区域水资源承载力的研究进展

概述了区域水资源承载力的研究现状、概念、研究方法、评价指标、度量。强调了系统研究区域水资源承载力的重要现实意义,指出了区域水资源承载力研究中存在的不足,以及有待进一步研究的问题,为区域水资源承载力的进一步的研究提供参考。     

流域生态需水量的研究进展

对生态需水量研究进行了综述,阐明了生态需水量研究的意义,并对生态需水量研究的国内外现状进行了综合评述,在此基础上,指出今后生态需水量的研究方向。     

黄河三角洲湿地生态系统保育及恢复技术研究展望

针对黄河三角洲湿地现状,论述了开展湿地研究的重要意义,总结了国外湿地研究动态和我国湿地研究的进展,指出了在黄河三角洲湿地开展研究的主要方向、操作步骤和要达到的技术目的,为今后对黄河三角洲进行湿地生态系统保育及恢复技术研究提供了重要参考。     

虚拟土的基本理论问题研究

虚拟土研究具有重要的理论意义和实际价值,它为合理调整粮食种植结构与贸易政策、优化农业结构、推进生态环境建设和深化农用地价值研究等提供了全新的视角。我国学术界关于虚拟土的研究相对较少,且仅仅处于起步阶段。该研究对虚拟土的基本理论问题进行了探索,主要包括:厘定了虚拟土的命名、内涵与特点,分析了虚拟土的研究意义、理论基础和研究方法,探索了虚拟土的研究内容,并对虚拟土的测度方法进行了改进。     

东北黑土区土壤退化及水土流失研究现状

东北黑土区严重的水土流失破坏了宝贵的黑土资源,危及当地群众的生产生活条件,恶化了生态环境,制约了当地经济社会的可持续发展,对我国的粮食安全构成了严重威胁。当前黑土区土壤退化及水土流失研究的领域主要集中在:现状研究、影响因素研究以及土壤侵蚀研究。在概述当前黑土区土壤退化及水土流失研究概况的基础上,指出应该加强研究的领域在于综合性的水土流失研究,融雪侵蚀模拟,先进的土壤侵蚀预报模型应用等方面。     

景观生态学原理在土壤学中的应用

从研究的背景、本质及内容来看 ,现代土壤学有着鲜明的景观生态学内涵 ,研究离不开景观生态学观点的指导。土壤研究的尺度、土壤性质的时空异质性及过程的动态性决定着在大尺度上土壤学研究必须采用景观生态学的观点 ,这也是土壤学发展的一个必然趋势。土壤学汇集了众多学科的前沿研究方法 ,而景观生态学在理论上为土壤学研究拓展了更大的空间。作为学科交叉及研究动态 ,文章给出了景观生态学和土壤学研究相关联的许多热点研究动态 ,同时讨论了土地利用、土壤侵蚀、土壤面源污染等研究的景观生态学本质 ,从理论与实践上指出了景观生态学原理对土壤学研究的意义。     

水土流失对水环境影响研究进展

本文在系统整理有关文献的基础上,全面总结了水土流失对水环境影响研究和水土流失对水环境影响模型研究方面的最新进展,提出了研究中存在的问题,并展望了水土流失对水环境影响研究的进一步发展方向。     

区域水土流失研究的科学体系

区域水土流失研究是土壤侵蚀水土保持学科的重要组成部分.在综述国内外研究的基础上,从研究对象、研究目标和主要研究内容等方面,对区域水土流失研究的学科体系进行了讨论.最后提出了区域水土流失研究的重点问题,包括:区域水土流失及动态分析与趋势预测,水土保持的区域环境效应研究,区域水土保持政策与决策,区域水土保持的基础信息设施研究等四个方面.     

中国农业科学院植物营养与肥料研究60年

中国农业科学院植物营养与肥料研究经历了60年的发展历程。按照研究的重点,可大致可分为四个阶段,第一阶段为1980年之前的单一肥料肥效研究阶段,该阶段主要研究单一养分的肥料效应,为我国化学肥料工业发展提供了依据;第二个阶段是1980年至1990年,该阶段主要研究了氮磷钾营养元素的配合肥效与主要配合方式,为我国复合肥料的引进和发展提供了理论基础;第三阶段是1990年至2000年,该阶段主要进行平衡施肥技术研究,同时研究了中微量元素的肥料效应;2000年以后是第四阶段,该阶段可称为养分综合管理阶段,该阶段重点研究了精准施肥技术、测土配方施肥支撑技术、施肥与环境、新型肥料及节肥增效关键技术等,这些研究为保证我国粮食安全作出了重大贡献。     

土壤多样性研究进展

土壤多样性研究是土壤学、土壤地理学与生态学相结合的一个新领域,它吸收了生物多样性的研究方法。本文在总结当前国内外相关研究的基础上,阐述了土壤多样性的概念,并对土壤多样性的相关研究方法,如生物多样性测度方法、多度分布模型方法及种—面积关系法、嵌套子集方法和分形理论方法等的应用实践进行了归纳。最后介绍了我国当前土壤多样性的研究现状,指出土地利用变化的研究为土壤多样性驱动因子的研究开辟新的路径。     

“摩尔”教学的几点体会

介绍了一种如何在初中化学知识的基础上导入摩尔概念的新颖教学法,展示了这种方法的良好效果。     

Sorption-desorption of "aged" sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides in soil

Sorption-desorption interactions of pesticides with soil determine the availability of pesticides in soil for transport, plant uptake, and microbial degradation. These interactions are affected by the physical and chemical properties of the pesticide and soil, and for some pesticides, their residence time in the soil. The objective of this study was to characterize sorption-desorption of two sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides incubated in soils at different soil moisture potentials. The chemicals were incubated in clay loam and loamy sand soils for up to 12 wks at -33 kPa and at water contents equivalent to 50 and 75% of that at -33 kPa. Chemicals were extracted sequentially with 0.01 N CaCl(2) and aqueous acetonitrile, and sorption coefficients were calculated. Sufficient sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides remained (>40% of that applied) during incubation to allow calculation of sorption coefficients. Aging significantly increased sorption as indicated by increased sorption coefficients. For instance, for sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone remaining after a 12-wk incubation at -33 kPa, K(d) increased by a factor of 4.5 in the clay loam soils and by 6.6 in the loamy sand as compared to freshly treated soils. There was no effect of moisture potential on sorption K(d) values. These data show the importance of characterization of sorption-desorption in aged herbicide residues in soil, particularly in the case of prediction of herbicide transport in soil. In this case, potential transport of sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides would be over-predicted if freshly treated soil K(d) values were used to predict transport.     

生态冷漠症的“诊”与“治”

当今有一部分政府官员患有生态冷漠症,其表现有3种,即面对持续恶化的生态环境麻木不仁,生态建设取得一点成绩便盲目乐观,发生了生态安全问题就怨天尤人。医治生态冷漠症应重点抓好以下3个方面的工作:紧密结合工作实际,切实加强对广大干部的科学发展观教育;完善和推行绿色GDP核算标准,加强对各级政府及其官员的考核;制定和完善有关法律法规,加大对政府行为的约束力度。     

Antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activity in "early potatoes"

The antioxidant content and the antioxidant capacity of both hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant extracts from four "early potato" cultivars, grown in two different locations (Racale and Monteroni), were examined. There was a considerable variation in carotenoid content and weak differences in the ascorbic acid concentration of the examined cultivars of "early potato" and between the harvested locations. An increase in both methanol/water (8:2 v/v) and phosphate buffer soluble (PBS) free phenols (70%) and bound phenols (28%) in the extracts from the cultivars grown at Racale site was found and discussed. Examination of individual phenols revealed that chlorogenic acid and catechin were the major phenols present in potato tuber extracts; a moderate amount of caffeic acid and ferulic acid was also detected. The total equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) was higher in the Racale extracts and a highly positive linear relationship ( R (2) = 0.8193) between TEAC values and total phenolic content was observed. The oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) of methanol/water and PBS extracts of peel and whole potatoes against the reactive oxygen species (ROS) peroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, and hydroxyl radicals was also analyzed. A highly significant linear correlation ( R (2) = 0.9613) between total antioxidant capacity (as a sum of peroxyl radicals + peroxynitrite) and total phenol content of methanol/water extracts was established. Moreover, proliferation of human mammalian cancer (MCF-7) cells was significantly inhibited in a dose-dependent manner after exposure to potato extracts. These data can be useful for "early potato" tuber characterization and suggest that the "early potato" has a potential as a dietary source of antioxidants.     

韭园沟示范区“三项制度”实践的效果

韭园沟示范区项目实施运行实践证明,水土保持生态工程建设实行项目法人制是完全可行的,实行工程招标投标制的作用和效果非常明显,实行工程监理制作用也比较明显。但在目前的社会经济条件下,实行项目法人制和工程监理制在操作上还不够完善,而实行工程招标投标制还存在着制约因素。     

Polyphenols as chemotaxonomic markers in Italian "long-storage" tomato genotypes

"Long-storage" tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a niche product typical of the Mediterranean area, traditionally cultivated under no water supply, the fruits of which combine a good taste with excellent nutritional properties. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and electron spray-mass spectrometry (HPLC/DAD/ESI-MS) was used to identify the phenolic profile in 10 landraces of long-storage tomato, grown under a typical semiarid climate, as compared to a processing tomato hybrid cultivated in the same environment, under both well-irrigated and unirrigated conditions. Sixteen different secondary metabolites, belonging to the classes of cinnamoylquinic acids and flavonoids, were identified. Quantitative analyses were also performed to monitor the changes in the phenolic content along the batch. The results highlighted that landraces originating from the same area exhibit different fruit morphologies but own a similar biochemical profile. Moreover, the two controls (well irrigated and unirrigated) are placed into the same cluster, suggesting that these secondary metabolites in tomato fruits may be more genetics-dependent than environment-dependent. Given the analysis of phenols nowadays represents a useful tool to assess the genetic variability in tomato, these compounds could be adopted as chemotaxonomic markers in the traceability of this niche product.     

Sorption-desorption of two "aged" sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicide metabolites in soil

Aging (herbicide-soil contact time) has been shown to significantly affect the sorption-desorption characteristics of many herbicides, which in turn can affect the availability of the herbicide for transport, plant uptake, and microbial degradation. In contrast, very little work in this area has been done on herbicide metabolites in soil. The objective of this study was to characterize the sorption-desorption of sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicide metabolites incubated in soils at different soil moisture potentials. A benzenesulfonamide metabolite and a triazolinone metabolite from sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides were incubated in clay loam and loamy sand soils for up to 12 weeks at -33 kPa and at water contents equivalent to 50 and 75% of that at -33 kPa. Chemicals were extracted sequentially with 0.01 N CaCl(2) and aqueous acetonitrile (solution and sorbed phase concentrations, respectively), and apparent sorption coefficients (K(d,app)) were calculated. Sufficient metabolite remained during the incubation (>55% of applied) to allow determination of the coefficients. The initial aging period (2 weeks after application) significantly increased sorption as indicated by increased K(d,app) values for the chemical remaining, after which they remained relatively constant. After 12 weeks of incubation at -33 kPa, K(d,app) values for benzenesulfonamide and triazolinone increased by a factor of 3.5 in the clay loam soil and by a factor of 5.9 in the loamy sand as compared to freshly treated soils. There was no effect of moisture potential on aged apparent K(d,app) values. These data show the importance of characterization of sorption-desorption in aged herbicide residues, including metabolites, in soil, particularly in the case of prediction of herbicide residue transport in soil. In this case, potential transport of sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicide metabolites would be overpredicted if freshly treated soil K(d) values were used to predict transport.     

Production and composition of cider spirits distilled in "alquitara"

The capacity of alquitara (a traditional distillation system) to produce cider brandies is evaluated. To do so, the chemical composition of 12 fractions obtained during the distillation process and the cider brandies obtained from five ciders were analyzed (alcohol strength, methanol, volatile substances, furfural, and metals), taking into account European and Spanish legislation. During the course of distillation, an important increase in methanol, furfural, 2-phenylethanol, and metals in the last fractions was observed, while fusel oils were more abundant in the first fractions collected. Only acetaldehyde behaved differently, showing a minimum concentration in the middle fractions that might be explained by its formation on the surface of alquitara. On the other hand, the final distillates obtained by means of this method complied with the considered regulations. Worth highlighting in this regard are the low levels of a potential toxin such as methanol, as well as the detection of a constant ratio for methanol, ethanol, and fusel oil for the pairs of cider/spirits analyzed, which could be interpreted as an indication of good uniformity in the distillation system and method, thus guaranteeing product quality.     

“猪-沼-果”水土保持综合治理模式简析

 “猪—沼—果”工程是20世纪90年代以来江西省赣南等水土流失严重地区综合治理水土流失的一种新模式,对巩固和促进治理成果取得了积极有效的作用。通过介绍“猪—沼—果”综合治理模式的内涵及“猪—沼—果”产业循环生态链,对“猪—沼—果”综合治理模式在小流域治理中的作用和效益进行全面阐述。其作用主要表现在3个方面:1)缓解能源紧缺的矛盾,保护自然植被,巩固治理成果;2)提供有机肥料,改善水土流失地土壤养分条件,促进开发性治理;3)促进小流域经济的发展,加快脱贫致富的步伐。同时,取得了显著的水土保持效益、生态效益和经济效益。     

"林 - 蛙 - 鱼"生态农业模式研究

对杨树 虎纹蛙 罗非鱼("林 - 蛙 - 鱼")生态农业模式进行了3年的研究.结果表明,"林 - 蛙 - 鱼"立体种养生态农业模式经济效益明显,250 m2种养池当年可产生经济效益4 800元左右."林 - 蛙 - 鱼"立体种养生态农业模式也取得了良好的生态效益和社会效益,表现在改善生态环境、维护生物多样性、带动农民发展生产、教育青少年等方面,实现了生态效益、经济效益和社会效益的同步发展.