神农架齐口裂腹鱼繁殖生物学特征与人工繁殖技术

2010—2013年,对神农架林区玉泉河、长坊河的齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)的生物学进行了调查,并对其人工繁殖技术进行了多次尝试。对166尾野生齐口裂腹鱼样本的生物学研究表明:神农架齐口裂腹鱼在自然环境中生长缓慢;雌雄性比为1.79∶1;卵径在2.05~3.13 mm之间,平均值为(2.68±0.448)mm;Ⅳ期卵巢成熟系数4.90%~19.44%,平均(11.12±5.07)%;绝对繁殖力在1 316~11 070粒之间,平均(4 259±2886)粒,相对繁殖力为(12.83±5.67)粒/g。流水池塘培育齐口裂腹鱼,运用雌鱼尾柄粗糙程度判断雌鱼成熟度,选择成熟度好的雌雄亲鱼,用LHRH-A2和鲤脑垂体人工催产,有效催产剂量为LHRH-A2(30~40)μg/kg+鲤鱼脑垂体(2.5~3.0)mg/kg;单用LHRH-A2为60μg/kg。适时人工授精,受精卵在孵化箱内孵化。2010~2013年,共计催产18批次,结果为:催产率89.12%,受精率90.11%,孵化率88.32%。     

细鳞裂腹鱼人工繁殖研究

2005～2006年,分别用4种不同的催产剂组合对经人工驯养的180余尾性成熟的野生细鳞裂腹鱼(Schizo-thoraxchongi)进行了人工催产,共获得受精卵50余万粒,孵化出仔鱼9万余尾。催产效果较好的催产剂组合为:鲤鱼脑垂体(PG)与人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)联合二次注射,第一次注射剂量为(5 mg+600 IU)/kg鱼体重,第二次注射剂量为(12 mg+1000 IU)/kg鱼体重,在水温13～18℃效应时间为85～98 h。     

异齿裂腹鱼人工规模化繁殖技术研究

2010年4～6月,对野生异齿裂腹鱼(Schizothorax o' connori)人工规模化繁殖技术进行研究,并初步进行产后亲鱼恢复培养技术研究.对108尾雌鱼进行干法人工授精,共采卵104万多粒,孵出仔鱼62万多尾.其中45尾雌亲鱼自然成熟,共采卵46.8万多粒,平均受精率和孵化率低于人工催产雌鱼卵.人工催产83...     

短须裂腹鱼人工繁殖初探

对内塘驯养4年达到性成熟的5龄短须裂腹鱼,首次开展人工繁殖试验。催产2组,1组顺利排卵,获人工授精卵14 950粒,受精率达77.1%。在水温为11~16℃条件下,经过158 h人工孵化出膜,出膜时间持续48 h;获鱼苗7 508尾,孵化率为65.1%。     

短须裂腹鱼人工繁殖初探

对内塘驯养4年达到性成熟的5龄短须裂腹鱼,首次开展人工繁殖试验.催产2组,1组顺利排卵,获人工授精卵14 950粒,受精率达77.1%.在水温为11～16 ℃条件下,经过158 h人工孵化出膜,出膜时间持续48 h;获鱼苗7 508尾,孵化率为65.1%.     

大鳞鲃亲鱼培育及人工繁殖技术

邯郸市曲周东湖水产良种养殖场从黑龙江引进大鳞鲃(Barbus capito)后备亲鱼768尾,尾重1.8kg。经过3年的人工培育,亲鱼性腺已发育成熟,2015年筛选12条亲鱼进行人工繁殖试验,催产雌鱼5条,尾重3.9~4.1kg,雄鱼7条,尾重2.41kg。人工催产获得受精卵112万粒,受精率达67%,表明大鳞鲃亲鱼的培育已在当地获得成功。     

湘华鲮引种驯养及繁育技术研究

2007～2009年,从沅江、资江采用三种不同捕捞方法,共获得野生湘华鲮Sinilabeo decorus tungting (Nichols) 252尾,分别在三种不同水域中进行驯养,结果成活率为,池塘驯养27%,水泥池水流驯养78.8%,江河网箱驯养77.5%,三种不同捕捞方法驯养成活率分别是,电捕93.8%,刺网捕60.8%,电打+鹭鸶捕42.6%。人工繁殖所获亲鱼,在18批次催产中有16批次为野生亲本,2批次为人工驯养亲本。18批次共催产亲鱼37尾,有19尾产卵,催产率为51.4%,其中人工驯养鱼催产5尾,产4尾,催产率为80%,催产共计产卵35.6万粒,受精率在51%～88%,孵化出苗17.68万尾。在四种催产药物中,通过多种组合试验,结果为（LRH-A2 (5 μg/kg)+HCG (1000 IU/kg)+PG (1.5个/kg)）、（LRH-A2 (5 μg/kg)+HCG (1000 IU/kg)）和（LRH-A2 (6 μg/kg)+HCG (800 IU/kg) + DOM (3 μg/kg)）3种药物组合效果较好。苗种培育,经三种不同培育模式试验,其水泥池成活率为25.8%,江河网箱68.4%,土池21.7%;起水均重为,池塘7.8g/尾,江河网箱5.1g/尾,水泥池6.0g/尾,各池湘华鲮苗种起水总重量,水泥池1550g,江河网箱3500g,池塘1700g。     

天津地区台湾泥鳅人工繁殖

于2017年4月底至6月初,进行台湾泥鳅的人工繁殖。亲鱼为天津鸿腾水产科技发展有限公司于2014年春天从我国台湾省引进。共选用台湾泥鳅约2 500kg,其中雌鱼约1 800kg;雄鱼约700kg,雌雄比例约为2.5∶1,雌鱼、雄鱼平均体重分别为121.88g、126.98g。雄亲鱼平均"胸鳍长/体长比"为15.71%,显著大于雌亲鱼的10.08%(P<0.001),并且雌、雄鱼之间数据不重叠。雌鱼背部肌肉注射绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)加鲫鱼脑垂体催产,雄鱼不使用催产素。人工授精后,将受精卵均匀地洒在孵化池内的网框上进行孵化,孵化水温18.5~22.5℃,受精约48~52h后破膜孵化。雌鱼每尾产卵量28.7g,平均每克卵数2 061粒,受精率82.98%,平均孵化率97.4%。2017年获得水花约7亿尾。     

昆明裂腹鱼繁殖生物学研究

研究昆明裂腹鱼繁殖生物学周年变化,为开展昆明裂腹鱼人工繁殖、养殖以及对自然水域鱼类资源的增殖和保护提供理论基础。2014年7月-2015年5月,每月定期采集雌、雄昆明裂腹鱼各10尾。样品鱼为2008年子一代,均为6龄。雌鱼体长26~48 cm,体重380~1 600 g;雄鱼体长29~46 cm,体重425~1 250 g。结果显示:昆明裂腹鱼成熟系数雌鱼为(7.07±0.04)%,雄鱼为(3.72±0.01)%;属一次性产卵类型,繁殖期为2-4月,盛期为3-4月;Ⅳ期卵巢卵径1.6~1.8 mm占35%。绝对繁殖力为(9263±5241)粒,与体长呈曲线相关(F=2E-11L7.427,R2=0.912),与体重呈线性相关(F=0.017W-10.19,R2=0.958);相对繁殖力为(9.5±3.9)粒/g,与体长、体重均呈曲线正相关(Fw=0.05e0.156L、R2=0.846,Fw=14.37ln W-90.57、R2=0.871)。     

齐口裂腹鱼的人工繁殖与苗种培育

流水培育齐口裂腹鱼,选择3龄以上雌雄亲鱼各60尾,使用绒毛膜促性腺激素、促黄体素释放激素A2和地欧酮3种药物混合对雌鱼进行注射催产,催产率为85%,受精率为79%,适宜催产的水温为9～16℃;在14～16℃的水温条件下,受精卵在202h内全部出膜,孵出仔鱼约61万尾,孵化率为80%。对孵出的61万尾仔鱼进行了逾90d的培养,共计出塘45万尾,成活率约为74%。试验结果表明,人工培育的齐口裂腹鱼亲鱼性腺能够发育成熟,经催产能成功繁殖。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.