苹果树根外肥集锦

苹果树根外肥集锦杨每宁（河北省昌黎果树研究所·０６６６００）一、矿质营养元素（大量和微量元素）１、尿素：化学名碳酰胺。国产尿素为白色固体颗粒，易溶于水，喷布后易被叶片吸收利用。对于贮藏营养不足的苹果树，喷施尿素可以补充氮素营养，促进开花坐果及新梢叶片...     

红星苹果的营养诊断

通过测定山东省三种土壤类型‘红星’苹果园耕层上和叶片的养分含量，运用ＤＲＩＳ、Ｍ—ＤＲＩＳ和ＤＯＰ法对山东省红星苹果的营养状况进行了诊断。结果表明，三种土类的耕层土和叶养分含量差异显著。棕壤土苹果叶内最缺的养分是钾，褐土最缺锰和钾，潮土最缺锰和氮。三种土类相比，潮土苹果叶内的元素最不平衡。本文还讨论了诊断结果与测试结果间的关系及三种诊断方法间的差异。     

矮化中间砧对红星苹果叶片营养元素含量变化的影响

本试验研究了M9、M7中间砧对红星苹果树叶片内营养元素含量的影响,为进一步研究矮化砧的生理机制、苹果中间砧的选择利用及其营养调节提供参考。 材料与方法 以山定子基砧,M7、M9为中间砧的11年生红星苹果树为试材,山定子根砧同龄树为对照。取材于山西省太谷县河西果园。果园为沙壤土、平地,常规管理。 试验完全随机区组设计,四次重复,每重复(小区)3株树,每砧穗组合12株树,叶样子1987年5月20日(新梢速长期)、7月5日(花芽分化期)、9月12日(养分积累期)采集,从树冠外围中部四个方向选取新梢中部成熟叶各5片,每小区60片为一样本。 测定方法:…     

苹果树锰素营养及缺锰和锰过剩的生理病害

一、果树的锰素营养 锰是果树所必需的营养元素之一,通常在树体内含量在百万之一至三,以胚、种子及果实外皮和绿叶中含量较多。锰是果树体内许多氧化还原酶的主要成份。锰本身的原子价可以改变。因此,它对植物体内氧化还原过程起着重要作用。它能促进硝态氮还原为氨,有利蛋白质的合成,减少树体内非蛋白质态氮;它能促进种子发芽、幼苗早期生长及生殖器官生长;它能增加花量,促进开花,提早幼龄果树结果,加速生育     

生物菌肥对苹果叶片矿质营养的影响

1999～2000年对14年生惠民短枝红富士苹果树施用九丰肥田宝生物菌肥试验,结果表明,苹果叶片N相对含量降低,达到5%显著水平;P、Ca、Mg、Zn、Mn 5种元素明显增加,K、Fe、B 3种元素含量变化不大.     

苹果平衡施肥技术

苹果园施肥的目的是供给苹果树生长发育所必需的营养元素,保持和增加土壤肥力,改善土壤结构及生物活性．给苹果树生长发育创造良好的条件。平衡施肥是苹果树正常生长发育的基础．平衡施肥能提高肥料的利用率。     

营养系矮化中间砧苹果苗嫁接繁殖新技术

<正> 我场参加《苹果苗木》国家标准(GB9847—88)实施协作组以来,在繁殖营养系矮化中间砧苹果苗(以下简称苹果苗)中,采用第1年双芽接法,第2年靠接法,1亩苗圃地生产苹果苗7100株。其中,一级苗4315株,占60.8％;二级苗1420株,占     

苹果叶片营养分析适宜采样时期研究

在渭北高原以盛果期“红富士”苹果树为采样对象,在幼果速长期、春梢停长期、花芽分化期、果实采前膨大期、果实采收期定位采集叶片,分析叶片中的氮、磷、钾、钙含量,以确定合理的叶分析采样时期.结果表明:从幼果速长期到果实采收期,叶片中氮、磷含量持续降低,钾为“反抛物线”,钙为持续升高.通过对不同生长期叶片营养元素含量分析,认为花芽分化期为测定叶片氮、磷、钙的适宜采样时期,钾应在果实采收期或春梢停长期采样分析较为合理.     

生长季苹果硼素营养变化动态及诊断

田间条件下，玫瑰红／平邑甜茶新生器官全硼变化动态表现不同：短梢叶全硼含量较稳定；长梢叶及其皮部变化动态相似，生长季早期全硼下降，中期升高，后期又下降；果实全硼变化最大，随果实膨大，全硼持续降低，其中以花后一个月降低幅度最大。缺硼植株的果实及长梢皮部全硼显著降低，其它部位全硼含量与缺硼症表现程度之间不一致。果实采收后，长梢皮部全硼含量与次年幼果的全硼含量呈显著正相关。秋季干旱处理长梢皮部全硼含量下降幅度大于叶片和果实。长梢皮部可作为苹果硼素营养的诊断器官。     

Combined effects of leaf/fruit ratios and N and K fertigation levels on growth and distribution of nutrients in pot-grown persimmon trees

Responses of pot-grown persimmon trees (Diospyros kaki cv. ‘Fuyu’) with two different leaf/fruit (L/F) ratios and three different fertigation levels were studied. On July 2, the L/F ratios of 4-year-old trees were adjusted to 20 and 10 by fruit thinning. From July 4 to August 26, each pot was fertigated with a solution containing 0–0 g (none), 10–8 g (medium), or 20–16 g (high) of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K), respectively. The L/F ratio of 10 resulted in higher yields but smaller fruits containing lower soluble solids than the ratio of 20. The non-fertigated trees with the L/F ratio of 10 produced the smallest fruits, but the medium fertigation increased the size of the fruit at this ratio. The high fertigation level decreased fruit skin color at both ratios. Fruit dry weight increased the most among the tree components, accounting for 48–57% of the tree total dry weight at the L/F ratio of 20 and for 64–72% at the ratio of 10. The increase in tree total dry weight at the ratio of 10 was greater than that at the ratio of 20. The trees receiving medium fertigation had higher tree total dry weights than those receiving high fertigation, especially at the ratio of 10. As the L/F ratio changed to 10 from 20, the percentages of N and K partitioned to fruits in the non-fertigated trees increased from 38% to 51% and from 67% to 96%, respectively, of the tree total N and K increases; the percentage decreased with increasing fertigation level. Although fertigation significantly increased total N and K contents of the tree, the increase in K at the ratio of 10 was less in high fertigation rather than in the medium level. The results indicated that adjusting supplemental N and K was necessary to ensure fruit growth and N and K accumulation for trees with high fruit loads, but high levels of fertigation are not necessarily preferable.     

苹果实生树叶片中营养元素的含量及其相关性

以苹果杂种实生树的叶片为试材，通过叶分析，明确了不同营养元素的含量及相关性。表明在栽培条件一致、树体生长发育正常的情况下，叶片中的同种营养元素含量差异很大；同一品种的苹果树中不同营养元素含量也有很大差异；各种元素间表现有拮抗作用或协同作用。     

一种从果树成熟叶片提取DNA的方法

针对果树成熟叶片富含多糖、多酚及其它次生代谢物质的特点,以8个果树树种的秋季成熟叶片为材料,采用改进的CTAB法对其基因组总DNA进行了提取,并对得到的DNA进行了电泳检测、含量测定和AFLP分析。结果表明,该方法从8种果树的成熟叶片中均能提取出基因组总DNA,且DNA的纯度和完整性都较好,D260nm/D280nm的比值均在1.8～2.0之间,无降解现象,RNA去除干净,能被限制性内切酶完全消化;其AFLP分析(引物组合为EcoRI-TA/MseI-CTT,EcoRI-TT/MseI-CTT)条带清晰,多态性好,说明此方法提取的果树成熟叶片基因组总DNA完全适于AFLP分析。     

缺铁失绿梨树强力树干注射铁肥的效果 Ⅱ.对树体中各种营养元素消长的影响

强力树干注射铁肥对缺铁失绿梨树树体各种营养元素的影响表明,注射铁肥提高了叶子铁及叶子氮、磷等非金属元素的含量,降低了叶子钙、镁和锰等金属元素的含量。注铁后,叶子全铁含量与有效铁含量之间呈极显著的直线正相关,相关系数为0.9842。对注铁改善树体营养平衡状况和减轻盐害作用的机理进行了初步探讨。     

Light penetration,growth, and fruit productivity in ‘Fuji’ apple trees trained to four growing systems

The study was conducted to document the range in soil nutrients, trunk and shoot growth, leaf characteristics and nutrient content, flower bud characteristics, yield, fruit quality, disease occurrence, light penetration, and shoot bark color in a 15-year-old ‘Fuji’ apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) orchard on M.26 rootstocks trained to four growing systems. SS trees naturally growing had greater width and volume than the LT lightly heading, MLT heavily heading, and S trees thinning and bending. LT trees had more upward terminal shoots at old branches, large numbers of lateral shoots, and longer total shoot length. Leaf [N], [P], and [K] were the lowest for the MLT trees. SS and S trees had greater flower bud density and fruit yield, but LT trees had poor fruit color and less soluble solids and firmness. Percent light penetration into the canopy was the highest with the S system but not different from MLT or SS. The lowest was for the LT system, however, it was not statistically different from MLT or SS.     

EST-SSR标记及其在果树研究中的应用

近年来大量ESTs数据的出现已成为开发SSR标记的重要来源。EST-SSR作为一种新型的分子标记,不仅具备传统基因组SSR标记的特点,而且以其开发经济和通用性高等优势已在很多植物中得到开发和应用。简要介绍了EST-SSR标记的原理和特点,重点综述了其在果树的遗传多样性分析、遗传连锁图谱的构建、比较作图和分子系统发育等研究领域的应用现状,期望为今后该项技术在果树研究上的应用提供参考。     

Making trees visible: A GIS method and tool for modelling visibility in the valuation of urban trees

Tree visibility is a key determinant of cultural ecosystem services of urban trees. This paper develops a flexible, efficient and easy-to-use GIS method for modelling individual tree visibility to support tree valuation. The method is implemented as a GRASS GIS AddOn tool called v.viewshed.impact, making it available to a broad spectrum of users and purposes. Thanks to empirically validated underlying algorithms and parallel processing, the method is accurate and fast in analysing high-resolution datasets and large numbers of trees. We demonstrate the method in two use cases in Oslo, Norway, showing that it provides an alternative to field-based assessment of visibility indicators in tree valuation methods and facilitates the inclusion of complex visibility indicators not possible to assess in the field. We argue that the method could also be used for tree management and planning, urban ecosystem accounting and neighbour conflict resolution related to trees.     

Effect of fruit-load on the growth,absorption, and partitioning of inorganic nutrients in young ‘Fuyu’ persimmon trees

Tree growth and the increase in inorganic nutrients during a growing season were studied in 3-year-old, container-grown ‘Fuyu’ persimmon trees with different levels of fruit-load. Fruit-load was varied by adjusting the leaf–fruit ratio to 10, 20, 30, and 60 on July 5. Some trees were completely defruited. The whole trees were harvested on November 5 of that year, and increases in dry weight and inorganic elements in different tree parts during the season were measured. A lower leaf–fruit ratio resulted in a higher yield but also decreased fruit weight, soluble solids, and fruit color. Dry weight of the aerial woods and root increased significantly with a greater ratio. However, total dry weight including the fruits was higher in the lower ratio trees than in the higher ratio trees; the weight of a tree that maintained the ratio of 10 was 35% higher than a tree without fruit. Fruits accounted for 62% of total dry weight when the ratio was 10 and 27% when the ratio was 60. The leaf–fruit ratio did not significantly alter the total increase in P, K, Ca, and Mg content. N tended to decrease with an increasing leaf–fruit ratio. Of the total increases of N, P, and K during the season, the fruits accounted for 30%, 50%, and 54% at the ratio of 20, respectively, and the percentages increased to 44, 81, and 74 at the ratio of 10. The inorganic element content in the aerial woods and root tended to increase with greater ratios, especially in the root. When trees were defruited, N and K increases in the root accounted for 44% and 35% of the total increase, respectively. These results indicated that persimmon orchard fertilization programs with different fruit-load levels should accommodate the proportion of nutrients partitioned to fruits that are removed permanently from the tree.     

环境因子对苹果粗皮病发生的影响

苹果粗皮病是苹果树严重的生理病害。为探讨苹果粗皮病致病机理,通过田间采样、土壤理化特性与气候因子分析,研究土壤等环境因子与苹果粗皮病发生的关系。结果表明,苹果粗皮病在棕壤土和滨海潮土上均可发生。土壤pH高低与苹果粗皮病的发生相关,土壤pH越低,土壤有效锰含量越高,苹果粗皮病发病程度越重,但土壤pH不是苹果粗皮病主要致病因子。不同感病地点的土壤有效锰含量相差悬殊,在0～80cm范围内,牟平最高锰含量为29.30mg/kg,而栖霞最低为57.39mg/kg,最高达114.43mg/kg,说明土壤有效锰含量不是苹果粗皮病发生的唯一因子,但发病率栖霞要高于牟平。土壤有效锰铁呈负相关性,锰铁比增大,可引起树体对锰的过量吸收,苹果粗皮病发生程度加重。因此,苹果粗皮病发生是土壤锰含量、锰铁比、土壤pH、降雨量等环境因子综合作用的结果。     

苹果幼树死亡诱因、诊断与防控

对矮砧苹果新植苗木和2~5年生幼树死亡的原因进行研究,表明苗木失水与轮纹病菌协同危害是主要原因;冻害、根部与主干病害、肥害及苗木质量差是重要原因。生产上及时发现问题,根据不同症状,进行准确的病因诊断,有针对性地采用不同的防控措施:培育不潜带轮纹病菌的苗木;苗木贮运、栽植和管理过程防止失水;栽植前用杀菌剂铲除部分病菌;防止冻害;2~5年生幼树合理肥水管理;防止贪绿徒长;有效地预防根部和枝干病虫害发生。