢网络调控植物生理代谢,调节机制涉及多条复杂信号通路的传导和串扰过程,其中质膜 H+-ATPase 是 HS 促进地下和地上部生长机制研究中的关键节点,多条信号通路通过质膜 H+-ATPase 介导相互级联放大的信号传导。在 HS 调控根系和地上部生长发育过程中,信使 NO 与多条信号通路间发生复杂的串扰过程,是参与 HS 促生作用的重要串扰信号分子。HS 在触发根和地上部生长发育过程中还存在其他信号通路,其中防御信号通路水杨酸（Salicylicacid,SA）和茉莉酸（Jasmonic acid,JA）受到信号通路 IAA、NO、ABA 和 CTK 等的调节。由于 HS 具有分散性、异质性和生物化学研究复杂性的特点,至今尚未明确 HS 对植物生长短期作用机制以及在整个植物生长周期内的整体作用机制,因此需要进一步深入分析揭示促生过程中所涉及到的信号传导、交叉、串扰和整合途径,以及复杂的营养和代谢通路,为 HS 生理活性作用机制和农业生产应用的研究提供理论依据。     

一氧化氮与植物激素之间相互作用研究进展

文章主要阐述了植物中NO在一些激素如生长素、细胞分裂素、细胞脱落酸及在种子萌发和细胞程序性死亡（PCD）等调控的生理反应中的协同作用,指出NO和乙烯的比率决定着植物的成熟和衰老发生;关于NO在各种反应中内源的产生机制、NO在植物细胞和组织间的传递途径以及NO的靶分子等问题还需要进一步深入研究。并提出在植物生长发育方面,NO与植物激素功能存在着重叠,而它们之间是怎样协同发挥功能将是今后深入研究的热点方向。     

一氧化氮与植物激素之间相互作用研究进展

文章主要阐述了植物中NO在一些激素如生长素、细胞分裂素、细胞脱落酸及在种子萌发和细胞程序性死亡（PCD）等调控的生理反应中的协同作用,指出NO和乙烯的比率决定着植物的成熟和衰老发生;关于NO在各种反应中内源的产生机制、NO在植物细胞和组织间的传递途径以及NO的靶分子等问题还需要进一步深入研究。并提出在植物生长发育方面,NO与植物激素功能存在着重叠,而它们之间是怎样协同发挥功能将是今后深入研究的热点方向。     

Variations on conserved signaling pathways in biocontrol and development:G protein and MAPK genes of Trichoderma. atroviride and T. virens

Filamentous fungi employ conserved eukaryotic signaling pathway to detect and respond to environmental signals, including the presence of the host. Genetic experiment in which a particular signaling protein is lost, or its activity enhanced, have defined some of the function of heterotrimeric G proteins and MAP kinases in development and virulence. A hallmark of these studies is that orthologs in different species may have different functions. Antagonistic fungal-fungal interactions form …     

活性氧和一氧化氮在植物-病原体互作反应中的作用

植物被病原体感染后,植物体内活性氧产量急剧增加,这一现象被称为氧爆。活性氧族包括如单线态氧^1O2、超氧阴离子自由基O2^-、氢过氧自由基HO2·、过氧化氢H2O2、羟自由基·OH等。与ROS关系密切的一氧化氮,属于活性氮族。ROS和NO参与植物生长发育调控和对环境胁迫的应答反应,特别是在对抗外来病原体的入侵的防卫过程中发挥了重要作用。本文主要讨论ROS和NO在植物与病原体相互作用中发挥的作用。     

Exogenous Nitric Oxide Involved in Subcellular Distribution and Chemical Forms of Cu2+ Under Copper Stress in Tomato Seedlings

Nitric oxide (NO), a bioactive signaling molecule, serves as an antioxidant and anti-stress agent under abiotic stress. A hydroponics experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, on tomato seedlings exposed to 50 μmol L^?1 CuCl₂. The results show that copper is primarily stored in the soluble cell sap fraction in the roots, especially after treatment with Cu+SNP treatment, which accounted for 66.2% of the total copper content. The copper concentration gradually decreased from the roots to the leaves. In the leaves, exogenous NO induces the storage of excess copper in the cell walls. Copper stress decreases the proportion of copper integrated with pectates and proteins, but exogenous NO remarkably reverses this trend. The alleviating effect of NO is blocked by hemoglobin. Thus, exogenous NO is likely involved in the regulation of the subcellular copper concentrations and its chemical forms under copper stress. Although exogenous NO inhibited the absorption and transport of excess copper to some extent, the copper accumulation in tomato seedlings significantly increased under copper stress. The use of exogenous NO to enhance copper tolerance in some plants is a promising method for copper remediation.     

Synapses form in skeletal muscles lacking neuregulin receptors

The formation of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is directed by reciprocal interactions between motor neurons and muscle fibers. Neuregulin (NRG) and Agrin from motor nerve terminals are both implicated. Here, we demonstrate that NMJs can form in the absence of the NRG receptors ErbB2 and ErbB4 in mouse muscle. Postsynaptic differentiation is, however, induced by Agrin. We therefore conclude that NRG signaling to muscle is not required for NMJ formation. The effects of NRG signaling to muscle may be mediated indirectly through Schwann cells.     

Inverse velocity dependence of vibrationally promoted electron emission from a metal surface

All previous experimental and theoretical studies of molecular interactions at metal surfaces show that electronically nonadiabatic influences increase with molecular velocity. We report the observation of a nonadiabatic electronic effect that follows the opposite trend: The probability of electron emission from a low-work function surface--Au(111) capped by half a monolayer of Cs--increases as the velocity of the incident NO molecule decreases during collisions with highly vibrationally excited NO(X(2)pi((1/2)), V = 18; V is the vibrational quantum number of NO), reaching 0.1 at the lowest velocity studied. We show that these results are consistent with a vibrational autodetachment mechanism, whereby electron emission is possible only beyond a certain critical distance from the surface. This outcome implies that important energy-dissipation pathways involving nonadiabatic electronic excitations and, furthermore, not captured by present theoretical methods may influence reaction rates at surfaces.     

Nitric Oxide Content in Wheat Leaves and Its Relation to Programmed Cell Death of Main Stem and Tillers Under Different Nitrogen Levels

Nitric oxide (NO) is a key signaling molecule in different physiological processes of plants, including programmed cell death (PCD). PCD of tillers plays an important role in surviving which are major components of grain yield. PCD was triggered in wheat leaves of main stem and tillers by NO content under different nitrogen treatments. In wheat, NO could be synthesized endogenously by nitrate reductase (NR). As an inducible enzyme, NR activity was closely related to substrate concentration. Therefore, different nitrogen levels would change NR activity and NO production. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of NR activity, NO production, and the correlation between them on different tillers growth, development, senescence, and kernel protein content under different nitrogen levels. Field-experiments were conducted in 2009–2011 growing seasons, using two wheat cultivars with different spike-types. Results showed that for main stem and primary tillers, NR activity and NO content reached high level at heading stage, while for secondary tiller, the level of NR activity was low, but NO content was high in the present research. The NO synthesis depending on NR activity in wheat leaves was significant in the early growing stage, but the NO synthesis weakened with the progress of growing period. NO was related to the senescence of wheat leaves, but PCD was more sensitive to marked changes of NO content than NO content itself. N application had marked influence on the aging process of primary tiller, while had little influence on that of main stem and secondary tiller. Moreover, N fertilizer application could increase spike rate and protein content of primary tiller by N fertilizer application.     

一氧化氮在脱落酸和黑暗诱导蚕豆气孔关闭中的作用

[目的]研究一氧化氮（NO）在脱落酸（ABA）和黑暗诱导的蚕豆（Vicia faba）气孔关闭中的作用。[方法]以蚕豆叶片下表皮为材料,借助表皮条分析和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜技术对NO在ABA和黑暗诱导的气孔关闭中的作用进行了探索。[结果]ABA和黑暗都能诱导蚕豆气孔关闭,而且ABA和黑暗诱导都能提高保卫细胞胞质内的NO水平。NO专一性清除剂2,4-羧基苯-4,4,5,5-四甲基咪唑-1-氧-3-氧化物（cPTIO）、一氧化氮合酶（NOS）抑制剂NG-氮-L-精氨酸-甲酯（L-NAME）能够大大抵消ABA和黑暗诱导气孔关闭的效应,并能阻断ABA和黑暗诱导的气孔保卫细胞内NO水平的提高,表明NO是ABA和黑暗诱导蚕豆气孔关闭的共同信号分子。[结论]该研究可为探索保卫细胞信号转导网络积累一定的资料,并为提高植物抗逆能力和促进农业生产提供理论依据。     

NO介导ABA诱导的玉米叶片叶绿体和质外体的抗氧化防护

用硝普钠（SNP,NO供体）和ABA处理玉米幼苗,结果显示,ABA和SNP均增强了玉米叶片中抗氧化酶SOD、CAT、GR和APX的活性;激光共聚焦显微检测显示,ABA能够诱导叶片中NO的合成;NO清除剂PTIO和合成抑制剂L-NAME预处理阻断了ABA诱导的抗氧化酶活性的上升及NO的合成。对不同亚细胞区室的研究显示,ABA和NO对质外体和叶绿体中的抗氧化酶系统均表现出诱导效应,而PTIO和L-NAME阻断了这种诱导。上述结果表明,在玉米叶片中,NO介导了ABA的信号转导,诱导叶绿体和质外体中的抗氧化酶系统协同作用,共同提高了叶片的抗氧化防护能力。     

NBS-LRR Proteins and Their Partners:Molecular Switches of Plant Defense

Specificity of the plant innate immune system is often conferred by resistance（R）proteins.Most plant disease resistance （R）proteins contain a series of leucine-rich repeats（LRRs）,a nucleotide-binding site（NBS）,and a putative amino-terminal signaling domain.They are termed NBS-LRR proteins.The LRRs are mainly involved in recognition,and the amino-terminal domain determines signaling specificity,whereas the NBS domain presumably functions as a molecular switch.During the past years,the most important discoveries are the role of partners in NBS-LRR gene mediated defenses,mounting support for the so-called＂guard hypothesis＂of R gene function,and providing evidence for intramolecular interactions and intermolecular interactions within NBS- LRR proteins as a mode of signaling regulation.The outcome of these interactions determines whether a plant activates its defense responses.     

Identification of a plant nitric oxide synthase gene involved in hormonal signaling

Nitric oxide (NO) serves as a signal in plants. An Arabidopsis mutant (Atnos1) was identified that had impaired NO production, organ growth, and abscisic acid-induced stomatal movements. Expression of AtNOS1 with a viral promoter in Atnos1 mutant plants resulted in overproduction of NO. Purified AtNOS1 protein used the substrates arginine and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and was activated by Ca2+ and calmodulin-like mammalian endothelial nitric oxide synthase and neuronal nitric oxide synthase, yet it is a distinct enzyme with no sequence similarities to any mammalian isoform. Thus, AtNOS1 encodes a distinct nitric oxide synthase that regulates growth and hormonal signaling in plants.