Effects of nitrogen fertilization and irrigation on N2O emissions from a sandy soil in Germany

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of supplemental irrigation on the amount of N₂O emissions on a sandy soil in north-east Germany. N₂O flux measurements were carried out over two vegetation periods from the emergence of plants to harvest. The level of N₂O emissions was low, which is typical for sandy soils in north-east Germany. In both periods, irrigation had no increasing effect on N₂O emissions. Relevant factors were the soil temperature and the soil water-filled pore space (WFPS), which were mainly influenced by weather conditions. This may indicate that nitrification was the main source of N₂O emissions. In conclusion, this study has confirmed that sandy soils under weather conditions of north-east Germany generally have a very low potential for N₂O emissions.     

Nitrogen fertilization and nitrate leaching into groundwater on arable sandy soils

Nitrate leaching depending on N fertilization and different crop rotations was studied at two sites with sandy soils in N Germany between 1995 and 2000. The leaching of NO was calculated by using a numerical soil‐water and N model and regularly measured N_min values as input data. Also the variability of N_min values on the sandy soils was determined along transects. They reveal the high variability of the N_min values and show that it is not possible to confirm a significant N_min difference between fertilizer treatments using the normal N_min‐sampling intensity. Nitrate‐leaching calculations of five leaching periods showed that even strongly reduced N‐fertilizer applications did not result in a substantially lower NO leaching into the groundwater. Strong yield reductions of even more than 50%, however, were immediately measured. Mean NO concentrations in the groundwater recharge are >50 mg L^–1 and are mainly due to mineralization from soil organic matter. Obviously, the adjustment of the N cycle in the soil to a new equilibrium and a reduced NO ‐leaching rate as a consequence of lower N inputs need a much longer time span. Catch crops are the most efficient way to reduce the NO concentrations in the groundwater recharge of sandy soils. Their success, however, strongly depends on the site‐specific development possibilities of the catch crop. Even with all possible measures implemented, it will be almost impossible to reach NO concentrations <50 mg L^–1 in sandy soils. The only way to realize this goal on a regional scale could be by increasing areas with lower nitrate concentrations in the groundwater recharge like grassland and forests.     

Seasonal variations of nitrous oxide emission in relation to nitrogen fertilization and energy crop types in sandy soil

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a greenhouse gas and agricultural soils are major sources of atmospheric N₂O. Its emissions from soils make up the largest part in the global N₂O budget. Research was carried out at the experimental fields of the Leibniz-Institute of Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim (ATB). Different types (mineral and wood ash) and levels (0, 75 and 150 kg N ha⁻¹) of fertilization were applied to annual (rape, rye, triticale and hemp) and perennial (poplar and willow) plants every year. N₂O flux measurements were performed 4 times a week by means of gas flux chambers and an automated gas chromatograph between 2003 and 2005. Soil samples were also taken close to the corresponding measuring rings. Soil nitrate and ammonium were measured in soil extracts.N₂O emissions had a peak after N fertilization in spring, after plant harvest in summer and during the freezing–thawing periods in winter. Both fertilization and plant types significantly altered N₂O emission. The maximum N₂O emission rate detected was 1081 μg N₂O m⁻² h⁻¹ in 2004. The mean annual N₂O emissions from the annual plants were more than twofold greater than those of perennial plants (4.3 kg ha⁻¹ vs. 1.9 kg ha⁻¹). During January, N₂O fluxes considerably increased in all treatments due to freezing–thawing cycles. Fertilization together with annual cropping doubled the N₂O emissions compared to perennial crops indicating that N use efficiency was greater for perennial plants. Fertilizer-derived N₂O fluxes constituted about 32% (willow) to 67% (rape/rye) of total soil N₂O flux. Concurrent measurements of soil water content, NO₃ and NH₄ support the conclusion that nitrification is main source of N₂O loss from the study soils. The mean soil NO₃-N values of soils during the study for fertilized soils were 1.6 and 0.9 mg NO₃-N kg⁻¹ for 150 and 75 kg N ha⁻¹ fertilization, respectively. This value reduced to 0.5 mg NO₃-N kg⁻¹ for non-fertilized soils.     

Interaction of salinity,nitrogen, and phosphorus fertilization on wheat

This study determined whether the application of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) could ameliorate salt‐induced reduction in wheat production. Saline irrigation water (0.5, 4.0, 8.2, and 12.5 dS/m) and N and P fertilizers (150 kg N/ha and 37.5 kg P₂O₅/ha) were applied to wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Saka 92') grown on a calcareous soil in a greenhouse experiment. Plants received equal amounts of each fertilizer, but the time and frequency of application differed. All salinity levels reduced straw and grain yields, leaf soluble proteins, nitrate (NO₃) content, actual and potential nitrate reductase activity (NRA), and grain protein content. The delay in pollen meiotic cell division increased with salinity. Under saline conditions, applying N and P fertilizers at the end of the grain filling stage improved yield and metabolic performance of the plants compared to other fertilizer treatments.     

长期施肥下潮土全氮、碱解氮含量与氮素投入水平关系

通过长期肥料定位试验,对不同施肥处理下潮土全氮和碱解氮含量演变特征及其与氮素投入水平的关系进行研究。结果表明,不施氮肥处理,土壤全氮和碱解氮含量基本保持平衡或者缓慢增加;长期施用化学氮肥处理,土壤全氮和碱解氮含量均有所增加;施用有机肥和秸秆还田处理,土壤全氮和碱解氮含量均显著提高。单施化学氮肥处理每投入氮素1 kg/hm2,土壤全氮含量增加0.017 mg/kg;而氮磷钾化肥配施有机肥和氮磷钾化肥并秸秆还田处理每投入氮素1 kg/hm2,土壤全氮含量分别增加0.049和0.035 mg/kg。施氮磷钾处理每投入氮素1 kg/hm2,土壤碱解氮含量增加0.001 mg/kg;而化肥配施有机肥或玉米秸秆处理每投入氮素1 kg/hm2,土壤碱解氮含量均增加0.004和0.004 mg/kg。总的来说,施用化学氮肥、有机肥配施化肥及秸秆还田处理增加氮素投入量均可以提高土壤全氮及碱解氮含量,且有机肥配施化肥及秸秆还田处理优于单施化肥。综上所述,增施有机肥及秸秆还田对于提升土壤肥力及实现农业可持续发展具有深远意义。     

不同氮肥用量下冬小麦土壤剖面累积硝态氮及其与氮素表观盈亏的关系

以在陕西关中地区户县、周至两县连续2年的20余个3414肥料田间试验为研究对象,研究了不同施氮量下冬小麦收获后土壤2 m剖面硝态氮的分布、累积及其与土壤氮素表观盈亏量间的关系。结果表明:随着氮肥用量的提高,土壤剖面硝态氮累积量明显增加,其向土壤下层淋溶的程度也越严重;当施氮量为180～240 kg/hm2时,一些试验点的土壤氮素已经表现出盈余;当施氮量达到270～360 kg/hm2,所有试验点土壤氮素均明显盈余。不同施氮量时土壤表观氮素平衡值（施氮量与氮素携出量的差值）与土壤02 m剖面硝态氮累积量之间呈极显著正相关,说明土壤表观氮素平衡和盈亏决定了土壤剖面硝酸盐的累积状况;土壤氮素表观盈余值每增加100 kg/hm2,02 m土壤剖面硝态氮累积量增加约62.5 kg/hm2。     

不同滴灌施肥量对沙地玉米氮效率及硝态氮的影响

探索沙地春玉米最佳滴灌施肥方案是提高其生育期氮积累和氮效率的有效途径。试验采用三因素D饱和最优设计,研究拔节期、抽雄期和收获期玉米产量、生育期植株不同器官氮积累和硝态氮含量的差异,结果表明:(1)随着玉米生育期推进,整株氮积累逐渐增加,叶片、茎下降,籽粒增加,高氮处理(氮肥240 kg·hm~(-2))显著高于其他处理;(2)N_3P_1K_3处理产量最高(13 875 kg·hm~(-2)),氮素转运量和营养器官贡献率显著高于其它处理,氮收获指数和氮肥偏生产力较低;(3)土壤硝态氮含量随植株生长吸收逐渐降低,以滴头处0～20 cm硝态氮含量最高,20～60 cm逐渐降低;(4)不同施氮处理的硝态氮含量有差异,拔节期施肥处理均与CK差异显著,抽雄期和收获期中氮处理和高氮处理对硝态氮影响显著。高氮处理中土壤0～60 cm硝态氮含量与播前基本一致,维持了土壤硝态氮的平衡。综合考虑产量、氮效率及土壤硝态氮平衡方面的因素,膜下滴灌条件下,陕北风沙滩地玉米合理的施肥为N_3P_1K_3处理,即施氮肥240 kg·hm~(-2),磷肥80 kg·hm~(-2),钾肥225 kg·hm~(-2)。     

Potassium fertilization on sandy soils in relation to soil test,crop yield and K-leaching

To study the influence of potassium (K) fertilizer rate on soil test K values, crop yield, and K-leaching in sandy soils, four long-term fertilizer experiments (0–60–120–180 kg K ha^?1 a^?1) were initiated in 1988 in northern Germany on farmers fields. Clay content of the plow layer was about 4%, and organic matter between 2% and 5%. Plant available soil K was estimated with the double lactate (DL) method. Small grain cereals (rye and barley) did not respond to K fertilization in the 7-year period even though the soil test value of the K-0 plots decreased from ca. 90 to ca. 30 mg K_DL kg^?1 within 3 years. This value remained almost constant thereafter. Crop removal (including straw) of 75 kg K ha^?1 a^?1 was therefore apparently supplied from nonexchangeable K fractions. Compared to the optimum, no K application reduced the yield of potato by up to 21%, and that of white sugar yield up to 10%. Maximum potato yield was obtained by annually applying 60 kg K ha^?1 which resulted in a test value of 60 mg K_DL kg^?1 soil. Maximum potato yield was also obtained at 40 mg K_DL kg^?1 soil, however, with a single application of 200 kg K ha^?1. Similar results were obtained with sugar beet. This indicates that for maximum yield, even for K demanding crops, it is not necessary to maintain K_DL values above 40 mg K kg^?1 soil throughout the entire crop rotation. Soil test values increased roughly proportional to the K fertilizer level. About 120 kg fertilizer K ha^?1 a^?1, markedly more than crop K removal, was required to maintain the initial K_DL of 90 mg kg^?1. The K concentration of the soil solution in the top soil measured after harvest was increased exponentially by K fertilizer level and so was K leaching from the plow layer into the rooted subsoil. The leached quantity increased from 22 kg K ha_?1 a_?1 in the plot without K application to 42.79 and 133 kg Kha^?1 a^?1 in plots supplied with 60, 120 and 180 kg K ha^?1 a^?1 respectively. Soil test values around 100 mg K_DL kg^?1 on sandy soils, as often found in the plow layer of farmers fields, lead to K leaching below the root zone that may exceed the critical K concentration of 12 mg K T^?1 for drinking water.     

Influence of nitrogen fertilization,tillage, and residue management on a soil nitrogen mineralization index

Abstract

Nitrogen, tillage, and residue management systems influence the ability of microorganisms to mineralize plant residues in soil. The objective of this research was to investigate the seasonal changes in autoclave extractable‐N (AN) as influenced by different N rates, tillage practices and residue management systems. A field study under a continuous corn rotation was initiated in 1980, with factorial combinations of 2 or 20 g N/m², roto‐tillage or no‐tillage, and residue (corn stover) returned or removed treatments. Soil water, AN, and inorganic N were measured at regular intervals over a three‐year period (1984 to 1986). AN, as a soil N mineralization index, was shown to be sensitive to changes in the nitrogen, tillage, and residue management systems. Correlations between corn yields and the N mineralization index suggest that AN was sampling a biologically‐active N pool.     

不同生物炭对风沙土土壤养分及氮素利用率的影响

风沙土是我国重要耕地之一,具有土质瘠薄、漏水漏肥等特点,易造成肥料利用率低、产量低等问题,急需对其改良,以提高其保水保肥能力。以风沙土为研究对象,采用玉米秸秆生物炭(BM)、水稻秸秆生物炭(BR)及花生壳生物炭(BP),设置生物炭两个不同施用量:0.5%土重和1%土重。采用盆栽试验,研究添加不同来源和数量生物炭对土壤养分和氮素利用率的影响。结果表明:不同种类生物炭均可以提高风沙土土壤pH、有机碳、速效钾含量。随着生物炭用量的增加,增加效果越明显;与未施生物炭处理(CK)相比,高量水稻秸秆生物炭处理对土壤有机碳、全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量提升效果最显著,分别提高了101.70%、20.30%、14.92%、88.36%;高量花生壳生物炭处理对土壤pH提升效果最显著,提高了0.46个单位。不同种类的生物炭均提高了土壤氮素残留率和利用率,随着生物炭用量的增加,土壤氮残留率提高,其中以高量水稻秸秆生物炭处理和高量花生壳生物炭处理提升幅度最大,与CK相比,分别提高了45.47%、36.10%。而氮素利用率随着生物炭用量的增加却出现降低趋势,低量玉米秸秆生物炭的处理氮素利用率最高,为51.32%。土壤氮残留率与花生籽粒产量、土壤pH、有机碳、有效磷、速效钾呈显著正相关关系,与氮肥利用率呈显著负相关关系。综上所述,施加生物炭能显著改变风沙土土壤有效养分含量。高量水稻秸秆生物炭和花生壳生物炭短期内可以显著提高氮残留率,而在氮肥利用率提升方面不如玉米秸秆生物炭,高量花生壳生物炭增产效果最好。     

Long-term effects of tillage, cover crops, and nitrogen fertilization on organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations in sandy loam soils in Georgia, USA

Maintaining and/or conserving organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations in the soil using management practices can improve its fertility and productivity and help to reduce global warming by sequestration of atmospheric CO₂ and N₂. We examined the influence of 6 years of tillage (no-till, NT; chisel plowing, CP; and moldboard plowing, MP), cover crop (hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) vs. winter weeds), and N fertilization (0, 90, and 180 kg N ha⁻¹) on soil organic C and N concentrations in a Norfolk sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic, Typic Kandiudults) under tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and silage corn (Zea mays L.). In a second experiment, we compared the effects of 7 years of non-legume (rye (Secale cereale L.)) and legume (hairy vetch and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.)) cover crops and N fertilization (HN (90 kg N ha⁻¹ for tomato and 80 kg N ha⁻¹ for eggplant)) and FN (180 kg N ha⁻¹ for tomato and 160 kg N ha⁻¹ for eggplant)) on soil organic C and N in a Greenville fine sandy loam (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic, Rhodic Kandiudults) under tomato and eggplant (Solanum melogena L.). Both experiments were conducted from 1994 to 2000 in Fort Valley, GA. Carbon concentration in cover crops ranged from 704 kg ha⁻¹ in hairy vetch to 3704 kg ha⁻¹ in rye in 1999 and N concentration ranged from 77 kg ha⁻¹ in rye in 1996 to 299 kg ha⁻¹ in crimson clover in 1997. With or without N fertilization, concentrations of soil organic C and N were greater in NT with hairy vetch than in MP with or without hairy vetch (23.5–24.9 vs. 19.9–21.4 Mg ha⁻¹ and 1.92–2.05 vs. 1.58–1.76 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively). Concentrations of organic C and N were also greater with rye, hairy vetch, crimson clover, and FN than with the control without a cover crop or N fertilization (17.5–18.4 vs. 16.5 Mg ha⁻¹ and 1.33–1.43 vs. 1.31 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively). From 1994 to 1999, concentrations of soil organic C and N decreased by 8–16% in NT and 15–25% in CP and MP. From 1994 to 2000, concentrations of organic C and N decreased by 1% with hairy vetch and crimson clover, 2–6% with HN and FN, and 6–18% with the control. With rye, organic C and N increased by 3–4%. Soil organic C and N concentrations can be conserved and/or maintained by reducing their loss through mineralization and erosion, and by sequestering atmospheric CO₂ and N₂ in the soil using NT with cover crops and N fertilization. These changes in soil management improved soil quality and productivity. Non-legume (rye) was better than legumes (hairy vetch and crimson clover) and N fertilization in increasing concentrations of soil organic C and N.     

高沙土小麦高产施肥技术研究

连续3年茎蘖动态分析表明,高沙土麦作区在10月底～11月初播种,基本苗180～270株/m2情况下,播后25～30天茎蘖达到预期成穗数390～450株/m2;小麦产量由主茎及主茎1叶、2叶、3叶产生的分蘖成穗构成。最高产量时的氮肥施用水平为213.2kg/hm2,产量为5782.5kg/hm2。拔节期施用NPK三元素肥料具有显著提高实粒数,增加千粒重等作用,增产效果显著。     

章古台沙地松树人工林土壤无机氮、微生物生物量碳及微生物生物量氮

The dynamics of soil inorganic nitrogen （NH4^＋ -N and NO3^- -N） and microbial biomass carbon （Cmic） and nitrogen （Nmic） under 30-year-old fenced Pinus sylvestris L. var. mongolica Litvin （SF）, unfenced P. sylvestris L. var. mongolica Litvin （SUF）, and unfenced Pinus densiflora Siebold et Zucc. （DUF） plantations in the Zhanggutai sandy soil of China were studied during Apr. to Oct. 2004 by the in situ closed-top core incubation method. All mentioned C and N indices in each stand type fluctuated over time. The ranges of inorganic N, Cmic, and Nmic contents in the three stand types were 0.7-2.6, 40.0-128.9, and 5.4-15.2 μg g^-1, respectively. The average contents of soil NH4^＋ -N and Cmic under the three 30-year-old pine plantations were not different. However, soil NO3^ -N and total inorganic N contents decreased in the order of SUF ≥ SF ≥ DUF, the Nmic content was in the order of SF = SUF 〉 DUF, and the Cmic：Nmic ratio was in the order of SUF = DUF 〉 SF. Seasonal variations were observed in soil inorganic N, microbial biomass, and plant growth. These seasonal variations had certain correlations with microbe and plant N use in the soil, and their competition for NH4^＋ -N was mostly regulated by soil N availability. The influence of tree species on inorganic N and Nmic were mainly because of differences in litter quality. Lack of gazing decreased the Cmic：Nmic ratio owing to decreased carbon output and increased the ability of soil to supply N. The soil N supply under the P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantation was lower than under the P. densiflora plantation.     

Dicyandiamide effects on nitrification and total inorganic soil nitrogen in sandy soils

Abstract

Inhibition of nitrification in soil results in a decreased ratio of nitrate‐nitrogen (NO₃‐N) to ammonium‐nitrogen (NH₄‐N). If the conditions for NO₃‐N loss by leaching or denitrification exist, nitrification inhibitors should increase concentrations of total inorganic soil nitrogen (N) (TISN) (NH₄‐N + NO₃‐N). This can then result in plants taking up more N and developing more crop yield or biomass. This study examined whether inhibition of nitrification by dicyandiamide (DCD) would result in increased concentrations of TISN under field conditions. The effects of DCD on soil N were evaluated in hyperthermic sandy soils planted to potato (Solanum tuberosum L., cv. Atlantic). Treatments were factorial combinations of N as ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) at 67, 134, and 202 kg N ha^‐1 and DCD at 0, 5.6, and 11.2 kg DCD ha^‐1. Soil NH₄‐N, NO₃‐N, and TISN concentrations were determined for up to five potato growth stages at two locations for two years for a total of 16 determinations (cases), i.e., four were not determined. The N form ratio [NO₃‐N/(NH₄‐N + NO₃‐N] x 100 was decreased in 10 of 16 cases, indicating that nitrification was inhibited by DCD. With two of these 10 cases, TISN concentration increased, but with four others, TISN concentration decreased with at least one N rate. With four of these 10 cases, inhibition of nitrification had no effect on TISN concentration. Under the conditions of these field studies, DCD inhibited nitrification more often than not. Inhibition of nitrification was, however, more likely to reduce TISN concentration than to increase it. This may have been due to DCD effects on immobization of applied NH₄‐N.     

尿素施肥方式对水稻增产增效和土壤氮素损失的影响

【目的】探讨尿素施用量、基施比例和方法对水稻产量、吸氮量和氮肥利用率的影响,以及肥料氮的去向,为制定科学合理的施氮措施提供理论依据。【方法】水稻季田间试验于2019年和2020年在江苏太湖地区开展。供试脲酶抑制剂为N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT),硝化抑制剂为对羟基苯丙酸甲酯(MHPP),二者用量均为施氮量的1%。试验共设6个处理：1)不施氮肥对照(CK);2)表施尿素N 300 kg/hm² (当地常规施肥,CN);3)表施尿素N 225 kg/hm² (RNB);4)尿素N 225 kg/hm²,50%表施,50%深施(RND);5)表施尿素N 225 kg/hm²+NBPT+MHPP (RNB+DI);6)尿素N 225 kg/hm²+NBPT+MHPP,50%表施,50%深施(RND+DI)。表施氮肥处理基肥∶分蘖肥∶孕穗肥为4∶3∶3;深施氮肥处理基肥∶孕穗肥为7∶3。2020年在处理小区内设置了¹⁵N示踪微区试验。调查了水稻产量、吸氮量、氮肥利...     

膨润土-腐植酸与氮肥配施对科尔沁沙地土壤无机氮淋溶和生物有效性的影响

利用改进提取方法(温度由25℃升至60℃,振荡时间由1 h提高至2 h)和离子交换膜法,设置3种改良剂水平和3种氮肥水平,研究了膨润土-腐植酸改良剂与氮肥配施对西辽河平原沙质土壤氮素淋溶和养分有效性的影响。结果表明,不施氮肥只施膨润土-腐植酸改良剂对春玉米产量和土壤无机氮残留量无显著影响。20t·hm-2膨润土-腐植酸改良剂与120 kg·hm-2氮肥配施效果最好,玉米籽粒产量和地上生物量分别提高了19.1%和18.5%,土壤NO3--N残留量减少14.5%;施用240 kg·hm-2氮肥不仅对玉米产量无显著影响,还增加了氮素淋溶的风险。在同一处理下,与标准提取方法相比,改进方法对土壤NH4+-N含量影响较小,还提高了土壤NO3--N提取量。施用膨润土-腐植酸改良剂可吸附滞留在土壤中的NO3--N,这不仅降低淋溶风险,同时也降低生物有效性。20 t·hm-2膨润土-腐植酸改良剂与120 kg·hm-2氮肥配施是一种既能提高土壤氮素有效性又能减少氮素淋溶的最佳组合。     

长期施肥对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及矿质态氮含量动态变化的影响

利用位于陕西杨凌的17年长期定位试验研究了长期不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(F)、化肥配施有机肥(F+M)和化肥加秸秆还田(F+S)处理对小麦-玉米轮作体系中作物不同生长时期土壤微生物生物量碳、氮(SMBC、SMBN)和矿质态氮含量的影响。结果表明,0—10 cm土层土壤SMBC、SMBN和矿质态氮含量的变化范围分别为264.8~752.2、37.51~14.8和3.83~8.5 mg/kg。不同处理相比,F+M处理中各采样时期(小麦苗期、拔节期、灌浆期及玉米播种期、大喇叭口期、灌浆期和收获后)土壤SMBC和SMBN含量均为最高,分别为不施肥对照的1.382~.65和1.892~.50倍;F+S处理矿质态氮含量最高,SMBC和SMBN也高于F和CK处理,大部分采样时期的差异达显著水平(P0.05);与CK相比,长期单施化肥也使各时期SMBC和SMBN含量提高。在小麦拔节期到灌浆期的旺盛生长阶段各施肥处理土壤SMBN含量均下降,而矿质态氮含量变化不大,处于较低水平;在玉米大喇叭口期到灌浆期的旺盛生长阶段,F+M、F+S和F处理土壤矿质态氮含量显著下降,而SMBN含量均有所升高。表明在土壤矿质态氮含量较高时,作物首先利用矿质态氮,而在土壤矿质态氮含量处于较低水平时,微生物固持的氮素可能会释放出来供作物吸收利用。     

过量施氮对旱地土壤碳、氮及供氮能力的影响

【目的】过量施氮会影响土壤有机碳、氮的组成与数量,进而改变土壤供氮能力,但关于西北旱地长期过量施用氮肥后土壤有机碳、氮及土壤供氮能力变化的研究尚缺乏。本文在长期定位试验的基础上,通过分析不同氮肥水平特别是过量施氮条件下土壤硝态氮,有机碳、氮和微生物量碳、氮的变化,探讨长期过量施氮对土壤有机碳、氮及供氮能力的影响。【方法】长期定位试验位于陕西杨凌西北农林科技大学农作一站。在施磷(P2O5)100kg/hm2的基础上,设5个氮水平,施氮量分别为N 0、80、160、240、320 kg/hm2。重复4次,小区面积40 m2,完全随机区组排列。种植冬小麦品种为小堰22。本文选取其中3处理,以不施氮为对照(N0)、施氮量N 160 kg/hm2为正常施氮(N160),施氮量N 320 kg/hm2为过量施氮(N320),分别于2012年6月小麦收获后和10月下季小麦播前采集土壤样品,进行测定分析。【结果】过量施氮导致下季小麦播前0—300 cm各土层硝态氮含量显著增加,平均由对照的2.8 mg/kg增加到15.5 mg/kg;同时,0—60 cm和0—300 cm土层的硝态氮累积量分别由对照的47.2和108.9 kg/hm2增加到76.5和727.7 kg/hm2。过量施氮也增加了夏闲期间0—300 cm土层土壤有机氮矿化量,由对照的72.4 kg/hm2增加到130.7 kg/hm2。但过量施氮未显著增加土壤的有机碳含量,却显著增加了土壤有机氮含量,过量施氮0—20、20—40 cm土层土壤有机碳分别为9.24和5.39 g/kg,有机氮分别为1.05和0.71 g/kg,较对照增加52.2%和54.3%。同样,过量施氮未显著影响0—20、20—40 cm土层土壤微生物量碳含量,其平均含量分别为253和205 mg/kg,却显著提高了0—20、20—40 cm土层土壤微生物量氮含量,由对照的24.1和7.5 mg/kg提高到43.6和16.1 mg/kg。【结论】过量施氮可以显著增加旱地土壤剖面中的硝态氮累积量、夏闲期氮素矿化量、小麦播前土壤氮素供应量和土壤微生物量氮含量,但对土壤有机碳和微生物量碳没有显著性影响,同时过量施氮增加了土壤硝态氮淋溶风险,故在有机质含量低的黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦种植中不宜施用高量氮肥,以减少土壤氮素残留和农业投入,达到保护环境和培肥土壤的目的。     

灌溉、施肥和浅水埋深对小麦产量和硝态氮淋溶损失的影响

利用ArcGIS9.0软件中嵌套地质统计模块分析河套灌区浅层地下水埋深（2009年）空间分布状况,结合在2010年3－7月间开展的灌溉量、施氮量和浅层地下水埋深对春小麦产量和土壤中硝态氮淋溶损失影响的显著性以及最优组合研究,确定出适用于河套灌区内不同区域的春小麦农业管理的最优综合模式。研究表明,表层（0～80 cm）土壤含水率随着浅水埋深的增大而减小,当浅水埋深≥2.0 m时,在同一浅水埋深水平下灌溉量成为土壤含水率显著影响因子;对春小麦产量影响程度高低是浅水埋深＞灌溉量＞施氮量,影响显著因子为浅水埋深;对硝态氮淋溶量影响程度高低是灌溉量＞施氮量＞浅水埋深;灌溉量对硝态氮淋溶影响呈极显著性,施氮量对其影响呈显著性,而浅水埋深起到辅助作用。灌区年均浅层地下水埋深主要有3个阈值：1.25～1.75、1.75～2.25和2.25～3.00 m。在灌区内浅水埋深不同区域内（1.5、2.0和2.5 m）时,三因素最优综合组分别为灌溉量（280 mm）+施肥量（尿素150 kg·hm-2,二铵165 kg/hm2）、灌溉量（320 mm）+施肥量（尿素150 kg/hm2,二铵165 kg/hm2）和灌溉量（360 mm）+施肥量（尿素255 kg/hm2,二铵375 kg/hm2）。     

秸秆-膨润土-聚丙烯酰胺对砂质土壤吸附氮素的影响

为提高土壤对氮素的吸附能力,减少土壤氮素流失,通过土壤培养试验和等温吸附试验研究了经堆腐的玉米秸秆、膨润土和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)配制成的复合改良材料对砂质土壤NH4+-N吸附特性的影响。结果表明,复合改良材料对土壤NH4+-N吸附的影响随土培时间的延长呈先增大后减小的趋势,60d时最大。各处理NH4+-N的等温吸附曲线可用Langmuir方程很好地拟合。提高复合改良材料用量使砂质土壤NH4+-N的最大吸附量Qmax提高,吸附常数(k)降低,表明复合改良材料可以提高土壤对NH4+-N的吸附容量,但不能增加其吸附强度。同一用量下,Qmax随改良材料中PAM比例的提高呈先增大后减小的趋势,以PAM比例为0.99%时为最大,k则最低。提高复合改良材料用量使砂质土壤NH4+-N的最大缓冲容量(MBC)减小,改良材料中PAM添加比例对MBC无明显的影响规律。结果说明复合改良材料对土壤NH4+-N的保持量具有明显的促进作用,改良材料中PAM的添加比例以0.99%最佳。