不同治理措施对流动沙地天然植被恢复效果的影响

流动沙地采取不同治理措施7 a后,天然植被恢复效果不同。①生态垫阻断了天然植被的正常演替规律,植被盖度和物种丰富度只有4.31%和3种。同期营造的人工林中,小叶锦鸡儿和侧柏林地的植被盖度和物种丰富度最高,均大大超过同期封育的流动沙地,新疆杨和欧美杨84林地的植被盖度和物种丰富度最低,沙枣和榆树林地居于中间位置。②新疆杨和欧美杨84林地植被一年生草本占绝对优势,榆树和沙枣林地多年生草本和灌木数量有所增加,侧柏和小叶锦鸡儿林地物种生活型结构已趋于多样化。③集沙观测表明,生态垫、侧柏和小叶锦鸡儿林地均无风蚀现象,欧美杨84和新疆杨林地风蚀较为严重,榆树和沙枣林地风蚀较轻。     

西藏高寒河谷流动沙地植被恢复潜力综合评价模型

生境胁迫条件下高寒河谷不同类型沙地植被恢复潜力定量评价,是开展青藏高原退化沙化生态系统植被恢复急需解决的瓶颈问题和决策依据。笔者选择河滩流动沙地、河岸流动沙地和山坡流动沙地3种类型试验样地作为研究对象,结合不同类型沙地的植被演替阶段划分和生境特点,采用层次分析法和模糊综合评价方法,通过构建植被恢复潜力评价指标与标准体系,建立了高寒河谷流动沙地植被恢复潜力综合评价模型。结合2008-2014年的植被恢复试验结果,验证与探讨了该模型的评价精度与适用性。结果表明,山坡流动沙地植被恢复潜力等级为强,河滩流动沙地植被恢复潜力等级为较强,河岸流动沙地植被恢复潜力等级为较弱。气象条件、地形条件和土壤状况决定了生境胁迫条件下植被恢复具备的先天条件,恢复措施则决定了其具备的后天条件。通过强有力的人工促进植被恢复措施即可直接提高寒河谷流动沙地植被恢复潜力,亦可间接改变土壤状况,从而提升植被恢复效果。     

不同人工措施对沙质荒漠生态恢复与重建初期效应的影响

机械措施与生物措施相结合是流沙治理行之有效的重要途径和方法。通过对4种不同人工措施干预治理流动沙地后其生态恢复初期（前3年）植被、土壤理化性质和水分动态变化进行了观测研究,并以流沙区为对照进行了对比分析。结果表明：沙质荒漠生态系统恢复变化首先始于各种机械措施所建立的稳定地面的形成,为天然植物的迅速增殖和侵入、人工固沙植物的介入、枯枝落叶的储存及流沙成土过程提供了必要的环境条件。枯枝落叶层的形成又为土壤-植物系统物质交换建立了介面,促进了流沙的成土过程。不同人工措施治理区0～200cm土壤平均含水量与流沙区土壤含水量相比差异不显著,说明土壤水分仍能保持流动沙地原有的水分平衡状态。但随着天然植被的恢复与人工固沙林生长,其对土壤水分的影响深度由干预前的40cm加深至第三年的160cm。系统内植物恢复与流沙成土过程的前期效果表明,草沙障或土沙障＋固沙林措施优于塑料沙障＋人工沙蒿和封育治理措施,是流动沙地得以快速治理的有效方法。从植被群落结构的变化看,人工植被在建立后第三年其生态功能才开始初见成效。     

呼伦贝尔沙地植被演替规律研究

在对呼伦贝尔沙地形成的历史背景进行系统分析的基础上,通过大量的野外调查,研究了呼伦贝尔沙地植被资源状况、特征及植被演替规律。结果表明,在过度放牧所引起的逆行演替中,固定沙地、半固定沙地和流动沙地的植物群落物种组成从31种锐减到了2种,盖度从61%降低到8%,群落的物种丰富度逐渐降低,流动沙地的物种丰富度分别是半固定沙地和固定沙地的0.25倍、0.065倍,多样性指数分别为2.464,1.584,0.554,固定沙地最大,为流动沙地的4.45倍。物种均匀度分别为0.497,0.528,0.554。流动沙地最大,是固定沙地的1.11倍。植被高度及生物量亦均呈递减趋势,优势种和建群种发生更迭,群落结构趋于简单。对不同封育年限植被进行研究,得出植被的恢复演替规律为:以沙米为优势种的一年生先锋植物群落以糙隐子草为优势种其他多年生禾草伴生的过渡型植被群落冰草 糙隐子草过渡型植被群落羊草 冷蒿亚稳定型群落,同时,土壤的结构、理化性质得到改善。     

松嫩平原西部风沙区流动沙地工程防治措施的研究

松嫩平原西部地区沙地面积 5 9 6万hm2 。合理布设沙障是治理流动沙地的关键所在。为此在风沙流强度大 ,沙面活化力强的风口处———泰来县的高平流动沙地宁姜及地势起伏较大 (相对高度 7～ 8m)的宏程作为流沙治理试验区。试验结果表明 :在植被覆盖度不足 5 %的流动沙地、半固定沙丘的风口治理上 ,先采用工程沙障治理流沙 ,然后造林才能取得良好的恢复植被的效果。沙障结构随高度、风速及地表性质不同而有差异 ,风沙流中含沙量的垂直分布随高度增加而减少 ,低层比高层分布量大 ,大部分分布在 76cm以下 ,沙障高度以 1m为宜。沙障结构以 0 2 5～ 0 5的透风系数为宜。其背风面能较均匀地分布积沙 ,防护距离可达 10～ 15倍沙障高。     

浑善达克沙地飞播区植物多样性的变化——以内蒙古正蓝旗为例

[目的]对内蒙古境内浑善达克沙地植被恢复过程中植物群落的物种组成以及多样性的变化规律进行分析,为该地区的植被恢复提供理论依据和科学指导。[方法]采用样带法对植物群落进行调查。[结果](1)沙地植被恢复5年后群落内共有33种植物,分属于10科27属;(2)随着恢复年限的延长,物种丰富度指数、物种多样性指数、物种均匀度指数和群落盖度均逐渐增大,而生态优势度指数则逐渐减小。植物群落物种由6种(未治理)增加到21种(治理5a),物种多样性指数由1.20增加至2.77,物种均匀度指数由0.67升高至0.91,群落盖度从2.06%增加到75.58%,生态优势度指数由0.57减少至0.32。[结论]浑善达克沙地飞播区植被得到明显恢复,沙地恢复到一定阶段后群落趋于稳定,风沙化得到一定程度的遏制。     

基于像元二分法的沙地植被景观格局特征变化分析

景观格局与过程的关系研究是目前景观生态学的主要目标和研究热点,而沙漠化是一种典型的景观演化过程。基于景观生态学原理,运用遥感与地理信息系统技术,以古尔班通古特沙漠南缘为研究区,选择近40 a(1977-2010年)间不同年降水量梯度的代表年份(1977年、1990年、2001年和2010年),利用Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+遥感数据对沙地植被景观格局变化进行了分析。结果表明:1977-2010年间,古尔班通古特沙漠南缘沙地植被呈现恢复—退化—恢复交替变化趋势,总体处于恢复趋势中;景观水平上沙地植被破碎化程度处于增加趋势,景观异质性增强,斑块形状趋于复杂;类型水平上不同盖度沙地植被破碎化程度呈不同趋势波动,总体呈盖度相对高的植被破碎化程度增加,而盖度相对低的植被破碎化程度降低的趋势。1977-2010年间,沙地植被斑块重心在西南-东北方向交替呈现,重心轨迹形成"Z"形。总体来看,植被斑块由沙漠西南缘向沙漠腹地东北方向扩张。年降水量波动与沙地植被盖度演化方向、景观破碎化程度、不同盖度沙地植被比例、不同盖度沙地植被破碎化程度、不同盖度沙地植被斑块重心迁移方向均具有密切关系,即干旱区沙地植被景观格局演化特征与年降水波动具有很强的关联性。     

京津风沙源治理工程区植被恢复效果调查

“京津风沙源治理工程”区植被恢复效果是研究该区生态环境建设的重点。利用传统生态学方法对整个“京津风沙源治理工程”区的植物多样性进行调查研究,并利用像元二分法对工程第1阶段实施前后的植被盖度进行对比。结果显示：整个京津风沙源区植被平均覆盖度上升,植被盖度低的土地面积逐渐减少,盖度高的土地面积逐渐增加,区内土地具有良好的植被恢复潜力与趋势。证明经过5年的努力,京津风沙源治理工程植被恢复已取得一定治理效果。调查结果可为“京津风沙源治理工程”第2阶段提供基础数据及有益参考。     

毛乌素沙地南缘生态过渡带植被和土壤的特性

对毛乌素沙地南缘生态过渡带流动半流动沙丘、固定半固定沙地、盐化丘间低地和缓坡丘陵梁地4种不同生境植被和土壤特性进行了研究,以探讨毛乌素沙地南缘沙漠化现状。结果表明,从缓坡丘陵梁地,经盐化丘间低地、固定半固定沙地到流动半流动沙丘,植被总盖度、草本植物盖度、物种丰富度均呈下降趋势;植被组成中多年生草本植物逐渐减少,一年生草本植物及沙生灌木、半灌木逐渐增加。土壤含水量为流动半流动沙丘〈固定半固定沙地〈缓坡丘陵梁地〈盐化丘间低地。土壤黏、粉粒及有机质、全氮等养分含量总体为由缓坡丘陵梁地到流动半流动沙丘逐渐降低,砂粒含量逐渐增加。pH和可溶性盐含量无明显变化规律。总体上看,该地区植物群落多以耐瘠薄性强的植物组成,一年生植物比例较高,植被不稳定,土壤组成主要以砂粒为主。土壤含水量低,养分贫瘠,环境脆弱,易产生风蚀、沙化。     

基于遥感的北方防风固沙区沙化草地利用基线盖度研究

为推动北方防风固沙生态功能区稳定维持生态健康安全,满足草地资源适度利用协调发展,该文选择北方防风固沙生态功能区的正蓝旗为典型研究区,利用TM遥感影像的NDVI,结合大量的野外地面调查数据,建立植被盖度遥感反演模型,提取区域植被盖度,并按照沙地类型划分标准划分沙地类型,提取半固定沙地和固定沙地过渡带处的平均植被盖度,开展防风固沙功能基线盖度评估研究。以基线盖度为基准,划分非利用区和可适度放牧利用。结果显示,提取正蓝旗草地资源利用基线盖度为30.47%,并通过基线盖度地面调查验证,与基线盖度地面调查结果一致。确定了可适度利用的草原范围及面积为396 927.3 hm2,占正蓝旗草原面积的39%,建立了生态保护约束下的草地资源利用格局。该研究可为沙化草地合理利用提供参考。     

Land surface roughness impacted by typical vegetation restoration projects on aeolian sandy lands in the Yarlung Zangbo River valley,southern Tibetan plateau

Aeolian sandy lands are widespread and desertification is recognized as one of the main environmental issues in the Yarlung Zangbo River valley, southern Tibetan plateau. The surface microtopographic variations induced by the near soil surface characteristics of plant communities are important compositions of land surface roughness, which likely influence wind erosion. This study was conducted to quantify the effects of typical vegetation restoration on land surface roughness on the aeolian sandy lands, and to identify the main influencing factors of land surface roughness in the Yarlung Zangbo River valley. Two bare sandy lands (as controls) and eight vegetated sandy lands with different restoration communities and ages were selected, and land surface roughness (LSR), as represented by surface microtopographic variations in this study, was measured by photogrammetric surveys. The results showed that LSR significantly increased by 7.9–16.8 times after vegetation restoration on the aeolian sandy lands, and varied among different restoration communities and ages. The mostly restored communities of Sophora moorcroftiana and Populus L. had greater LSR as compared to Artemisia wellbyi and Hedysarum scoparium. With succession from 6 to over 30 years, LSR gradually increased in the Sophora moorcroftiana restored sandy lands, but decreased in the Populus L. restored sandy lands. The variations of LSR were mainly attributed to the differences in near soil surface characteristics of vegetation (plant stem diameter and coverage, and plant residue density) and biological soil crusts (coverage and thickness). Mixed plantation of Populus L. and Sophora moorcroftiana was considered as the best restoration communities because of their effectiveness in increasing land surface roughness on the aeolian sandy lands in the Yarlung Zangbo River valley. The results would facilitate the understanding of the benefits of vegetation restoration in controlling wind erosion on the aeolian sandy lands.     

生态修复对采矿废弃地土壤性质的影响

以南京幕府山采矿废弃地生态修复为例,探讨生态修复如何影响采矿废弃地土壤的性质。研究结果表明:生态修复在先的废弃地土壤有机质含量相对高,因修复模式不同,同一时期修复的土壤有机质含量存在差异;土壤pH值与土壤容重主要取决于修复覆盖的土壤性质,且随修复时间增加,容重降低,而修复植被的生长也影响土壤pH值与土壤容重;土壤水文效应则主要取决于覆土厚度,其次是土壤孔隙度,而土壤孔隙度与土壤容重也与修复植被有关。     

Restoration Affect Soil Organic Carbon and Nutrients in Different Particle‐size Fractions

Desertification is reversible and can often be prevented by adopting measures to control the causal processes. Desertification has generally decreased in most of the arid and semiarid areas of China during the last few decades because of the restoration of degraded vegetation and soil nutrients. However, little is known about the responses of soil nutrients in different particle‐size fractions to the restoration process and about the importance of this response to the restoration of bulk‐soil nutrients. In this study, we separated bulk‐soil samples in different sieve fractions: coarse‐fine sand (2·0–0·1 mm), very fine sand (0·10–0·05 mm) and silt + clay (<0·05 mm) fractions. Soil organic carbon (SOC), N, P and K contents stored in the silt + clay were greater than the contents of non‐protected nutrients in the coarser fractions. During the restoration of desertified land, the content and stability of bulk‐soil SOC, total N and P and available N, P and K increased with increasing nutrient contents in all fractions. Topsoil nutrients stored in coarse‐fine sand and very fine sand fractions were more sensitive than those stored in the silt + clay fraction to the fixation of mobile sandy lands and vegetation recovery. The changes of bulk‐soil nutrients and their stability were decided by the soil nutrients associated with all particle‐size fractions. Path analysis revealed that SOC and total nutrients in very fine sand and available nutrients in coarse‐fine sand were the key factors driving the soil recovery. These results will help us understand soil recovery mechanisms and evaluate the degree of recovery. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高寒草原不同种草方式对流动沙丘植被恢复的影响

[目的]研究种草方式对流动沙丘植被恢复效果的影响,为高寒草原沙化土地治理提供技术支持.[方法]在甘肃省玛曲县流动沙丘,设置不同播种方式、不同草种和不同种草模式试验,分析不同种草方式对植被恢复的影响.[结果]撒播和条播对植被恢复无显著影响.总体上草种对植被恢复影响不大,流动沙丘植被恢复中只需种植垂穗披碱草(Elymus ...     

沙地柏人工林和天然林风沙土特性研究

为了深入了解固沙植被恢复对土壤理化性质的影响,以毛乌素沙地东南缘沙地柏人工林和天然林为研究对象,通过收集灌丛下5个土层(0-100 cm)的土壤样品,分析其土壤颗粒组成及8个理化指标,探讨了沙地柏生长对风沙土特性的影响。结果表明:研究区土壤粒度组成以砂粒(体积分数97.09%)为主,其次是粉粒和黏粒,并形成以中砂(50.26%)为主的单峰,土壤弱碱性,其养分含量整体水平低,且具有明显表层聚集现象。土壤养分含量与土壤粒度之间存在良好的相关性,表现为土壤有机质、速效钾和盐分含量与细沙物质(粒径<100μm)含量呈线性正相关,与粗砂物质(100~500μm)呈线性负相关。沙地柏生长对风沙土改良效果呈现出人工林16 a树龄优于7 a树龄,天然林地迎风坡优于背风坡。整体上,造林时间增加土壤颗粒的粗细分配趋于良好态势发展,土壤结构优化,土地荒漠化进程减缓。因此,沙地柏可作为毛乌素沙地生态恢复工程的优良灌木。     

陕西省靖边县沙地水分与植被建设

根据毛乌素沙地靖边县海则滩镇钻孔剖面沙层水分含量的测定,研究了该区沙地剖面水分分布特点、沙层水分存在形式、水分平衡、大气降水对地下水的补给以及植被建设等问题。结果表明,该区500 cm深度范围内沙层剖面含水量的变化特点是草地0-200 cm和灌木林地0-300 cm含水量较低,草地200-500 cm和灌木林地300-500 cm含水量较高;草地沙层含水量明显高于灌木林地,草地含水量变化范围为1.0%~6.0%,平均为3.4%;灌木地含水量变化范围为0.7%~2.8%,平均为1.5%。草地沙层剖面200 cm以下有含量大于3%的高含量薄膜水和含量大于5%的重力水存在,显示大气降水对地下水的补给较强。灌木林地沙层中一般缺少重力水和高含量薄膜水,指示灌木林地降水对地下水补给较弱。该区水分为正平衡,其原因除了降水较多之外,沙层入渗率高和受蒸发消耗较少也是重要原因。由于靖边县沙地区降水量较多,沙地水分活跃层分布深度在200~300 cm之间,较沙漠区分布深度增加了100-200 cm。沙层水分含量的剖面变化表明,该区沙层水分能够满足耐旱灌木林生长的需要,适于发展防风固沙效果好的灌木林。     

黄土高原不同地貌类型区植被恢复潜力及其土地利用变化

黄土高原1999年开始的退耕还林（草）工程，对植被覆盖与土地利用结构产生了深刻影响，评估黄土高原未来植被恢复潜力、植树造林适宜区以及土地利用变化，对黄土高原生态保护和高质量发展具有重要意义。该研究基于北洛河流域2020年下垫面状况，借鉴"相似生境法"，对不同地貌类型区的未来恢复潜力、植树造林适宜区与土地利用变化进行了分析。结果表明：1）丘陵沟壑区目前平均植被盖度为61.9%，未来20~30 a仍有9.2%左右的上升空间，植被可恢复土地面积约占丘陵区的36.4%。土石山林区尚有11.5%的土地面积具有恢复余地，高塬沟壑区与阶地平原区植被盖度恢复余地很小。2）未来土地利用变化面积主要集中在丘陵沟壑区，与2020年相比，其耕地将减少47.4%，而林地与草地会增加0.7%与15.8%。土石山林区耕地将减少23.0%，林地与草地分别会增加0.2%与36.0%。3）基于"适地适树"原则下的情景模拟，高塬沟壑区与阶地平原区分别有279.16、233.73 km2面积可植树造林，而丘陵沟壑区大片可退耕土地适宜于自然恢复。结果表明，丘陵沟壑区仍是未来生态恢复重点关注区域，是黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的热点区域。     

Impact of protection and free grazing on sand dune vegetation in the Rajasthan Desert,India

In the Thar (Rajasthan) Desert of India, sand dunes and sandy plains dominate the landscape. Livestock raising and marginal land cultivation are the main occupations. Owing to the high growth rates of human and livestock populations and a decrease in pasture area and its primary productivity, these lands bear acute grazing pressure. Average rainfall is low and vegetation growth is restricted to the short rainy season of two to four months duration. Often there are years of lower than normal rainfall. In these circumstances, fenced areas, established to stabilize formerly active sand dunes, are increasingly opened to grazing to prevent high stock mortality during droughts. This study was conducted in four fenced and one open site, representative of the region's different vegetation types and grazing pressures. The impact of 2 and 5 per cent free grazing pressure on protected sand dune vegetation density and cover was tested in the two fenced sites. The vegetation data for grazed sites are compared with those for the two ungrazed fenced (protected) and one unfenced (open) site subjected to unlimited grazing pressure throughout the year. The vegetation sampling was carried out by the qaudrat and line-transect method before and after grazing from November 1984 to October 1986. It shows a significant reduction in the density and cover of many palatable species and an increase of unpalatable plants. The effect of vegetation degradation is greater in the unfenced area. The low grazing pressure on the fenced sand dunes sites can still cause drastic changes in the vegetation density and cover. Protection resulted in reduced sand erosion and enhanced growth of palatable plants in the fenced sites under similar climatic and edaphic conditions to the unfenced sites. The grazing pressure in the unfenced areas remains high to extreme during the year, due to low land productivity and high feed demand. The regeneration rate is very slow under the constant (3rd to 5th degree) overgrazing. Low intensity grazing pressure on the fenced sites during droughts can cause heavy utilization and mortality of palatable vegetation.