The effects of cadmium in feed, and its amelioration with zinc, on element balances in sheep

The effects of feeding Cd to sheep at a level that is typical of polluted regions were investigated, as well as possible amelioration by adding Zn to the diet. Welsh Mountain ewes (n = 24) were fed herb-age and concentrate in metabolism crates, with four supplement treatments in a two-factor factorial design: no supplement, Cd supplement only, Zn supplement only, and a combination of both the Cd and Zn supplement. Cadmium (286 microg/kg of feed DMI) and Zn (8.6 mg/kg feed DMI) were added as sulfates. Food and water intakes and element balances were recorded over 20 d after 7 d dietary adaptation, and element concentrations were determined in wool samples. Neither metal affected DMI or digestibility (P > 0.15), but water intake (P = 0.001) and urine output (P = 0.03) were decreased when only the Zn supplement was added. Water retention was increased by the Cd supplement (P = 0.04). In wool, the Cd supplement greatly increased the K concentration if no Zn supplement was fed (P = 0.02), and the Zn supplement decreased Mn concentration (P = 0.02). Cadmium in feed increased the Cd balance and produced several mineral disturbances, in particular a decrease in Na balance that is typical of renal tubular disorders. Adding Zn as well as Cd to feed returned the Cd balance to a level similar to that of sheep receiving neither Cd nor Zn, which suggests that Zn status is critical in determining whether Cd in feed increases the Cd balance in sheep. Feeding Cd also increased urinary K, Fe, Mo, Cr, B, and Ca concentrations, even when supplementary Zn was fed. It is concluded that low levels of Cd in sheep feed can increase the Cd balance if adequate Zn is not provided, which can lead to subclinical mineral disturbances and changes in the mineral concentrations in wool.     

Concentrations of macro- and micro-elements in the milk of pasture-fed thoroughbred mares

OBJECTIVE: To determine the changes in Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, S, Cu, Fe and Zn concentrations of milk during the lactation in pasture-fed Thoroughbred mares and then calculate the dietary mineral requirements of the sucking foal and the lactating mare. PROCEDURE: Milk was sampled on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and at various times between 55 to 65, 85 to 95 and 135 to 150 days after parturition from 21 pasture-fed mares. The concentrations of macro- and micro-elements in the milk were determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. RESULTS: Concentrations (mg/L) of these elements were highest in colostrum (Mg 302, Na 561, K 955, S 1035, Cu 0.76, Fe 0.79 and Zn 5.5) except for Ca (1245) and P (895), which where highest on day 7. The mean milk mineral element concentrations (mg/L) over days 55 to 150 were Ca 843, P 543, Mg 47, Na 120, K 590, S 219, Cu 0.19, Fe 0.34 and Zn 2.1. The mean plasma element concentrations (mg/L) over the same period were Ca 120, P 77.1, Mg 17.0, Na 3110, K 168, S 983, Cu 1.1, Fe 1.5 and Zn 0.49. Concentration gradients between plasma and milk were observed and, in the case of Ca, P, Mg, K and Zn, their concentrations in milk were greater than those in plasma, while a reverse situation was observed for Na, S, Cu and Fe. CONCLUSION: With the exception of Ca and P, the highest concentrations of mineral elements were observed in the colostrum. The nursing foal should have access to good pasture or creep feed, because the intakes of Ca, P and Cu from milk may be less than optimum to meet the daily mineral element requirements.     

红三叶和鸭茅化学元素的生物吸收能力研究

在生长季节,红三叶和鸭茅化学元素生物吸收系数的动态模型通常为二次多项式(y=cx2 bx a),只有鸭茅的Ca和Mn呈对数函数(y=blnx a)。2种牧草的N、P和Ca为富集元素,其余K、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Mo、Na、Co、V、Sr、Ni、Pb、Al、Ti、Li等16种化学元素均为贫集元素。     

Mineral Status and Interrelationship in Soil,Forage, and Blood Serum of Horses in the Rainy and Dry Seasons

The objective was to evaluate the content of P, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cu, Fe, Zn, Se, and Mn in soil, forage, and serum of horses in several production units (PU) during rainy and dry seasons and predict their concentration in serum from their content in soil and forage. Soil and pastures were sampled in the dry (November–December) and in rainy seasons (June–July), and blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of 76 horses in both seasons at four PU. The experimental design was a completely random design within a 4 × 2 (PU × season) factorial arrangement of treatments. Concentration of minerals in soil differed (P < .05) among PU, and contents of P, Ca, Mg, and K were low; Zn and Fe were high; and Cu and Mn were adequate. Mineral concentrations in forage differed among PU and season, and among PU within season (interaction P < .05). Contents of Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, and Cu were low; Fe was high; and P, K, Se, and Mn adequate. The mineral concentration in equine blood serum differed (P < .05) among PU and season. Overall, there were deficiencies of P, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, and Se, but adequate amounts of K, Zn, and Fe. There are imbalances of minerals in soil and forages which effected their concentration inequine blood.     

Geographical and botanical variation in concentrations of selenium,cobalt, iodine,zinc and other essential elements in sheep pasture plants in Norway

Abstract

In order to obtain a more comprehensive knowledge basis for the supply of essential elements to sheep on pasture in Norway, a systematic, countrywide investigation of element composition of pasture plants was conducted, with emphasis on natural pastures. Samples of pasture grass, herbs, willow shrub leaves and bilberry (N = 575) from 142 locations were analysed for the essential trace elements Se, Co, I, Zn and Mn, and for the major elements Ca, P, Mg, Na and K. A large and systematic geographical variation was observed for Se, I and Na, while concentrations of Zn and of most major elements showed limited variation with sampling site. Se concentrations were inadequate in the majority of samples from all plant species. Marked botanical variation was noted for Co and Zn, and willow shrub leaves were identified as a valuable source of these elements in natural sheep pastures.     

几种优良人工牧草矿质元素含量的比较研究

就地上部而言,在3种豆科牧草中,白三叶以N、P、K、Fe、Co、Na含量较高,红三叶以Mg、Zn含量较高。在3种禾本科牧草中,鸭茅以P、K、Mg、Mn、Cu、Zn、Mo含量较高,草地早熟禾以Fe较高。3种豆科牧草N、Ca、Mg、V、Sr的平均含量显著高于禾本科牧草。地上部与地下部比较,豆科牧草的P、K、Ca、Mn、Zn、Na含量前者显著高于后者;禾本科牧草的N、P、K、B含量,前者明显高于后者。     

五台山草地自然保护区不同植物化学元素含量的研究

本文首次对五台山草地自然保护区五个植被垂直带中32种植物的48个样品中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Cu、Zn、Co、Cr、Ni、Ph和Cd等13种化学元素的含量进行分析，初步揭示出本区植物中化学元素含量的区域特征以及在不同植被垂直带中草本、阔叶、针叶植物及其不同器官中元素的含量与分布规律．     

椪柑果实品质因树龄的变化及其与叶片-土壤养分含量的关系

研究选择树龄依次为5、8、13和18年椪柑（Citrus reticulate Blanco ?Poncirus trifoliate）为对象,测定、分析椪柑果实品质及叶片养分含量、对应的土壤养分性状,旨在揭示椪柑果实品质随树龄的变化及其与叶片-土壤养分关系。结果表明,5至8年树龄椪柑果实单果重大且果形偏扁;13年树龄椪柑果实单果重小且果形偏圆;18年树龄椪柑果实单果重大且果形偏扁,果实可溶性固形物含量（10.72%）低,可滴定酸含量（1.02%）高,固酸比（10.70）低。随着树龄延长,叶片N和P含量先降低后升高,Zn含量先升高后降低,K、Mg和Mn含量上升,Ca和B含量下降。椪柑果实可溶性固形物与叶片Ca/K、Ca/Mg、Ca/Mn、Ca/(K Mg)、Ca/(Mn＋Fe)、Zn/(Mn＋Fe)呈显著正相关;可滴定酸含量与叶片Ca/K、Ca/Mn、Ca/(K Mg)呈显著负相关。结果显示,较长树龄椪柑果实可溶性固形物含量低、可滴定酸含量高与叶片低Ca、Zn含量和高K、Mg、Mn含量有关。     

Multielement assays of canine serum, liver, and kidney by inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectroscopy

Inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectroscopy was used to measure Al, As, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, Mn, Hg, Mo, P, K, Se, Na, Tl, and Zn in canine specimens (70 serum, 270 liver, and 200 kidney). Mean concentrations of each of these elements in detectable amounts in these samples were established, and histograms of the concentration distributions of elements in the samples were developed.     

绵羊宿营法防除天然草地灌木杂草研究Ⅳ新鲜羊粪尿对土壤和植物矿物质元素含量的影响

新鲜绵羊粪尿对土壤和植物矿物质元素含量影响的试验于 1998年在贵州高原草地试验站进行。结果表明 ,绵羊新鲜粪尿加入土壤后 ,土壤 K呈波浪型升高。 K又显著影响土壤 Ca、Fe和Mn的浓度及土壤 p H值。土壤 Na水平呈下降趋势。土壤中 Ca含量与土壤可交换性亚硝态氮和硝态氮显著相关。土壤 Mg的变化不如其他元素变化明显。土壤 Cu受 Ca、Fe和亚硝态氮及硝态氮的影响显著。土壤 Zn比试验前有所下降 ,其含量与土壤铵态氮和亚硝态氮呈显著负相关 ,而与土壤Na、Mg和 Cu呈显著正相关。土壤 Fe在整个试验过程中呈上升趋势 ,UDT处理几乎呈直线上升。土壤 Mn的变化和土壤 K有显著正相关 ,还与铵态氮相关极显著 (R=0 .80 51,P<0 .0 1)。绵羊新鲜粪尿使植物体内 Fe、Zn水平降低 ,但促进植物 Mn的含量升高 ,而对植物 Cu水平影响最小。结果还表明 ,植物体内 K含量受土壤 Cu和 Na的抑制 ,同时还与植物吸收 Mg、Na和 Fe发生拮抗作用 ,促进了植物 Ca的吸收。植物吸收 Na与土壤 Na的浓度显著相关 ,但受到植物吸收 K、Ca和 Mn的抑制。植物 Ca水平与降雨及植物体内 Fe水平呈显著负相关 ,而与土壤可交换性铵态氮和植物体内 K、Mg含量呈显著正相关。植物体内 Mg含量受土壤可交换性铵态氮和硝态氮的显著影响 ,但受土壤 Ca的抑制     

Content and distribution of macro- and micro-elements in the body of pasture-fed young horses

OBJECTIVE: To determine the content and distribution of Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, S, Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn in the body of pasture-fed young horses and then use a factorial model to calculate the dietary mineral requirements for growth. PROCEDURE: Twenty-one foals were killed at about 150 days of age and the organs, soft tissues, skin and bones and a sample of muscle were dissected out and weighted. The mineral concentrations of elements in all soft tissues and bones were measured by inductively coupled emission spectrometry. The total mineral element composition associated with a tissue was determined from the weight of tissue and its mineral element concentration. RESULTS: Expressed as a percent of total body mineral elements, muscle contained 20% Na, 78% K, 32% Mg, 62% Cu, 36% Mn and 57% Zn, bone contained 47% Na, 99% Ca, 81% P, 62% Mg, 30% Mn and 28% Zn while the organs accounted for a smaller percentage ranging from 0.06% for Ca to 26% for Fe. In liver Cu accounted for 9.2% of total body Cu. Each kilogram of empty body weight was associated with 1.0 g Na, 2.5 g K, 17.1 g Ca, 10.1 g P, 0.4 g Mg, 1.1 mg Cu, 0.39 mg Mn, 52.5 mg Fe and 21.4 mg Zn. CONCLUSION: The mineral element content of body weight gain is a component used in the factorial model to determine dietary mineral element requirements for growth. The calculated dietary mineral requirements, expressed per kg dry matter, for a 200 kg horse gaining 1.0 kg/day were 1.0 g Na, 2.1 g K, 4.6 g Ca, 3.5 g P, 0.7 g Mg, 4.5 mg Cu and 25 mg Zn.     

三江源区不同高寒草地植物矿物元素含量特征及分析

本试验对三江源区不同高寒草地植物中6种矿物元素（钾K,钙Ca,钠Na,镁Mg,锌Zn,铁Fe）的含量进行了测定和分析,结果表明：植物中K元素含量为7.314～12.803 g·kg^-1之间,Ca元素含量为2.851～6.823 g·kg^-1之间,Na元素含量为64.404～185.553 mg·kg^-1之间,Mg元素含量为1.272～2.655 g·kg^-1之间,Zn元素含量为14.718～51.387 mg·kg^-1之间,Fe元素含量为161.056～531.677 mg·kg^-1之间;豆科（Leguminosae）植物和杂类草（Forbs）矿物元素含量显著高于禾本科（Gramineae）和莎草科（Cyperaceae）植物;植物中K元素与Mg元素、Ca元素与Na元素、Ca元素与Zn元素、Na元素与Zn元素含量之间呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）,Ca元素与Fe元素、Mg元素与Fe元素之间呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）;根据美国国家研究理事会（National research council,NRC）绵羊日粮矿物元素需求标准,三江源区各草地植物中Na,Zn元素相对缺乏,其它4种元素均能满足放牧藏羊的矿物营养需求。     

Étude Biochimique des Sécrétions Génitales de Femelles Bovines Infécondes qui Présentent des Cycles Oestrals Normaux

Exocervical samplings of 57 cows' genital secretions (30 normal reproducing and 27 repeat breeder cows) were studied during estrus. An attempt has been made to detect the following electrolytes: A1, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and Zn in these secretions. Ca, K, Mg and Na were found. No significant difference is noted in the Ca, K and Mg concentration (P>0.05) between the two groups, whereas a highly significant difference (P<0.001) in exocervical Na concentration has been measured between these groups.     

Ruminal release of minerals from six forage species

An in vitro technique and an in situ technique were used to measure release of Ca, Mg, P and Zn over time from hand-clipped alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Maximal release of P and Zn was greater using the in situ technique. 'Florida 77' alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), 'Florigraze' rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.), 'Mott' dwarf elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.), 'Tifton 78' bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers.), 'Pensacola' bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) and 'Floralta' limpograss (Hemarthria altissima (Poir.) Stapf and Hubbard) were used to examine the ruminal release of Ca, Mg, P, K, Cu and Zn by means of the in situ technique. Minerals were ranked from highest to lowest for extent of immediate and maximal release in the rumen. Averaged across forage species, ranking was K at 100% and 100%, Mg at 82% and 95%, Cu at 71% and 84%, P at 66% and 80%, Zn at 26% and 69% and Ca at 29% and 70%. A large proportion of Ca was associated with the plant cell wall, based on the duration of incubation time needed to maximize its release and the large fractinal amount of Ca slowly released. A large portion of the Zn was released slowly as well (mean, 43.8%), but release of Zn was maximal in less than 24 h. Most of the Mg, K, P and Cu probably reside in the cell contents. Forages with high NDF concentrations can have high release coefficients for their minerals.     

新疆不同居群罗布白麻叶片的营养元素含量特征

对新疆阿勒泰市土山罗布麻保护区的5个不同居群的罗布白麻(Poacynum hendersonii)叶片中的N、P、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Zn和Mn 10种营养元素含量进行了测定和比较。结果表明,青杆中花麻为N Ca类型、特细叶中花麻和红杆中花麻为N K类型,N含量在特细叶中花麻中显著高于其他4个居群（P＜0.05）;中细叶中花麻为K Ca类型、白花中花麻为K N类型,其K含量显著高于其他3个居群。5个居群罗布麻叶片中4种微量元素的含量,除红杆中花麻居群中Mn含量最高外,其余4个居群均为Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu;各居群Fe和Zn含量无显著差异;各居群间Mn含量差异显著;青杆中花麻、红杆中花麻和特细叶中花麻Cu含量显著高于中细叶中花麻,白花中花麻与各居群间均无显著差异。相关分析表明,罗布白麻居群中Mg与Mn,K与P,Ca与Mg,Fe与Zn含量呈显著正相关性;而Na与Ca,K与Cu和Mn,P与Cu和N含量呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）。     

Mineral absorption in the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) as compared with the domestic horse

To test whether mineral recommendations for horses are likely to guarantee adequate mineral provision for black rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis), we investigated the apparent absorption (aA) of macro- and microminerals in eight black rhinoceroses from three zoological institutions in a total of 32 feeding trials with total faecal collection, with additional data from three unpublished studies (18 feeding trials). Feeds and faeces were analysed for Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Co. The resulting aA coefficients, and the linear relationships of apparently absorbable dietary mineral content to total dietary mineral content [per 100 g dry matter (DM)], were compared with data for domestic horses. Rhinoceroses had significantly higher aA coefficients for Ca and Mg (because of a higher calculated 'true' absorption), and lower ones for Na and K (because of calculated higher endogenous faecal losses). High absorption efficiency for divalent cations is hypothesized to be an adaptation to a natural diet of particularly high Ca:P ratio (approximately 14:1); an effective removal of Ca from the ingesta guarantees sufficient P availability at the fermentation site in the hindgut. Higher faecal losses of Na and K are hypothesized to be linked to a higher faecal bulk per DM intake in black rhinoceroses as compared with horses because of a generally lower digestive efficiency. There were no relevant differences in the absorption patterns of microminerals. In particular, there were no discernable differences in Fe absorption within the rhinoceroses for diets with and without tannin supplementation. Several of the zoo diets assessed in this study were deficient in Cu, Mn or Zn, and most contained excessive levels of Fe when compared with horse requirements. The findings of this study indicate that differences in mineral absorption between occur even between species of similar digestive anatomy; that in particular, Ca absorption might vary between hindgut fermenters with Ca:P ratio in their natural diet; that Na might be a particularly limiting factor in the ecology of free-ranging rhinoceroses; that moderate doses of tannins do not seem to markedly influence mineral absorption; and that diets for captive animals should contain adequate, but not excessive mineral levels.     

Concentrations of toxic metals and essential minerals in the mane hair of healthy racing horses and their relation to age

Concentrations of trace elements (As, Al, Pb, Cd, Hg, Se, Si, P, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Ni and Mn) in the mane hair obtained from 9 female and 15 male healthy racing Thoroughbred horses aged 2-5 years were analyzed by the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) method. No significant differences between the female and male horses were observed in the mean concentrations of those minerals. Significantly positive correlations with age were observed in Cd (r=0.546, p<0.01) and Mo (r=0.733, p<0.001). Significantly negative correlations with age were observed in Hg (r= -0.726, p<0.001), Mn (r= -0.450, p<0.05) and Fe (r=-0.642, p<0.01). This reference range of trace elements in the mane hair of racing horses should be used to assess disease and the nutritional status in equine practice.     

Influence of endogenous factors on the ash, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, zinc, iron, copper and manganese contents in the bristles of pigs. 3. Influence of time of cutting on the mineral composition of the hair (boar bristles)]

The ash content and the content of Ca, Mg, K, and Na in the bristles of pigs is influenced by the age of the animal and by the season of the year. The peak concentrations of ash, Ca and Mg in the bristles of eight boars (cut every month) were found in June, shortly before the change in hair coat. (P less than 0.05-0.001). The concentrations of K and Na in the bristles deviated functionally from the change in the hair coat. In the first half of the year the bristles of the boars contained significantly more K and Na than in the second half. Values for the elements P, Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn were subject to great variations through the year. These variations were found to be different with different animals. The influence of endogenic factors on the Mn content of the bristles was particularly striking, also in regard of the order of magnitude. The processes of Mn metabolism in the bristles are obviously still archaic in origin and would thus only allow to make comparison with other values of the mineral content of bristles at the very time of sampling. Differences in the P, Zn, Fe and Cu content of bristles in the different months were, in some instances, statistically significant although variations in the annual mean values were found to be relatively small.     

西藏那曲地区高寒草地牧草矿物元素动态变化及盈缺分析

测定了那曲地区尼玛县高寒草地不同月份围栏内和围栏外牧草矿物元素（Ca、P、Na、K、Mg、Cu和Zn）含量，并根据元素的吸收率及藏山羊矿物元素需要量，对放牧藏山羊采食牧草中矿物元素的盈缺进行了分析。结果表明：同月份围栏内与围栏外的矿物元素含量差异不显著（P〉0．05），但不同季节的变异很大。夏秋季牧草Ca、P、Na、K、Mg、Cu、Zn的含量（Ca1．25％DM，P0．1419％DM，Na0．06％DM，K1．51％DM，Mg0．28％DM，Cu8．70mg／kg，Zn27．35mg／kg）高于冬春季（Ca0．72％DM，P0．0005％DM，Na0．02％DM，K0．43％DM，Mg0．10％DM，Cu3．02mg／kg，Zn8．49mg／kg）。除Mg和青草期的K能满足藏山羊的需要外，其余元素不能满足藏山羊生长、繁殖和泌乳对矿物元素的需要量。     

A study on the effects of the rapid intravenous infusion of hypertonic Na and K solutions into normal conscious sheep on some cardiac characteristics and blood analytes.

Five normal, conscious, aged Merino ewes were infused with 200 ml of an aqueous solution containing 5% NaCl and 0.25% KCl (HNaK) at a mean rate of 0.024 ml/kg/s and four similar sheep with 0.9% saline at a mean rate of 0.018 ml/kg/s. Five ECG tracings were obtained over a 6-h period--two (20 s each) before, one (continuous tracing) during the infusion, and two (20 s each) afterwards. The heart was auscultated during the infusion. Seven heparinized blood samples were obtained--three before the infusion (1.5 h, 1.0 h, and immediately before), and four afterwards (immediately, 2.5 h, 4.5 h, and 24 h after). Determinations were made of changes in mean PCV, red cell counts, mean corpuscular volumes, plasma Na, K, Ca and Mg, and of erythrocyte Na and K concentrations. Analysis of variance revealed increases in heart rate when the results from both groups were combined, but no significant effects on cardiac rhythm. Auscultation revealed marked fluctuations in cardiac intensity within individual sheep and marked differences between sheep, particularly in those infused with HNaK. In the HNaK group there were significant increases in erythrocyte and plasma Na, and erythrocyte K and decreases in plasma Ca during the infusion. Plasma K increased from the termination of the infusion to 2.5 h afterwards in the saline group but decreased unexpectedly during the same period in the group infused with HNaK [corrected].