反刍动物干物质采食量预测模型研究进展

准确估测反刍动物干物质采食量(DMI)在动物营养学理论和生产实践中具有重要的意义。该领域的研究已经进入建立预测模型并不断完善的时期。动物营养学家提出了多种预测反刍动物DMI的模型,尽管所建立的模型不同,但使用的变量、原理和评价方法是相近的。本文综述了反刍动物采食量的影响因素、调控理论以及DMI预测模型的种类和评价方法,分析了美国(NRC,1996和2001)、英国(AFRC,1993)、法国(INRA,1989)和澳大利亚(CSIRO,2007)等国家提出的DMI预测模型特点,最后提出了探索和完善我国反刍动物DMI预测模型的思路。     

玉米秸氨化处理对肉牛消化率,采食量和生产性能的影响

通过3个试验评价无水氨处理玉米秸的饲用价值。试验1:用4头一岁阉牛按4×4拉丁方设计,喂以4种日粮(一个组为氨化玉米秸,其他3个组为未氨化玉米秸),3种不同的补充料(豆饼粉、尿素或玉米粉<负蛋白对照>)(每天每头0.91kg)。玉米秸随意采食。4种日粮为:氨化玉米秸加玉米粉,未氨化玉米秸分别加豆饼粉、尿素或玉米粉补充料。试验证明,含有氨化玉米秸(按其干重用2%的 NH_3处理)的日粮比其他3种日粮的粗蛋白质含量均高,干物质消化率(DMD)亦高(P<0.05),并且每天干物质采食量(DMI)最高(P<0.01)。喂氨化玉米秸日粮的试畜,体内氮沉积量与喂对照玉米秸且以豆饼粉或尿素为补充料的试畜相似。试验2:采食量试验采用20头1岁阉牛,喂以上述4种日食,结果表明,含氨化玉米秸(按干物质以3%的 NH_3处理)的日粮,其干物质采食量(DMI)较其他日粮都高(P<0.05)。以豆饼粉或尿素作为补充料的日粮其干物质采食量(DMI)比负对照组的高(P<0.05)。饲用这4种日粮,阉牛在体重上无显著差异(P>0.1)。试验3:用类似上述4种日粮,对56头成年妊娠肉用母牛做为期70天的生产性能测定。试验结果,喂含氨化玉米秸(按干物质重3.2%的NH_3处理)日粮的母牛增重比喂含豆饼粉(CS)、尿素(CU)日粮或负对照日粮(NC)的母牛高(P<0.01),母牛体况没有改变,而饲喂含豆饼粉、尿素或负对照日粮的母牛体况均有下降(P<0.05)。各处理组犊牛初生重均相近。结论:在3次试验条件下用无水氨处理玉米秸,均能提高其饲用价值。     

低精料水平下氨化微贮稻草育肥西镇牛试验研究

本试验以广泛分布于秦巴山区的西镇牛为研究对象，进行低精料水平下稻草经不同处理舍饲饲养试验。结果表明，稻草经过氨化、微贮加工可提高牛采食量、日增重，提高饲料转化率。氨化、微贮组日增重较干稻草组分别提高124％和l11％。在低精料水平下饲喂氨化、微贮稻草能显著提高经济效益。试验90d，氨化组较干稻草组每头牛增收94元。     

稻草尿素氨化技术研究

<正> 秸秆氨化技术近年来在国外已广泛应用,国内部分地区也已开始试用,但多采用3%的液氨作氨源,由于用液氨作氨源设备复杂,成本较贵,操作不慎易发生事故。而用尿素作氨源氨化秸秆,设备简单,操作安     

绵羊常用粗饲料采食量的测定及其模型化研究

在测定9种粗饲料及有关组合的常规成分基础上,实测了它们的干物质随意采食量(DMI),并建立了预测各类粗饲料DMI的模型:豆科牧草DMI(g/天·㎏MW)=51.26/NDF(%DM),禾本科牧草DMI(g/天·㎏MW)=45.00/NDF(%DM),秸秆类DMI(g/天·㎏MW)=29.75/NDF(%DM),玉米青贮DMI(g/天·㎏MW)=29.00/NDF(%DM)。     

稻草无膜氨化技术研究

试验按２ｘ３二因子设计,安排了常规密封（有膜）和全不覆盖（无膜）的两种薄膜对氨化稻草的覆盖程度和三个处理时间：Ｉ（２０ｄ）Ⅱ（３０ｄ）,Ⅲ（４０ｄ）。从试验结果的感观性状上表明,无膜氨化稻草除在Ⅱ（３０ｄ）以后出现部分霉点外,与常规法无明显差异;从化学成分测试结果及对结果的统计分析表明,同期的有膜氨化稻草和无膜氨化稻草差异不显著,且在粗蛋白含量上要比一般稻草提高约３％￣５％。结果表明,无膜氨化技术     

奶山羊的营养需要与干物质采食量

奶山羊的营养需要是奶山羊达到一定的生产性能时,每天对能量、蛋白质、无机盐、维生素等养分的需要量.其中所需养分的一部分用于维持奶山羊本身的基本生命活动,另部分为生产需要.     

提高奶牛干物质采食量的技巧

(1)每天食槽的空置时间不应超过2~3小时;(2)奶牛挤奶后要立即饮水45~67升;(3)每头奶牛应有45~70厘米的食槽空间;(4)栓系式的牛舍颈链有足够的长度,散放式牛舍头架不要卡得太紧;(5)剩料的重量不应大于3%~5%;(6)饲料应凉爽且有甜香味,不要在食槽中堆积、发热、变酸;(7)食槽表面应光滑;(8)注意牛只的防暑降温,在夏季6%的饲料应在晚上饲喂,或多喂几次;(9)日粮应配置平衡以确保各种营养成分(白天至少应有40%的牛进行反刍);(10)定期进行肢蹄修整;(11)注意日粮的蛋白质平衡;(12注意日粮的纤维平衡,酸性洗涤纤维应保持在19$%之间,中性洗涤纤维应在…     

氨化稻草饲喂山羊试验报告

<正> 随着人们食物结构的变化和畜禽生产的调整,山羊饲养业越来越受到人们的重视,饲养量逐年上升。但在我地区如何解决越冬山羊饲草就成为一个切实的问题,由于人多地少,晒制干草数量有限,饲喂精料价格高昂,且也不符合草食兽的生理特性。而用农村来源广大的稻草,经过氨化处理,提高其营养价值和适口性,作为山羊越冬饲草,不适为一种成本低、来源广、较为实用的途径。为此,我站于1992年初作了氨化稻草与普通干稻草饲喂山羊的饲养对比试验。现将试验情况报告如下:     

稻草堆垛氨化及饲喂技术

秸秆氨化是发展草食家畜,解决饲料问题的主要措施之一。近年来,我们利用碳酸氢铵,采用堆垛法氨化稻草,代替青干草饲喂奶牛、山羊,经济效益显著。现将堆垛氨化稻草技术及饲喂要点介绍如下：１氨化技术１．１选择场地选择地势高燥,排水良好,向阳背风,交通便利,管理...     

Effect of Restricted Pasture Access on Pasture Dry Matter Intake Rate,Dietary Energy Intake,and Fecal pH in Horses

Eight mature horses were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to determine the effect of restricted pasture access on dry matter intake rate (DMIR), energy intake, and fecal pH. Horses were randomly assigned to one of four groups (HGRPs), each containing two horses. HGRPs were randomly assigned to one of four treatments consisting of 3, 6, 9, or 24 hours of pasture access, for a period of 7 days. Treatments were switched every 7 days. The 3- and 6-hour groups were fed free choice mature grass hay while not grazing. Daily pasture dry matter intake (DMI) for each HGRP was estimated by calculating the difference between initial herbage mass of the grazing cell before grazing and residual herbage mass after 7 days of grazing. Total dry matter intake was the sum of pasture and hay DMI for the 3- and 6-hour treatments. Fecal pH was measured on day 7 of each period. Response variables were analyzed using analysis of variance for Latin square design. Restricting pasture access decreased mean pasture DMI (P = .02), pasture dietary energy (DE) (P = .02), and fecal pH (P < .001), but increased DMIR (P = .02). Mean total dry matter intake was not different (P = .16) among treatments. In conclusion, restricting pasture access accelerates pasture DMIR and decreases fecal pH, and although restricting pasture access decreases DE intake from pasture, it did not result in a decrease in total DE intake for horses having ad libitum access to hay.     

氨化麦秸育肥肉牛效果分析

运城地区是全国小麦生产基地，年产麦秸７．５亿ｋｇ，牛的饲草８０％来源于麦秸。为了确定氨化麦秸喂牛对提高增重和麦秸利用率等的效果，进行了氨化麦秸育肥肉牛饲养试验，试验结果，试验组喂氨化麦秸牛比对照组饲喂普通麦秸牛肥育期平均日增重增加１９７．８ｇ，试验组比对照组牛平均每头日增加收入０．４８４４无。     

氨化麦秸对肉牛育肥及胴体渗出液的影响

秦杂一代公牛36头分3组进行90 d强度育肥,1、2组饲喂氨化麦秸与精料,3组饲喂未氨化麦秸与精料。结果表明:试验1、2组日增重840 g±90 g和820 g±76 g。对照组日增重520 g±120 g。试验组比对照组日增重提高310 g(P<0．01),屠宰率、净肉率分别提高8．305和4．945个百分点。试验组胴体渗出液平均每头507．75 mL,对照组无体液渗出。试验组每千克增重纯收入4．32元,比对照组(2．14元)高2．18元,效益显著。     

Determination of Pasture Dry Matter Intake Rates in Different Seasons and Their Application in Grazing Management

Eight mature horses weighing 576 ± 32 kg (mean ± SD) were used to compare differences in pasture dry matter (DM) intake rate in October (period 1), February (period 2), and May (period 3). Horses were randomly assigned to a pair of adjacent 5 m × 5 m grazing cells containing nontoxic, endophyte-infected tall fescue. Horses had access to each cell for 4 hours. Pasture DM intake rate was estimated over the entire 8-hour period by measuring the pre- and postgrazing herbage mass within each cell and was expressed as kg DM/100 kg body weight (BW)/hr. Mean 8-hour DM intake rate in period 1 (0.17 ± 0.01 kg DM/100 kg BW/hr) was greater (P < .001) than for period 2 (0.09 ± 0.01 kg DM/100 kg BW/hr) and period 3 (0.11 ± 0.01 kg DM/100 kg BW/hr), but it was not different (P = .274) between periods 2 and 3. A second experiment using the same eight horses was conducted immediately after the first experiment, within each season, to determine whether the DM intake rates derived from the first experiment could be used along with estimates of maintenance digestible energy (DE) requirements and pasture DE concentrations to predict the amount of grazing time required for a horse to consume only its maintenance DE requirement and maintain zero BW change over a 6-week period. Grazing time necessary to maintain zero BW change was accurately predicted for period 1 only.     

氨化饲料对家畜生理生化及精液品质影响的研究

采用5％尿素氨化秸秆,作为黄牛唯一粗饲料,在0.5kg和1.0kg两种精料水平(分别占日粮组成的10％和15％)补饲下,进行180天喂饲试验,研究氨化秸秆饲料对家畜生理机能的影响。试验结果表明:(1)试验组牛除血糖和血液尿素氨略高于对照牛外,其它生理生化指标未见明显差异;(2)试验牛精液质量普遍好于对照组牛。这说明氮化饲料对家畜生理机能没有不良影响,氨化饲料可以作为种公牛主要粗饲料推广应用。     

不同的处理方法对稻草营养价值的影响

分别用尿素、秸秆发酵活干菌、复合酶处理稻草，并检测处理前后营养成份、降解率、感官评定、适口性等指标变化。结果表明，处理后各处理组的CP（粗蛋白质）含量分别比对照组提高10．3％，15．6％及11．8％；CF（粗纤维）含量分别下降4．0％，11．2％和21．8％，其中活干菌发酵对CP稻草含量提高较大，饲用复合酶处理使CF含量下降幅度较大。同时，对各处理组DM（干物质）、NDF（中性洗涤纤维）、ADF(酸性洗涤纤维）的瘤胃降解率测定发现，各处理组DM，NDF及ADF降解率均有一定提高，其中以活干菌发酵处理效果旯好，其DM、NDF及ADF降解率分别达40．90％、33．83％及34．24％。在感官评定、适口性方面，除氨化处理有刺激性气味外，其它两处理组具有较浓的酸香味且家畜喜欢采食。     

Dry Matter Intake,Body Weight,and Body Condition Scores of Blanketed and Nonblanketed Horses in the Upper Midwest

Thermoregulation is an energy-expensive process, which can be mitigated by blanketing horses in cold climates, potentially preventing weight loss or leading to decreased feed intake. The objective of this study was to evaluate feed intake, body weight (BW), and body condition scores (BCSs) in blanketed and nonblanketed horses. In October 2019, 16 mature adult horses were blocked by breed and BCS and randomly assigned to a blanketed (n = 8) or nonblanketed (n = 8) treatment; blankets were placed. Data were collected in December 2019 and January 2020 in River Falls, Wisconsin. During the study, horses were housed in dry lots and fed grass-legume mixed round bales. At the start of each trial period, BW and BCSs of horses were taken, hay cores were taken for nutritive analysis, and hay bales were weighed. Hay waste was collected daily, and when hay could no longer be consumed ad libitum, the remaining hay was removed from both pens (orts) and new bales were fed. Hay waste and orts were dried and daily dry matter intake was estimated as the difference between hay provided minus hay waste and orts during the trial period divided by the total BW of the pen. The average bale weight, forage nutritive value, BW, and BCS did not differ across treatment groups (P ≥ .05). However, the daily dry matter intake differed (P ≤ .05) at 2.31% BW for blanketed horses and 2.51% BW for nonblanketed horses. These results suggest blanketed horses conserve energy leading to decreased feed intake.     

提高奶牛干物质采食量的技术措施

围产期奶牛,特别是高产奶牛普遍处于能量负平衡状态,容易导致生产性能降低和酮病、脂肪肝等代谢病的发生。通过育种、改善日粮和使用添加剂等技术措施,可提高奶牛的干物质采食量（dry matter intake,DMI）,在一定程度上提高奶牛的生产性能和改善奶牛的健康状况。作者对奶牛采食量的意义及其影响因素进行了叙述,并提出了一些可以提高奶牛采食量的技术措施。