高诱1号及改良系对热带玉米种质的单倍体诱导研究

以高诱1号及8份改良系作父本诱导6份热带玉米材料,考察诱导率及Navajo鉴定准确率,探讨高诱1号及8份改良系在热带玉米种质中的应用潜力。结果表明,高诱1号对热带玉米种质的诱导率为0.29%~2.74%,平均1.66%;Navajo鉴定准确率11.11%~100%,平均40.57%。8个改良系的平均诱导率1.80%~4.64%,平均Navajo鉴定准确率31.3%~53.6%。4个改良系在某些性状上优于高诱1号,诱导率提高2~3倍,子粒鉴定更准确,植株更高、雄花更发达等农艺性状的改善更利于在热带种质的育种应用。     

玉米高频率单倍生殖诱导系吉高诱系3号的选育

对单倍体诱导系Stock6进行改良,从Stock6与M278的杂交后代中连续6代测交和选择,育成了高频率单倍体诱导系吉高诱系3号。通过对20个不同基因型材料的单倍体诱导结果表明,单倍体诱导率介于5.50%～15.94%,平均单倍体诱导率为10.40%,是Stock6的10倍;子粒Navajo标记性状明显、稳定,花粉量大、结实性好、抗病性强,是优良的单倍体诱导系。     

玉米单倍体诱导系JS9诱导率研究

以玉米单倍体诱导系JS9为父本,以外引材料Stock6和CAUHO1作为对照,对不同基础材料进行诱导,并对不同授粉时间对基础材料诱导率的影响进行研究。结果表明,JS9对自交系及杂交种均可诱导并产生单倍体。对自交系的诱导结果表明,JS9的诱导率(8.54%)高于CAUHO1(3.03%)和Stock6(1.12%);在对杂交种的诱导中,JS9的诱导率最高(7.91%),CAUHO1次之(2.87%),Stock6最低(1.30%)。针对不同的基础材料,JS9的诱导率存在差异,自交系中,Reid、No Reid等材料诱导率高;杂交种中,Reid×DOM、No Reid×DOM杂优模式诱导率最高。     

玉米单倍体诱导系对不同母本资源诱导效果的比较

以农大高诱1号、农大高诱5号、MT1号和MT2号为诱导系,对不同母本资源进行诱导,比较其诱导效果。结果表明,4个诱导系的单倍体诱导率存在显著差异,农大高诱5号平均诱导率为9.76%,显著高于农大高诱1号、MT2号和MT1号。在4个诱导系诱导下,兰卡斯特所得到的平均诱导率最高,为7.04%,与瑞德、旅系之间差异不显著,显著高于塘四平头和热带种质。     

辽诱系列玉米单倍体诱导系的选育

采用多个测验种逐代跟踪测定诱导率的方法,利用俄罗斯引进的单倍体诱导系资源,经过5年7代选育出辽诱系列玉米单倍体诱导系辽诱1号、辽诱2号、辽诱3号和辽诱4号。对22个品种的诱导效果试验表明,辽诱1号、辽诱2号、辽诱3号和辽诱4号的综合诱导率分别为6.85%、7.53%、6.66%和6.03%,比对照高诱五号分别高出0.6倍、0.8倍、0.6倍和0.4倍。诱导基因检测结果表明,辽诱系列诱导系具有诱导率高、花粉量大、抗病、抗倒、易繁殖等优良特性,且存在和高诱五号共同的诱导基因GRMZM2G471240,是开展玉米单倍体育种的理想诱导系。     

几个不同来源玉米单倍体诱导系诱导效果的研究

研究5个不同来源的玉米单倍体诱导系(高诱1号、高诱2号、Y01、Y02、Y04)对不同遗传基础材料单倍体诱导能力的差异。结果表明,5个诱导系中单倍体诱导率最高的是Y04,达到8.90%;最低的是高诱2号,为6.16%。同一诱导系对不同遗传基础材料的诱导率也不同,一般瑞德血缘的诱导率较高,5个诱导系平均达到了8.54%;兰卡斯特血缘的诱导率最低,平均为6.38%。     

两个单倍体诱导系对玉米不同材料诱导效果的研究

利用两个单倍体诱导系高诱一号和MT诱导系-2对不同基础材料进行单倍体诱导。结果表明,高诱一号和MT诱导系对不同基础材料均可诱导产生单倍体,平均诱导率分别为2.25%和4.44%,这两个诱导系对所选定的基础材料间诱导率都没有显著的差异。通过浸种法加倍,有助于提高单倍体的鉴别效率。     

不同基因型玉米不同播期单倍体诱导效果初步研究

利用Stock6和H02单倍体诱导系对不同基因型玉米、不同播期单倍体诱导效果进行了初步研究。结果表明：H02平均诱导率比Stock6高2.11%～2.17%;不同基因型玉米单倍体诱导率差异明显;夏播材料诱导率高于春播材料。     

Stock6杂交诱导不同热带硬粒基因型玉米研究

2009～2010年用Stock 6对符合广西玉米育种目标的20份热带硬粒基因型种质进行杂交诱导研究。结果表明,20份不同热带硬粒基因型玉米材料均受Stock 6孤雌生殖诱导产生单倍体,诱导率为0.84%～7.10%,平均为2.84%;其中,5份种质受Stock 6孤雌生殖诱导的单倍体频率较高,且子粒R-navajo标记表达较强,不仅可用于热带硬粒基因型玉米DH系的培育,也可作为热带诱导系创制的基础材料。     

5类玉米种质资源在两个不同生态区域诱导率分析

引用农大高诱1号、农大高诱5号、吉诱6278-2号为诱导系,对5类母本种质资源在长春和海南三亚两个不同生态区域内进行诱导,分析诱导率。结果表明,在两个不同生态区域,5类母本种质资源单倍体平均诱导率从大到小依次为兰卡斯特、瑞德、旅大红骨、塘四平头、温热I。5类母本种质资源单倍体平均诱导率在海南三亚最高,达6.42%,极显著(P0.01)高于长春(4.78%),旅大红骨与温热I在海南三亚的平均诱导率接近长春的两倍。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.