1日龄火鸡新城疫La Sota苗与灭活苗联合接种后的免疫应签

火鸡１日龄时用新城疫Ｌａ Ｓｏｔａ苗与油乳剂灭活苗联合免疫后，在７、１４、２１、３５日龄及攻毒后，检测了火鸡免疫器官组织法氏囊、胸腺、脾脏、盲肠扁桃体、哈德尔腺中浆细胞、ＴＡＮＡＥ＾＋数量变化。结果表明：免疫火鸡法氏囊、脾脏、盲肠扁桃体、哈德尔腺的浆细胞明显增多，机体体液免疫应签显著增强；胸腺、脾脏、盲肠扁桃体、哈德尔腺中ＴＡＮＡＥ＾＋也程度不同地增多，细胞免疫应答也明显增强，免疫后６０ｄ，用新城     

感染IBDV雏鸡免疫器官对颗粒抗原的免疫应答

对１日龄感染和未感染传染性法氏囊病毒雏鸡接种小鼠红细胞后，免疫中枢器官（法氏囊、胸腺），外周免疫器官（脾脏），以及消化道和呼吸道相关的局部免疫组织（盲肠扁桃体、哈德尔腺）中浆细胞、ＡＮＡＥ＾＋Ｔ细胞、淋巴细胞数的变化及其分布进行了检测。结果表明：１日龄雏鸡感染传染性法氏囊病毒后，其免疫器官组织对小鼠体液免疫和细胞免疫应答均明显降低。     

雏鸡MD三价疫苗及HVT疫苗免疫后免疫器官组织的免疫学变化

对探讨ＭＤ疫苗免疫后器官组织的免疫学变化，采用ＭＤ三价疫苗和ＨＶＴ疫苗免疫１日龄雏鸡后，观察中枢和外围免疫器官以及消化道，呼吸道相关局部免疫组织的免疫学变化。结果ＭＤ两种疫苗免疫后，胸腺，法氏囊，脾脏和盲肠扁桃体，肺支气管粘膜焉淋巴组织及哈尔腺中ＴＡＭＡＥ＋细胞，ＴＡＣＰ＋细胞，浆细胞和淋巴细胞明显增多，表明ＭＤ疫苗免疫应签明显增强，其中ＭＤ三价苗较ＨＶＴ疫苗更明显。     

感染CIAV雏鸡免疫器官对ND疫苗的细胞免疫应答

对１日龄感染ＣＩＡＶ雏鸡接种ＮＤ疫苗后，其免疫器官组织Ｔ细胞数量的动态变化进行研究．结果，感染ＣＩＡＶ雏鸡ＮＤ疫苗免疫局，其胸腺和脾脏以及盲肠扁桃体和哈德尔腺的Ｔ细胞数量，于接种ＮＤ疫苗后较未感染ＣＩＡＶ免疫对照雏鸡明显减少，表明感染雏鸡的中枢和外周免疫器官及局部免疫组织对ＮＤ疫苗的细胞免疫应答功能明显降低．ＮＤ强毒攻击后，感染免疫鸡的免疫保护率明显低于未感染免疫对照鸡．     

MD三价苗和HVT疫苗免疫鸡的免疫保护机理

本试验分别用MD三价苗和HVT苗免疫AA雏鸡,免疫后15天用MD强毒(vMDV)攻击,检测其免疫保护率及免疫器官组织的免疫应答变化。结果表明,MD三价苗、HVT苗免疫雏鸡vMDV攻毒后的免疫保护率分别为73.3%和56.7%,其免疫器官(胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏)以及局部免疫组织(盲肠扁桃体、肺支气管粘膜下淋巴细胞组织、哈德尔腺)中的T_(ANAE~+)、TA_(cp~+)、浆细胞和淋巴细胞数量明显高于未免疫攻毒鸡;其中MD三价苗的免疫应答水平明显高于HVT苗,表明不同MD疫苗的免疫保护力与免疫器官的免疫应答水平密切相关。     

感染CIAV雏鸡岛免疫器官对ND疫苗的细胞免疫应答

对１日龄感染ＣＩＡＶ雏鸡接种ＮＤ疫苗后，其免疫器官组织Ｔ细胞数量的动态变化研究，结果，感染ＣＩＡＶ雏鸡ＮＤ疫苗免疫后，其胸腺和脾脏以及盲肠桃体和哈德尔腺的Ｔ细胞数量，于接种ＮＤ疫苗后较未感染ＣＩＡＶ免疫对照雏鸡明显减少，表明感染雏鸡的中枢和外周免疫器官及局部免疫组织对ＮＤ疫苗的细胞免疫应答功能降低，ＮＤ强毒攻击后，感染免疫鸡的免疫保护率明显低于未感染免疫对照鸡。     

马立克氏病疫苗免疫后鸡免疫器官组织抗体生成细胞的变化

本实验分别用马立克氏病（ＭＤ）三价苗和ＨＶＴ疫苗肌肉注射免疫１日龄雏鸡，在１０、２０、４０、６０和９０日龄以兔抗鸡ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＡ重链抗血清为一抗，用彩色免疫金银染色法检测法氏囊、脾脏、盲肠扁桃体和哈德尔腺的ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＡ抗体生成细胞的动态变化。结果发现：雏鸡ＭＤ疫苗免疫后，法氏囊和脾脏的ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＡ抗体生成细胞较对照鸡显著增多，盲肠扁桃体以ＩｇＡ抗体生成细胞为主、哈德尔腺以ＩｇＧ抗体生成细胞居多的三种抗体生成细胞数量均明显升高；三价苗免疫鸡的抗体生成细胞显著多于ＨＶＴ疫苗免疫鸡。说明ＭＤ疫苗免疫鸡全身免疫器官、呼吸道和消化道相关局部免疫组织的体液免疫反应显著增强，三价苗免疫鸡的体液免疫应答水平明显高于ＨＶＴ疫苗免疫鸡。     

MD疫苗免疫雏鸡vMDV攻击后免疫器官组织抗体生成细胞的变化

本实验用马立克氏病（ＭＤ）三价疫苗（ＳＢ－１＋８１４＋ＨＶＴ）和火鸡疱疹病毒（ＨＶＴ）疫苗分别肌肉注射免疫１日龄ＡＡ肉鸡,１５日龄腹腔注射ＭＤ强毒（ｖＭＤＶ）,攻毒后５,２５,４５和７５ｄ,以彩色免疫金银染色法检测实验雏鸡法氏囊,脾脏,盲肠扁桃体和哈德尔腺的ＩｇＧ,ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＡ抗体生成细胞的动态变化,结果发现;ＭＤ强毒攻击后,免疫雏鸡法氏囊和脾脏中ＩｇＧ,ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＡ抗体生成细胞较对照攻毒雏鸡     

感染IBDV雏鸡免疫器官组织中抗体生长细胞的变化

无ＩＢＤＶ母源抗体的１日龄健康滨白公雏接种ＩＢＤＶ后，于不同时期检查其法氏囊，胸腺，脾脏，盲肠扁桃体及哈德尔腺中ＩｇＧ，ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＡ生成细胞的数量。结果表明，１日龄ＩＢＤＶ感染全身及局部免疫器官组织中三种抗体生成细胞的数量均明显低于健康对照鸡，呈现体液免疫抑制。     

鸡马立克氏病疫苗免疫的保护机理

实验用ＭＤ三价疫苗和ＨＶＴ疫苗分别接种１日龄雏鸡，以未接种雏鸡为对照，１５日龄用ＭＤ强毒攻击，攻毒后５、２５、４５、７５日检测其免疫保护指数，脾脏、Ｔ细胞ＩＬ－２诱生活性、ＩＬ－２Ｒ表达及增殖功能、胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏、盲肠扁桃体、哈德尔腺、支气管粘膜淋巴组织中Ｔ细胞和抗体生成细胞数量，外周血液中Ｔ细胞数量及ＩｇＧ，ＩｇＭ，ＩｇＡ含量，泪液、气管液、肠液、胆汁中ＩｇＡ，ＩｇＧ，ＩｇＭ含量的动态变化。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein