Effects of Pond Renovation on White River Crayfish,Procambarus acutus acutus Production

Abstract

The effects of renovation on the production of white river crayfish, Procambarus acutus acutus were evaluated in ten 0.1-ha earthen ponds. The bottoms and levees of five ponds were reshaped with heavy equipment prior to planting sorghum-Sudan grass forage during the de-watered phase of the culture cycle. Five non-renovated ponds served as a control. The mean total length (TL) of the crayfish harvested from renovated ponds was significantly larger than those crayfish harvested from non-renovated ponds. The renovated pond harvest contained an estimated 43.2% carryover crayfish (>95 mm TL) in comparison to 7.6% in the harvest from non-renovated ponds. By weight, carryover crayfish constituted an estimated 69.3% of the harvest from renovated ponds, compared to 21.0% from non-renovated ponds. No difference was observed in the harvest between treatments; however, the low proportion of young-of-the-year crayfish in the renovated pond harvest may adversely impact future production.     

Effects of Harvest Period on the Production of White River Crayfish,Procambarus acutus acutus

Abstract

Crayfish harvest was initiated at a cool water temperature (15°C) and warm water temperature (20°C) from culture ponds (0.1 ha) with a resident population of white river crayfish, Procambarus acutus acutus.Crayfish were harvested for 24 days for a total of 1,977 trap-days/ha (March 9-May 12, 2000 from the cool-harvest treatment and May 5-June 15, 2000 from the warm-harvest treatment). The mean total length (TL) and production of harvested white river crayfish (WRC) was similar between treatments. The population structures of WRC from the cool and warm periods of harvest were substantially different; large WRC (≤100 mm TL) from the cool-harvest period were 3.1 times more abundant than large WRC during the warm-harvest period. A similar number of small WRC were harvested from the two treatments; however, those small WRC harvested during the warm period was significantly longer than the small WRC during the cool-harvest period. The estimated large WRC biomass contribution to the total harvest from the cool-harvest period was 37% in comparison to 15% during the warm-harvest period. The estimated dollar value of the production during the cool-harvest period was 40% more than that from the warm-harvest period.     

Estimation of the Dietary Lipid Requirement Level of the White Crayfish Procambarus acutus acutus

Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing graded levels of lipid (menhaden fish oil) were fed to juvenile white crayfish ( Procambarus acutus acutus ) over a 10 week period. A significant depression in weight gain was observed in crayfish fed diets containing 9% or more lipid. There were no significant differences in growth of crayfish fed diets containing 0 to 6% lipid. Whole-body percentages of lipid and dry matter decreased, and protein increased in crayfish fed high-lipid diets. Dietary lipid did not appear to influence survival or molting frequency. Whole-body lipids generally reflected dietary fatty acid composition.     

Acute Toxicity of 5% Non-Synergized Emulsifiable Rotenone to White River Crayfish Procambarus acutus acutus and White Perch Morone americana

Annual drawdown of crayfish culture ponds to plant forage crops also serves to eradicate most predaceous finfish. Without annual drawdown predaceous fish populations may reach numbers that can significantly reduce the crayfish crop. Frequent drawdown may not be feasible or desirable in some management schemes. Evidence in the literature suggests that differential toxicity of rotenone would allow removal of fish without harming crayfish in the same pond. In the current study, laboratory and in situ acute toxicity bioassays (96 h) were conducted with 5% non-synergized emulsifiable rotenone to define the maximum non-lethal concentration (LC₁₀₀) for white river crayfish Procambarus acutus acutus and the minimum lethal concentration (LC₁₀₀) for white perch Morone americana . Six concentration levels of rotenone formulation were tested in each of six toxicity trials with crayfish using dechlorinated tap water at 21–25 C. LC₀ (compensated for control mortality) was determined to be 3.0 mg/L. Significant crayfish mortality began at 4.0 mg/L. Acute toxicity to white perch was anticipated to be within recommended concentration levels on product label for similar fish, and was corroborated by laboratory bioassay (LC₁₀₀ of 0.15 mg/L). Both species were then tested together in laboratory aquaria utilizing pond water at room temperature. Concentration levels of 0.05–2.5 mg/L killed all white perch with no crayfish mortality. In the final phase of the study a 1.0 mg/L concentration of rotenone was applied to a pond containing both species held in cages. All white perch were dead within 24 h; no crayfish mortality was observed for the 96-h duration of the trial. It may therefore be possible to use this rotenone formulation to control white perch and other finfish in active crayfish culture ponds.     

克氏原螯虾摄食节律的研究

研究了在<100 lx的弱光条件下雌、雄克氏原螯虾的摄食节律。克氏原螯虾具有明显的摄食节律(P<0.01),并且不受性别的影响(P>0.05)。克氏原螯虾在18:00-19:00时摄食量最高(P<0.05);其次为19:00-20:00和14:00-15:00时(P<0.05);克氏原螯虾在其他时段摄食较少。但克氏原螯虾摄食无明显的昼夜节律,与鱼类不同。这些研究结果将为克氏原螯虾的投喂管理、鱼虾混养和水质调控等提供定量依据。     

Effects of Density Reduction and Supplemental Feeding on Stunted Crayfish Procambarus clarkii Populations in Earthen Ponds1

Density reduction, supplemental feeding, and a combination of two treatments were evaluated as means to alleviate stunting of red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii in earthen ponds. Mean total yield of crayfish in low density control ponds averaged 1,218 kg/ha and was 1.5 to 2 times higher (P≤ 0.05) than either the high density control or treatment ponds. Mean individual harvest weight of crayfish averaged 15.1 g and did not differ among treatments. Mean total yield of crayfish in ponds receiving supplemental feed was 32% higher than non-fed ponds (P≤ 0.05). Mean total yield and size of crayfish at harvest from reduced and non-reduced treatments did not differ. Density reduction and supplemental feeding implemented in early April did not increase individual crayfish weight to the commercially desirable size of 20 g.     

盐度对克氏原螯虾孵化率的影响

研究了不同盐度对克氏原螯虾受精卵孵化的影响.水温25 ℃条件下,盐度0～8时克氏原螯虾的受精卵均可孵出幼体.但以盐度0～4时孵化率较高,每个亲体平均孵出的幼体数量较多,高出此盐度范围时孵化率明显降低,且随着盐度升高,孵化时间延长.试验表明,0～4的盐度为克氏原螯虾孵化的适宜盐度,孵化率较高,孵化时间较短.     

配合饲料和鱼肉“间隔—轮转”投喂对克氏原螯虾生长的影响

为研究克氏原螯虾在投喂配合饲料、鱼肉丸两种饲料之间切换时的摄食效果,设置两种饲料间隔一周投喂的轮转组,并设置2个投喂单一饵料的对照组,同步投喂减半后的两种饲料的选择组。试验共进行6个周期,计42d。试验结果表明,轮转组在偶数周期21d鱼肉丸的整体日均总摄食量极显著大于同期鱼肉丸对照组的摄食量(P0.01),轮转组绝对体质量增长量显著大于鱼肉丸组绝对体质量增长量(P0.05)。轮转组不同饲料间轮转投喂初期摄食量最大,3d后逐渐降至正常水平。配合饲料和鱼肉丸组试验获得的饵料系数推算选择组、轮转组质量理论增加值分别为(0.85±0.13)g、(0.79±0.15)g,与质量实际增加值(1.27±0.73)g、(1.35±0.75)g相比较差异性极显著(P0.01),即两组效果好于单一投喂,且轮转的投喂方式效果最好。结合已有对其他动物研究的成果,初步推定轮转投喂促进克氏原螯虾摄食量可能与不断满足其欲求行为有关。体质量的增加可能与多样化饲料满足了克氏原螯虾的营养平衡需求有关。本试验旨在为克氏原螯虾的轮转投喂模式提供了理论依据,也为"动物食性转换"的行为学研究积累资料。     

蛋白质水平及能量蛋白比对克氏原螯虾生长与蛋白酶活力的影响

用3种不同蛋白质水平及能量蛋白比(E/P)水平饲料投喂克氏原螯虾,分析比较不同饲料对克氏原螯虾生长及蛋白酶活力的影响.试验结果表明,当饲料蛋白质水平为31.86%、E/P为35.85 kJ/g时,克氏原螯虾生长最快.随着饲料蛋白质含的上升, 克氏原螯虾肠蛋白酶活力无显著变化(P＞0.05),肝胰脏、胃蛋白酶活力显著增强(P＜0.05);饲料E/P水平未引起胃、肠、肝胰脏蛋白酶活力的显著变化(P＞0.05),当饲料蛋白质水平为31.47%、E/P为40.42 kJ/g时,克氏原螯虾蛋白酶活力最高.     

温度、pH对克氏原螯虾血清酚氧化酶活力及稳定性的影响

以克氏原螯虾(Procam barus clarkii)为材料,研究温度、pH对其血清酚氧化酶活力及稳定性的影响。实验以L-dopa为反应底物,在试验设计的温度范围(20,30,40,50,60,70℃)内,测得酚氧化酶活力的最适温度为20℃,随温度升高酶活力迅速下降,该酶在20~40℃范围内表现出较高的热稳定性,而30℃时最稳定;该酶的最适pH 7.0,在pH 6.0和7.0的缓冲系统中表现出较强的稳定性。     

克氏原螯虾人工育苗技术初步研究

采用大棚土池人工育苗技术,进行了克氏原螯虾的亲虾培育和人工育苗试验,育苗池总面积为2744 m2.2007年9月份共收捕亲虾1 368 kg(其中雄虾342 kg、雌虾1 026 kg),规格25～40 g.设置了两种亲虾投放密度(分别为10尾/m2和20尾/m2),雌、雄性比均为3:1.试验结果:从9月份亲虾培育管理起到翌年3月份出苗,亲虾死亡率为58.6%;共计出苗50余万尾,平均单位产苗量为203尾/m2.高密度亲虾组的虾苗数量并未相应增加.     

Evaluation of Naturally-Occurring Organisms as Food for Juvenile Crayfish Procambarus clarkii1

Nutritionally important food items for crayfish have been difficult to identify and little information exists for third instar (first-feeding) crayfish. In this study, three major groups of potentially-important foods were fed to communally-reared third instar crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) and weight gain and survival were measured over a 30 day period. Mean weight gain (% increase) of crayfish fed the zooplankton Daphnia magna alone or in combination with other food items, ranged 2, 277–3, 239%, while mean weight gain of crayfish fed unidentified aquatic bacteria, the aquatic macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatus, combinations of bacteria and plant, or a negative control ranged 254–767%. No significant interaction of food items was detected. Bacteria appear to be a utilizable nutritional source for juvenile crayfish, but, using the methods employed in this study, do not support maximum rates of weight gain. Thus, pond management strategies that maximize zooplankton populations at the time of crayfish hatching might be beneficial.     

Observations on the Frequency of Claw Loss in the Crayfish Procambarus charkii

Abstract— The incidence of claw loss in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii was surveyed in two ponds. Pond 1 contained rice forage, and crayfish were trapped and removed three times per week. Pond C48 contained no supplemental forage, and no trapping occurred in the pond. In March claw loss in both ponds was similar with 87–91% of the population having both claws intact. Males and females showed no difference in the incidence of claw loss in either ponds. By May the abundant rice forage present in pond 1 during March had been depleted; however, the physical appearance of pond C48 changed little. In May claw loss was greater in pond 1 than pond C48; both males and females in pond 1 had a higher incidence of claw loss (increasing from 13% to 37%) than those in pond C48 (increasing from 9% to 17%). Claw loss in pond C48 males did not increase significantly; however, female claw loss increased approximately two-fold. In May hepatopancreas water content was significantly higher for crayfish from pond 1 when compared to pond C48, suggesting lower energy reserves. During times of environmental stress, such as decreased food availability, decreased structure, low oxygen or temperature extremes, regeneration may influence energy allocation to growth and possibly reproduction, especially if energy reserves are low. Thus, information on the incidence of claw loss and energy reserves in crayfish exposed to different pond conditions may be useful in the design of management strategies.     

盐度对克氏原螯虾幼虾耗氧率和排氨率的影响

研究了不同盐度对克氏原螯虾幼虾耗氧率和排氨率的影响.试验用虾体长(3.13±0.30) cm,体质量(1.82±0.21) g.25 ℃条件下,试验设置盐度0、2、4、6、8、10、12七个梯度.结果表明,试验范围内,盐度为2时,克氏原螯虾幼虾的耗氧率与排氨率最低,表明幼虾对盐度调节的等渗点约为2.随着盐度升高,幼虾的耗氧率和排氨率上升,Tukey HSD test发现,对照组、2、4、6盐度组的耗氧率、排氨率差异不明显.盐度超过0～6时,幼虾的耗氧率、排氨率影响与对照组相比差异显著.     

淡水小龙虾稻田高效生态养殖技术

选择土壤肥沃、保水性能好、阳光充足、水源水质无污染、进排水方便、旱涝保收的稻田,经适当改造后采用科学方法养殖淡水小龙虾,可以在降低水稻种植成本和小龙虾养殖成本的同时,保证水稻和小龙虾的产量,提高稻米和小龙虾产品的质量,亩鲀收入达到4000元以上.     

小龙虾池套养细鳞斜颌鲴试验

小龙虾养殖池套养细鳞斜颌鲴,在基本上不增加投入、不改变小龙虾原养殖计划、亩产最和品质的情况下,亩产细鳞斜颌鲴103 kg,每亩新增利润1515元.试验结果表明,细鳞斜颌鲴所特有的食性决定了它对其它养殖品种的生长不仅没有影响,而且具有明显的协同促进作用.     

克氏原螯虾人工诱导繁殖研究初报

分别以福尔马林、高锰酸钾、食盐、聚维酮碘和溴氯海因等5种常用的水产药物对克氏原螯虾亲虾进行消毒试验,测定亲虾的成活率.试验结果表明.用这5种药物对克氏原螫虾亲虾浸泡消毒后,亲虾的成活率分别为55%、70%、35%、40%和45%.由此可以看出,采用高锰酸钾消毒可较好地提高克氏原螯虾亲虾的成活率.再采用盐水诱导、雌虾去单侧眼柄诱导和盐水刺激+雌虾去眼柄双重诱导等三种方式对克氏原螯虾亲虾进行人工诱导,促进其性腺发育,以探讨不同人工诱导方式对克氏原螯虾亲虾抱卵率的影响.试验结果显示,采用这三种诱导方式,亲虾的抱卵率分别比对照组提高了20%、31%和39%.采用双重诱导方式的平均产卵率要高于单因子诱导方式,其诱导效果明显.     

光照度、去单侧眼柄、盐度对克氏原螯虾繁殖效果的影响

选择光照度＜100 lx、去单侧眼柄、盐度8的盐水3个诱导因素随机组合为7种诱导方式,诱导克氏原螯虾繁殖。60 d试验表明,7组诱导组及1组对照组试验亲虾的成活率差异不显著（ P＞0．05）;光照度＜100 lx组、去单侧眼柄组及光照度＜100 lx＋去单侧眼柄组3组诱导方式亲虾的产卵时间与抱卵率差异皆不显著（P＞0．05）,但显著高于其他4组诱导方式及对照组（P＜0．05）,其中光照度＜100 lx组、去单侧眼柄组及光照度＜100 lx＋去单侧眼柄组3组的产卵时间较对照组提前15～18 d ,平均抱卵率分别为对照组的2．5倍、2．75倍和2倍。