杆菌肽产品在动物饲料中的应用研究进展

杆菌肽是多肽类抗生素的一种,对于动物的肠道疫病有预防和治疗作用,并且能够明显提升饲料的转化率,杆菌肽类产品凭借其无耐药性、无休药期、无残留、安全性较高的优势,被广泛应用于动物养殖中。主要探讨了杆菌肽类产品的特性及其在动物养殖中的应用和进展,希望能够为广大养殖场(户)提供一定的帮助。     

杆菌肽锌对高温季节蛋鸡生产性能的影响

杆菌肽锌（ZincBacitracin）是杆菌肽与硫酸锌或氧化锌结合生成的络合物，是目前应用较广泛的畜禽专用饲料添加剂。据资料报道，饲料中添加20～35ppm的杆菌肽锌对增进畜禽健康，提高生产性能和饲料转化率有良好的作用，但杆菌肽锌还具有另外一大功能，即在使用剂量较高时能降低     

杆菌肽锌在动物生产中的应用

文章介绍了杆菌肽锌的理化性质,及其在动物体内的作用机制和效果;展示了一种性能稳定、毒副作用小、无残留、安全和高效的畜禽专用抗生素饲料添加剂的应用前景。     

杆菌肽锌在畜禽饲养中的应用

杆菌肽是多肽类抗生素，产生于枯草杆菌和地衣杆菌。它有许多异构体，分别为杆菌肽A、A1、B、C、D、E、F1、F2、F3和G，目前生产中应用的杆菌肽是A，其结构是由12个氨基酸组成的多肽。杆菌肽A由于极易吸潮和被分解，生产中在发酵达到杆菌肽效价最高时，直接在培养液中加锌盐，以生成较稳定的杆菌肽锌络合物，即杆菌肽锌。因其本身具有固有的特性而在饲养业中普及应用，是目前应用最多的抗生素饲料添加剂。     

杆菌肽锌在畜禽饲养中的应用

杆菌肽是多肽类抗生素，产生于枯草杆菌和地衣杆菌。它有许多异构体，分别为杆菌肽A、A，、B、C、D、E、F1、F2、F3和G，目前生产中应用的杆菌肽是杆菌肽A，其结构是由12个氨基酸组成的多肽。杆菌肽A由于极易吸潮和被分解，生产中在发酵达到杆菌肽效价最高时，直接在培养液中加锌盐，以生成较稳定的杆菌肽锌络合物，即杆菌肽锌。因其本身具有固有的特性而在饲养业中普及应用，是目前应用最多的抗生素饲料添加剂。     

杆菌肽锌生产中杂菌污染的控制

杆菌肽锌是我国近几年才开发的新型广谱抗菌素，其性能与青霉素相同。它能有效的抑制革兰氏阳性菌，如梭杆菌、葡萄球菌、链球菌等病菌，同时对部分革兰氏阴性菌也有效。杆菌肽锌主要用作畜禽饲料添加剂。用含这种添加剂的饲料喂养的畜禽可以免受疫病侵害，增重明显。杆菌肽锌这种生物抗生素的最大优点是在禽畜体内不吸收、不残留，人食用以含杆菌肽锌饲料喂养的动物肉无害，被欧美、日本等发达国家列为添加剂的首选药物，对环境无污染。 　　杆菌肽锌是以芽孢杆菌为菌种，玉米和豆粕为主要原料，通过生物发酵、锌络合制备的。其生产工艺…     

杆菌肽类饲料添加剂在畜禽养殖中的应用

杆菌肽作为抗菌饲料添加剂使用已经有50多年的历史了,本文主要杆菌肽锌和亚甲基水杨酸抗生素类饲料添加剂的药理作用、毒性安全、动物保健效果、国内外生产使用情况等方面进行了综述。     

亚甲基水杨酸杆菌肽预混剂对鸡的安全性研究

为评价亚甲基水杨酸杆菌肽预混剂对靶动物鸡的安全性,本试验选取80只健康的8日龄杂交黄羽肉鸡,随机分成4组(每组20只),采用多剂量水平给药方式进行安全性研究,分别以1、3、5倍推荐剂量的亚甲基水杨酸杆菌肽预混剂对三组试验鸡进行混饲连续给药42d,另一组为空白对照组。试验期间进行一般临床观察,试验结束后对各组平均增重、血液生物化学和血液学参数进行测定,并作组织病理学观察,以确定受试药物的安全性。结果显示:试验期间所有受试动物均存活,对照组和受试药组的临床表现均正常,病理剖解主要脏器无明显眼观病理变化;与对照组相比,各试验组增重具有明显改善,饲料利用率增加;在血液生理生化指标方面,各试验组之间无显著性差异。本试验表明,亚甲基水杨酸杆菌肽预混剂以推荐剂量给鸡混饲连续给药42d,具有较好的安全性。     

新型肽类添加剂——亚甲基水杨酸杆菌肽

2013年5月亚甲基水杨酸杆菌肽预混剂取得兽药添字文号,这是10年来国家批准的唯一新药物添加剂,目前大家对此药物添加剂还不太了解,甚至误认为与杆菌肽锌是同一药物,针对现状,我们结合美国《饲料添加剂要览》2008版对杆菌肽类药物添加剂做一对照说明,以使大家能更深入了解和应用好亚甲基水杨酸杆菌肽。     

亚甲基水杨酸杆菌肽研究进展

近年来，亚甲基水杨酸杆菌肽的抗菌活性被广泛关注，其抗菌谱窄，对许多革兰阳性菌(尤其是产气荚膜梭菌)具有良好的抗菌作用。越来越多的研究表明亚甲基水杨酸杆菌肽治疗畜禽坏死性肠炎具有良好疗效。相对于其他治疗畜禽坏死性肠炎的药物，亚甲基水杨酸杆菌肽具有无残留、不易产生耐药性以及安全系数高等特点。同时，亚甲基水杨酸杆菌肽从动物体内排出的代谢产物能被环境中的微生物分解，对环境不会造成危害。目前，亚甲基水杨酸杆菌肽已被美国FDA批准用于预防和控制鸡、猪、牛等动物梭菌性肠炎。该综述对亚甲基水杨酸杆菌肽的的理化性质、药理作用、安全性以及在畜禽疾病上的应用现状进行总结，为开发其新用途提供参考。     

杆菌肽锌预混剂锌含量测定探讨

本文参照欧洲药典与中国兽药典杆菌肽锌的锌测定内容,首次建立了杆菌肽锌预混剂的锌测定方法,并对方法进行了验证。验证结果表明,该方法能获得可信、可靠的结果。本方法将为杆菌肽锌预混剂锌测定提供参考依据。     

Risk Assessment of Bacitracin Resistance as a Medicated Feed Additive

The aim of this study was to provide theoretical basis for regulatory departments to formulate risk management measures for bacterial resistance of animal origin.The point assessment method was applied to assess the risk of bacitracin resistance in animal origin foods of Chinese residents,according to the model of risk assessment analysis,based on the data from the monitoring report of the citizen's physiques in China in 2014,the fifth Chinese total diet study and the official website of European Medicine Agency.Dietary exposure to bacitracin was calculated by estimated daily intake,and hazard quotient (HQ) was used in risk characterisation to indicate risk level of health damage exposed to bacitracin.Firstly,through the way of hazard identification,the toxicity of bacitracin by oral ingestion was very low.But the pathogenic bacteria such as Enterococcus and Clostridium perfringens had developed resistance to bacitracin,with the resistance genes easily transferring to the human intestinal flora through bacteria commonness.Secondly,the hazard characterization indicated the toxicological ADI was 0.055 mg/(kg·BW),and the microbiological ADI was 3.9 μg/(kg·BW).Thirdly,exposure assessment showed that the maximum dietary exposure of bacitracin was in 2 to 7 age group among Chinese residents.And that of women through intake of dairy products was higher than men.Among 2 to 7 age group,dairy products contributed most to the dietary exposure of bacitracin,while meat was the largest contributor above 8 years old.Fourthly,risk characterization hazard quotient was 1.4901 for males and 1.4121 for females among Chinese residents aged 2 to 7 by calculation,and <1 among other age groups.Finally,the uncertainty analysis showed that the lack of monitoring data of bacitracin residues in animal foods,the lag of authoritative data collection and release,the absence of consumption data of aquatic products brought uncertainty to the results.In total,the risk of bacitracin resistance as a medicated feed additive through animal foods exposure was high in children aged 2 to 7 and moderate in other age groups.The maximum residue limit standard should be revised appropriately and risk management of bacitracin resistance need to be strengthened in imported animal foods.     

药物饲料添加剂杆菌肽耐药性风险评估

本研究旨在为监管部门制定动物源细菌耐药风险管理措施提供理论依据。利用2014年国民体质监测数据、第五次中国总膳食研究数据和欧洲药品管理局官方网站数据,采用抗菌药物风险评估模型,对中国居民经动物性食品摄入杆菌肽的耐药性风险进行点评估。用估算每日摄入量作为杆菌肽膳食暴露量,用危害指数（HQ）进行风险特征描述,反映杆菌肽耐药对人体健康损害的风险等级。结果表明,危害识别得杆菌肽经口毒性极低,但肠球菌、产气荚膜梭菌等致病菌已对杆菌肽产生耐药性,耐药基因可转移至人体肠道菌群。经危害特征描述可知,杆菌肽毒理学每日允许摄入量（ADI）为0.055 mg/（kg·BW）,微生物学ADI为3.9 μg/（kg·BW）。暴露评估发现,中国居民中2~7岁人群杆菌肽的膳食暴露量最高,女性通过摄入乳类的杆菌肽膳食暴露量高于男性。2~7岁人群中,杆菌肽的膳食暴露量以乳类贡献最大,8岁以上人群杆菌肽的膳食暴露量以肉类贡献最大。风险特征描述发现,中国居民中通过摄入肉、蛋、乳等动物性食品的杆菌肽耐药性风险,2~7岁人群HQ分别为男性1.4901、女性1.4121;其他年龄人群均<1。不确定性分析发现,结果不确定性源自缺乏动物性食品杆菌肽残留量监测数据、权威数据发布的滞后性、未考虑水产品等因素。综上动物性食品中药物饲料添加剂杆菌肽耐药性风险,2~7岁人群为高风险,其他年龄段人群为中等风险。针对杆菌肽的耐药性风险,必要时修订动物性食品中杆菌肽的最大残留限量,同时加强对进口动物性食品的杆菌肽耐药性风险管理。     

Inhibition of resistance plasmid transfer in Escherichia coli by ionophores, chlortetracycline, bacitracin, and ionophore/antimicrobial combinations

Medicinal feed additives bacitracin, chlortetracycline (CTC), laidlomycin, lasalocid, and salinomycin inhibited the transfer of multiresistance-conferring plasmid pBR325 (Tet(r) Amp(r) Cp(r), 6.0 kb) into selected gram-negative strains with the use of an in vitro model. High concentrations of ampicillin-sensitive competence-pretreated Escherichia coli HB 101 cells were exposed to 10% (v/v) of 1:10 dimethyl sulfoxide/agent : water containing test mixtures for 0.5 hr prior to plasmid addition and transforming conditions. Transformation was inhibited for all antimicrobials and showed a positive association wich higher concentration. Additional testing of ionophore compounds separately and in combination with bacitracin, chlortetracycline, lincomycin, roxarsone, tylosin, and virginiamycin at representative feed concentrations demonstrated 80.6% to >99.9% inhibition (P < 0.001) of resistance transfer. Bacitracin alone inhibited transformation within the range of 50-500 ppm. No increase in resistance transfer was observed when poultry-derived and reference gram-negative isolates having low or no transformation efficiency were additionally tested. The results suggest that these compounds, at relevant concentrations used in animal feed, may interfere with cell envelope-associated DNA uptake channels or other transformation competence mechanisms. Through these mechanisms, ionophores and cell membrane-interactive feed agents such as CTC and bacitracin may act to inhibit resistance transfer mechanisms within poultry and livestock.     

益力素及其它抗生素与酶制剂配伍对异育银鲫生产性能的影响

试验选300尾异育银鲫夏花(均重5g左右),随机分为5组,分别饲喂相同的基础日粮、并分别添加益力素、黄霉素、维吉尼亚霉素及益力素+复合酶、益力素+植酸酶日粮,饲养56d,结果表明:3种不同抗生素中以益力素添加组试验鱼增重率较好;在配伍添加组中以益力素与复合酶配伍组增重率最好,且差异显著(P<0.05),比添加益力素组提高了9%,其饲料系数下降了10%,但各组间饲料利用率差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

杆菌肽在动物可食性组织和禽蛋中残留的HPLC-MS/MS检测方法

建立动物(猪、鸡、鸭)可食性组织(肌肉、肝脏、肾脏、脂肪)和禽蛋(鸡蛋、鸭蛋)中杆菌肽的高效液相色谱串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)检测方法.使用0.1％甲酸水溶液提取样品中的杆菌肽,三氯乙酸乙腈沉淀蛋白,正己烷除脂,混合阳离子型固相萃取柱净化后,进HPLC-MS/MS检测.待测物使用C18色谱柱分离,以0.1％甲酸水...     

几种多肽类抗生素添加剂在饲料中的应用研究

杆菌肽、维吉尼亚霉素等四种多肽类抗生素因具有促进畜禽生长、在畜禽体内残留量较小、不易产生耐药性等特点,被批准为可以在饲料中长时间添加使用的饲料药物添加剂。本文就多肽类抗生素在畜禽生产中的应用研究在《饲料药物添加剂使用规范》中的用法用量作一综述,为正确合理使用该类药物,保障畜产品质量提供参考。     

Use of Bacitracin and Roxarsone to Reduce Salmonella Heidelberg Shedding Following a Necrotic Enteritis Challenge Model

This study was performed to determine if the enteric disease necrotic enteritis results in higher shedding of Salmonella. Fifty percent of the chicks per pen were challenged with a naladixic acid-resistant Salmonella Heidelberg. A necrotic enteritis challenge model using a coccidia vaccine to induce intestinal epithelium damage was used to demonstrate that neither the disease necrotic enteritis nor the control of that disease with the antibiotic bacitracin methylene disalycilate had an effect on the incidence of Salmonella Heidelberg. However, the feed additive 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid, which controls the cecal coccidia Eimeria tenella, significantly reduced the amount of Salmonella Heidelberg in the environment of the chick as measured by dragswabs and also reduced the number of ceca positive in the contact chicks.     

11株益生菌对32种抗菌药物的敏感性试验

以6株猪源乳杆菌、1株植物乳杆菌和4株芽孢杆菌对32种抗菌药物进行了敏感性试验。结果表明:猪源乳杆菌对32种抗菌药物的耐受性达53.1%￣71.9%,而植物乳杆菌对12种药物有耐受性;4株芽孢杆菌几乎对所有参试的抗菌药物(杆菌肽除外)均具有敏感性。试验结果对微生物饲料添加剂的研制及其在畜禽生产中的应用具有指导意义。