透红小丑鱼的繁殖习性、胚胎发育和胚后发育

为了补充确定透红小丑鱼的分类地位,对透红小丑鱼的繁殖习性及胚胎发育等进行了观察。结果表明:透红小丑鱼的产卵时间持续近1 h 20 min,产卵量多达1 400粒;受精卵长径1.5～1.7 mm,短径0.63～0.67 mm;胚胎发育过程包括胚盘期、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官形成期和孵化期共7个时期;在水温(26.5±0.5)℃时,受精卵约需198 h 15 min孵化出膜;初孵仔鱼全长3.0～3.6 mm,18 d进入稚鱼期,45 d进入幼鱼期。     

棘头梅童鱼胚胎发育和仔鱼形态观察

对棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus)早期发育阶段的胚胎与仔鱼形态特征进行了观察和研究,分析了胚胎和仔鱼的生长发育特征。研究表明,棘头梅童鱼受精卵为圆球形,透明,油球1个,卵径(1. 182±0. 041)mm,油球直径(0. 458±0. 015) mm;在水温(25. 00±0. 50)℃、盐度23～24条件下,受精卵经20 h 20 min孵化出膜。棘头梅童鱼胚胎发育过程可划分为合子、卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、神经胚、器官形成及出膜7个阶段,共24个发育时期。在水温(26. 00±0. 24)℃、盐度23～24条件下,初孵仔鱼平均全长(2. 536±0. 059) mm,出膜后9 d内为早期仔鱼阶段,以内源性营养耗尽为主要特征; 9～25 d为晚期仔鱼阶段,各鳍条发育齐全,鳞片出现。     

松江鲈胚胎及胚后发育研究

采用人工繁育的松江鲈子一代为亲本，人工授精，在水温6℃、盐度32的条件下人工脱黏孵化，观察了胚胎发育。结果显示：松江鲈受精卵经过7 h进入卵裂期，经过2 d发育至囊胚期，5 d进入原肠期，经过9 d发育至眼囊期，17 d出现围心腔，22 d时肌节形成，29 d时体色素开始沉积，30～35 d孵出。在水温11.37℃～16.88℃、盐度32的条件下进行仔稚鱼培育。初孵仔鱼平均全长6.98 mm，出膜后4 d卵黄囊完全吸收，出膜后28 d背鳍、腹鳍、胸鳍和尾鳍发育完全，体表黑色素沉积增加，进入稚鱼期，出膜后55 d身体不透明，进入幼鱼期。结果显示，由于水温等环境因素的原因，胚胎发育与胚后发育各个阶段所需的时间与前人的研究结果存在一定差异。     

条纹锯鮨胚胎发育及卵黄囊仔鱼形态变化的观察

通过观察条纹锯鱼旨的胚胎发育过程及卵黄囊仔鱼形态变化,研究其胚胎发育及卵黄囊仔鱼的形态特征、特点。采用Nikon E200显微镜对其胚胎发育形态及卵黄囊仔鱼形态变化进行连续拍照取样,详细描述了其从受精卵到初孵仔鱼的26个具体发育时期的形态特征、孵化温度、发育时间及卵黄囊仔鱼的形态变化特征。结果显示,条纹锯鱼旨的受精卵为球形、游离的浮性卵,平均卵径为0.950±0.039mm;条纹锯鱼旨受精卵孵化需经过卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官生成期和孵化期6个主要时期,在80目的孵化网箱中,水温20～20.5℃、盐度28～32、DO≥5mg/L、pH7.6～8.4静水微充气的条件下需要46h53min孵化;卵黄囊在仔鱼出膜2d后被吸收。     

鮸鱼早期发育的形态学初步研究

对(鮸)鱼Miichthys miiuy(Basilewsky)胚胎和仔、稚、幼鱼的各发育阶段的形态特征进行了描述.(鮸)鱼的受精卵为圆球形浮性卵,无色透明,在水温25～27 ℃、盐度31.9的条件下,经19 h 18 min陆续孵出仔鱼.根据胚后发育的形态特征对仔、稚、幼鱼各时期提出界定标志,仔鱼期初孵仔鱼发育至各鳍分化完成(1～17日龄,持续17 d);稚鱼期鳞片开始出现、生出枕骨棘至全身被鳞(18～32日龄,持续15 d);33日龄以后进入幼鱼期.仔、稚、幼鱼培育水温25.8～32.2 ℃,盐度28.6～32.5.(鮸)鱼以卵径(0.91 mm)、油球径(0.33 mm)和枕骨棘形态等的特征区别于其他石首鱼类早期发育的形态依据.     

高体鰤胚胎及仔稚幼鱼的形态观察

本文报道了高体（Ｓｅｒｉｏｌａｄｕｍｅｒｉｌｉ）受精卵的胚胎发育及仔稚幼鱼形态特征。在水温２２～２７℃范围内,受精卵随水温升高,孵化时间缩短。水温２３℃,经过３５ｈ１０ｍｉｎ,仔鱼破膜而出。初孵仔鱼全长为２．９２～３．１２ｍｍ;孵化后３天仔鱼开口,全长为３．８８～３．９８ｍｍ;孵化后２３天,稚鱼全长为１．００～１．３０ｍｍ,鳞片开始形成,鳍棘、鳍条均已分化形成;孵化后３２天,全长为２．０５～２．５６ｍｍ,幼鱼发育完全,体形和成鱼基本相似。     

新疆裸重唇鱼胚胎及早期仔鱼发育的形态观察

2016年4月1日—4月19日,在水温12～14℃下采用催产、人工授精和室内孵化方式获得暂养的野生新疆裸重唇鱼Gymnodiptychus dybowskii受精卵和仔鱼,观察其胚胎发育和早期仔鱼的形态特征。结果显示:新疆裸重唇鱼成熟鱼卵为亮黄色或橙色,卵径(2.2±0.28)mm,受精约35min后卵周隙达到最大,卵径2.90～3.40mm,卵黄约占卵体积的3/5。整个发育过程可分为受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期和器官形成期6个阶段。在水温(16±2)℃下,胚胎发育积温为2 359h·℃,187h仔鱼上浮。研究结果表明,新疆裸重唇鱼的胚胎发育特征与新疆地区其他几种裂腹鱼类存在一定差异。     

条纹斑竹鲨的胚胎发育

观察了室内培育的条纹斑竹鲨自然生产的受精卵形态和胚胎发育过程。结果表明,条纹斑竹鲨受精卵个体较大,卵黄略呈椭圆形,长径为25.91～36.16 mm,短径为13.56～19.44 mm。受精卵外裹有棕褐色的卵鞘,鞘长75.25～107.30 mm,鞘宽33.39～47.70 mm,鞘厚15.82～24.65 mm,卵鞘坚韧而略有弹性。在水温28.0 ℃、盐度26.2～28.8条件下,受精卵经65～80 d发育孵出幼鱼,胚胎发育分为23期,参照硬骨鱼类胚胎发育各期名称给予命名。初孵幼鱼全长121.82～166.80 mm,体重5.30～18.22 g,已具成鱼的外形特征,但体内尚存卵黄,体外卵黄少许或消失。胚体长度（L/mm）与孵化时间（D/d）呈线性相关,L=2.1368D－11.175（R= 0.9862）;胚体重（M/mg）与孵化时间（D/d）呈幂函数关系,M=0.0001D^4.3763（R² = 0.9579）;胚体重（M/mg）与胚体长度（L/mm）呈幂函数关系,M = 0.0005L^3.4278（R²=0.9822）。     

石鲽仔、幼鱼性腺发育的组织学观察

利用组织学方法对人工培育的石鲽(Kareius bicoloratusBasiewsky)仔、幼鱼性腺发育进行研究。结果表明,性腺的发育与体长密切相关。刚孵化石鲽的原生殖细胞数目为2个,孵化3 d数目增至8个,之后经过迁移,至孵化9 d到达生殖嵴。在全长为7.2～8.5 mm(孵化9～11 d)的仔鱼中,性腺原基中的体细胞迅速增殖并包围原生殖细胞,后者在全长10～15 mm(孵化后10～35 d)的仔幼鱼中增殖成为生殖干细胞。原始性腺在全长15～30 mm(孵化40～60 d)的幼鱼中逐渐发育完善,呈细线状,位于腹腔后部中肾管下方紧贴体壁。雌性性腺最早在全长32.5 mm(孵化66 d)的个体中出现分化特征,至全长89～102 mm时雌性性腺特征完全分化。雄性性腺的分化较雌性性腺晚,最早在全长为91 mm的幼鱼中开始,至全长为114～118 mm时雄性性腺分化特征已经十分明显。     

气体过饱和对草鱼和鲢受精卵、仔鱼和幼鱼的影响

通过气体过饱和发生装置来模拟高坝泄洪时产生的气体过饱和水体,设置气体饱和度分别为100%、110%、120%、130%、140%的水体,探明其对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)和鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)不同早期发育时期(受精卵、仔鱼、幼鱼)的影响,揭示了实验鱼在气体过饱和水中暴露时间和死亡率变化的关系,并计算了幼鱼在不同过饱和度的半致死时间。结果显示:各气体饱和度水体对实验鱼受精卵的发育和孵化均无显著影响;气体过饱和会导致实验仔鱼腹部肿胀充气,幼鱼各个组织均产生气泡;实验幼鱼对气体过饱和的耐受力低于仔鱼;气体饱和度越高对实验鱼的致死效应越强;草鱼仔幼鱼对气体过饱和的耐受力低于鲢。     

瓣结鱼食性的研究

以采自贵州境内清水江、都柳江的318尾瓣结鱼(Tor(Foliter)brevifilis brevifilis)为研究对象,从食物组成、摄食强度和摄食形态学等方面研究了瓣结鱼食性的特点。结果表明:瓣结鱼的食物由双翅目昆虫幼虫等17类饵料生物组成,并以双翅目昆虫幼虫的出现率最高。瓣结鱼的充塞度按春、夏、秋、冬季逐渐增高,季节性变化明显。充塞指数随体长生长显著减少,而摄食率则随体长生长逐渐增加。充塞指数和摄食率均以V期性腺个体为最低。瓣结鱼为底层杂食性鱼类。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.