组合浸渍和超低温冻融预处理对真空冷冻干燥蓝莓品质的影响

为探究组合浸渍冻干保护剂（海藻糖-CaCl₂）和超低温冻融预处理对蓝莓活性物质和品质的影响,该研究以直接干燥为对照组,以普通冻融（−20±0.5 ℃）、超低温快速冻融（−80±0.5 ℃）、超声波辅助冻干保护剂浸渍冻融（−20±0.5 ℃、−80±0.5 ℃）预处理后进行真空冷冻干燥为试验组,比较分析蓝莓活性物质（多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性）、营养物质（维生素 C、花青素、总酚、类黄酮）、质构特性（硬度、咀嚼性）等指标的变化情况,并在此基础上进行Box-Behnken三因素三水平试验设计。结果表明：单一的冻干保护剂浸渍处理或者超低温处理均不如两者组合效果理想,两者相组合的浸渍后−80 ℃冻融处理可以有效维持蓝莓硬度,提高蓝莓营养物质的保留度并减少真空冷冻干燥时间。冻融次数为2次,浸渍时间为3.7 h,单次冷冻时间为4.2 d 时蓝莓综合指标最高,营养物质保留度最高。本文阐述了冻干保护剂浸渍预处理与超低温冻融两者联合处理对真空冷冻干燥蓝莓品质提升的机理,探究了冻融次数、冷冻时间、浸渍时间对品质的影响,得出了真空冷冻干燥预处理的最佳参数,为蓝莓真空冷冻干燥技术的发展提供了新思路。     

~(60)Co-γ辐照结合1-MCP处理对蓝莓贮藏品质的影响

为研究~(60)Co-γ辐照结合1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理对蓝莓贮藏品质的影响,以粉蓝蓝莓为试验材料,对采后蓝莓生理指标、营养指标及相关酶活性进行测定,研究0±0.5℃条件下6种处理(1.5 kGy辐照处理记为A、2.5 kGy辐照处理记为B、1.5 kGy辐照+1μL·L-11-MCP处理记为C、2.5 kGy辐照+1μL·L-11-MCP处理记为D、1μL·L-11-MCP处理记为E,不进行任何处理记为F)对蓝莓贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,与对照(F)比较,4种处理(A、C、D、E)均能够抑制果实腐烂率的上升和风味指数的下降,延缓果实的生理代谢,更好地保持果实的营养品质和酶活性,而2.5 k Gy辐照处理(B)降低了果实的硬度、L*值、可溶性固形物含量和花色苷含量,加快了果实多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性的上升。其中,在贮藏80 d时,A、B、C、D、E、F组蓝莓的腐烂率分别为24.94%、38.36%、13.87%、30.78%、22.96%和48.38%。因此,1.5 k Gy~(60)Co-γ辐照结合1μL·L-11-MCP处理蓝莓对果实的贮藏效果最好。本研究结果为蓝莓的贮藏保鲜提供了新思路。     

草鱼肉块渗透脱水规律研究

为了研究草鱼渗透脱水的一般规律,考察了温度(5～30℃),时间(2～24 h),NaCl浓度(5%～15%),麦芽糊精浓度(0.6～1.2 g/g)以及黄原胶添加量(0～0.004 g/g)等对草鱼渗透脱水过程中鱼块失水量、糖吸收量和盐吸收量的影响。并从理论上详细解释了整个传质过程。试验结果表明：随着时间和温度的增加,失水量、糖吸收量和盐吸收量都增大。NaCl浓度增加,失水量、盐吸收量增大,糖吸收量无显著变化。麦芽糊精浓度增加,盐吸收量显著降低,糖吸收量和失水量一定程度上增大。黄原胶的添加,增大了溶液黏度,三者都减小。     

1-MCP负压渗透处理对鲜枣常温贮藏品质的影响

为了深入了解1－甲基环丙烯（1-MCP）对鲜枣的保鲜效果,以山东大瓜枣（Ziziphus jujube Mill cv. Dagua）为试材,研究了1-MCP负压渗透处理对鲜枣贮藏期间品质的影响。试验结果表明：经1 μL/L 1-MCP负压渗透处理果实24 h即可显著延缓枣果实贮藏期间硬度的下降,延长果实的贮藏期。与对照相比,1-MCP负压渗透处理可以有效地抑制枣果实贮藏期间的呼吸强度、延缓果皮叶绿素含量下降;延缓鲜枣果实可溶性糖及可溶性果胶含量上升,保持了可滴定酸含量的稳定性和较高的还原糖含量,有效延缓     

钙处理对葡萄柚果实细胞壁物质代谢及其相关基因表达的影响

【目的】研究采前、 采后钙处理对葡萄柚果实细胞壁组分、 细胞壁降解酶活性变化及其相关基因表达的影响,可为了解钙与果实细胞壁物质代谢之间的关系,揭示钙对果实软化的作用机理,为调控葡萄柚果实膳食纤维含量,提高果实质地品质提供理论依据。【方法】试验于2011年2月至11月在云南省玉溪市葡萄柚果园进行,供试品种为‘里约红’葡萄柚,该品种于2005年嫁接于当地砧木,株行距为3 m×3 m。试验由采前和采后钙处理两部分组成。采前钙处理在幼果初期、 幼果末期、 膨大初期、 膨大末期、 转色期,叶面喷施2% CaCl2; 采后钙处理在果实成熟采后浸于2% CaCl2溶液5 min, 室温贮藏。之后每15天取样一次,每次取10个果实,测定葡萄柚果肉细胞壁组分、 细胞壁降解酶活性及其基因表达量。【结果】随葡萄柚果实后熟软化,紧密结合型果胶(共价结合型果胶)解聚为松散结合型果胶(水溶性果胶、 离子结合型果胶),紧密结合型半纤维素(24% KOH可溶性半纤维素)解聚使其含量下降,而松散结合型半纤维素含量增加(4%KOH可溶性半纤维素)。果实PG、 PME、 Cx、 α-L-Af和β-Gal酶活性及其基因表达量均随果实软化呈不同程度增加。PME活性在果实采收后表现出较高含量,而PG活性在果实贮藏前期急剧增加,其酶基因的表达量与酶活性变化趋势基本一致。Cx、 α-L-Af和β-Gal活性在贮藏中、 后期上升较快,相关酶基因的表达量亦明显增加。钙处理显著地降低果实细胞壁降解酶活性和基因表达水平,其中采后钙处理对α-L-Af和β-Gal活性和基因表达在贮藏中、 后期的调控作用较显著,酶活性和基因表达均维持在较低水平。【结论】外源钙处理降低细胞壁降解酶活性及其基因表达,抑制了细胞壁物质的解聚,采后钙处理对细胞壁物质代谢的调控效果优于采前钙处理。外源钙处理抑制了细胞壁降解酶基因表达水平,降低了细胞壁降解酶活性,减缓了果胶、 半纤维素的解聚,从而达到调控果实膳食纤维含量、 维持果实质地品质、 延长果实货架期寿命的目的。     

60Co-γ辐照结合1-MCP处理对蓝莓贮藏品质的影响

为研究⁶⁰Co-γ辐照结合1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理对蓝莓贮藏品质的影响,以粉蓝蓝莓为试验材料,对采后蓝莓生理指标、营养指标及相关酶活性进行测定,研究0±0.5℃条件下6种处理(1.5 kGy辐照处理记为A、2.5 kGy辐照处理记为B、1.5 kGy辐照+1 μL·L^-1 1-MCP 处理记为C、2.5 kGy辐照+1 μL·L^-1 1-MCP处理记为D、1 μL·L^-1 1-MCP处理记为E,不进行任何处理记为F)对蓝莓贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,与对照(F)比较,4种处理(A、C、D、E)均能够抑制果实腐烂率的上升和风味指数的下降,延缓果实的生理代谢,更好地保持果实的营养品质和酶活性,而2.5 kGy辐照处理(B)降低了果实的硬度、L^*值、可溶性固形物含量和花色苷含量,加快了果实多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性的上升。其中,在贮藏80 d时,A、B、C、D、E、F组蓝莓的腐烂率分别为24.94%、38.36%、13.87%、30.78%、22.96%和48.38%。因此,1.5 kGy ⁶⁰Co-γ辐照结合1 μL·L^-1 1-MCP处理蓝莓对果实的贮藏效果最好。本研究结果为蓝莓的贮藏保鲜提供了新思路。     

茉莉酸甲酯对蓝莓贮藏品质及抗病相关酶活性的影响

研究不同浓度(0、10、20、30μmol·L-1)茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)熏蒸处理对蓝莓贮藏品质及抗病相关酶活性的影响,为蓝莓采后保鲜技术研究和应用提供参考。结果表明:蓝莓在5℃贮藏条件下,MeJA处理能保持较高的好果率,且能抑制果实硬度下降和糖酸含量的降低,其中10、20μmol·L-1MeJA处理贮藏品质较好;MeJA处理对蓝莓果实中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)有激活作用,其中20μmol·L-1MeJA浓度处理更有利于诱导抗病酶的活性,提高果实抗病性,为蓝莓采后较适宜的处理浓度。     

生长期喷施Harpin蛋白对采后冬枣果实品质的影响

为了提高冬枣生长期果实的品质,研究了生长期冬枣树经HarpinXoo蛋白喷施处理后对冬枣果实品质的影响。结果表明:HarpinXoo蛋白处理能够显著提高冬枣果实的单果质量、硬度、糖酸比、总糖和维生素C质量分数以及降低病虫裂果率。喷施HarpinXoo蛋白处理与喷施清水对照相比,单果质量和果实硬度分别提高了18.99%和20.26%以上,病虫裂果率降低了59.67%以上;到10月上旬的冬枣收获期,HarpinXoo蛋白处理的果实糖酸比以及总糖和维生素C的质量分数分别达到了83.15、33.26%和4.76mg/g,而喷施清水对照分别仅为48.36、20.31%和3.41mg/g。而且喷施HarpinXoo蛋白能够良好地保持冬枣果实的果形指数、可食率、含水率和总酸质量分数。冬枣树生长期喷施HarpinXoo蛋白后显著提高了冬枣外观和口味品质。HarpinXoo蛋白的适宜施用质量浓度是20μg/mL。研究结果为冬枣生长期的果实品质的提高提供参考。     

60Co-γ辐照处理对蓝莓保鲜效果的影响

为延长蓝莓果实的货架期,本试验利用市售保鲜盒和专利保鲜盒包装蓝莓,并结合⁶⁰Co-γ辐照处理,分析贮藏期间蓝莓果实微观结构、生理生化指标、主要营养成分的变化。结果表明,专利保鲜盒+1.0 kGy剂量辐照处理可显著降低果实表面的菌落总数,较好地保持果实原有结构、色泽、硬度及抗氧化性,有效减缓了蓝莓花青素、总酚、Vc等营养成分的消耗,延长了蓝莓保鲜时间;而专利保鲜盒 +2.0 kGy剂量辐照处理加速了果实衰老和品质劣变;专利保鲜盒因具有微气调作用而使其保鲜效果明显优于普通市售保鲜盒。因此,低剂量的辐照处理与微气调保鲜盒结合使用可有效延长蓝莓的货架期。     

玉米茎秆汁液对黄土坡面产沙速率的影响及原因分析

利用人工模拟降雨试验研究了玉米茎秆汁液对黄土坡面产沙速率的影响及其原因。试验设计了4种不同的土样处理方式（control、添加25%浓度的汁液、添加50%浓度的汁液、添加25%浓度汁液经过一个冬季的冻融降解）在4种不同雨强（25,50,75,100 mm/h）下对产沙速率的影响,分析了4种不同处理后土样的土壤团聚体、有机质跟产沙速率的关系。结果表明:（1）添加玉米茎秆汁液对产沙速率是有明显的抑制作用的,玉米茎秆汁液通过增加土壤中 > 0.25 mm的团聚体和有机质实现减沙作用的。（2）4种处理后的土样中 > 5 mm的土壤团聚体和有机质是显著线性相关的,通过了0.01的显著性水平。在各种试验雨强（25,50,75,100 mm/h）下的产沙速率与 > 0.25 mm的土壤团聚体、有机质都具有显著线性负相关关系,通过了0.01的显著性检验。     

Effect of Foliar Application of Calcium on the Quality of Blueberry Fruits

Effect of foliar application of calcium (0.78 g, 4.68 g, and 7.8 g Ca^{2 +}) in pre-harvest, at three different growing conditions (tunnel, mesh, and ambient), on texture and pectin in blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum) was studied. Calcium contents in leaves as well in fruits were different (P ≤ 0.05), affected by growing conditions and time. Differences (P ≤ 0.05) in calcium content were found in tunnel cultivar fruit, during the period to cell expansion toward harvest, at calcium foliar level of 5 mL per L (7.8 g). Fruit texture was significantly higher at the beginning of the cell expansion period in the tunnel cultivar fruit, and a linear correlation between calcium concentration and texture was established. Increment in low methoxyl pectin (LMP) was influenced by growing conditions, and was different (P ≤ 0.05) for tunnel cultivar fruit. A good correlation between LMP and calcium content was obtained with the high dose of calcium (5 mL per L).     

Temporal sequence of cell wall disassembly events in developing fruits. 2. Analysis of blueberry (Vaccinium species)

Softening and pathogen susceptibility are the major factors limiting the marketing of blueberries as fresh fruits, and these traits are associated with fruit cell wall structure. However, few studies that characterize wall modifications occurring during development and ripening have been reported for this fruit. In this study the ripening-associated modifications of blueberry fruit cell walls (composition, pectin and hemicellulose solubilization, and depolymerization) at five stages of ripeness have been analyzed. Xylose was found to be the most abundant noncellulosic neutral sugar associated with fruit walls, and the observed high Xyl/Glc ratio suggested that xylans, which are usually a minor hemicellulosic fruit wall component, are abundant in blueberry. The pectic matrix showed increased solubilization at early and intermediate stages of ripening, but no changes were detected in late ripening. Furthermore, little reduction in pectin polymer size occurred during blueberry ripening. In contrast, hemicellulose levels decreased as ripening progressed, and a clear depolymerization of these components was observed. A model for cell wall degradation in this fruit is discussed.     

Cultivar-dependent cell wall modification of strawberry fruit under NaCl salinity stress

Strawberry cultivars differ in their sensitivity to NaCl; fruits of cv. Elsanta suffer from softening, whereas those of cv. Korona retain their firmness. The mean fruit fresh weight is reduced in cv. Elsanta up to 46% and in cv. Korona up to 26%. Cell walls of fruits grown under 0, 40, or 80 mmol/L NaCl were extracted and analyzed. In fruits of cv. Korona, the content of the alcohol-insoluble residue remained comparatively stable as salt levels increased but was reduced in cv. Elsanta. The water-soluble pectin fraction was not affected in cv. Korona, but the content of low methoxy pectinates increased significantly, indicative of the generation of calcium and magnesium bridges that stabilize pectin polysaccharides of cell walls. In cv. Elsanta, the content of water-soluble pectin rose, indicating pectin solubilization. For both cultivars, the significant negative correlation of fruit Cl(-) contents with the contents of NaOH-soluble pectinates, when expressed per fruit fresh mass, indicated that covalently bound pectic substances were degraded. Especially the response of cv. Elsanta is in line with the general observation that severe osmotic stress results in slower cell expansion and weaker cell walls.     

Resveratrol in raw and baked blueberries and bilberries

Resveratrol in the fruits of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), the lowbush "wild" blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton), the rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade), and the highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) were measured using a new assay based on high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The LC-MS/MS assay provided lower limits of detection than previous methods for resveratrol measurement, 90 fmol of trans-resveratrol injected on-column, and a linear standard curve spanning >3 orders of magnitude. The recoveries of resveratrol from blueberries spiked with 1.8, 3.6, or 36 ng/g were 91.5 +/- 4.5, 95.6 +/- 6.5, and 88.0 +/- 3.6%, respectively. trans-Resveratrol but not cis-resveratrol was detected in both blueberry and bilberry samples. The highest levels of trans-resvertatrol in these specimens were 140.0 +/- 29.9 pmol/g in highbush blueberries from Michigan and 71.0 +/- 15.0 pmol/g in bilberries from Poland. However, considerable regional variation was observed; highbush blueberries from British Columbia contained no detectable resveratrol. Because blueberries and bilberries are often consumed after cooking, the effect of baking on resveratrol content was investigated. After 18 min of heating at 190 degrees C, between 17 and 46% of the resveratrol had degraded in the various Vaccinium species. Therefore, the resveratrol content of baked or heat-processed blueberries or bilberries should be expected to be lower than in the raw fruit. Although blueberries and bilberries were found to contain resveratrol, the level of this chemoprotective compound in these fruits was <10% that reported for grapes. Furthermore, cooking or heat processing of these berries will contribute to the degradation of resveratrol.     

基于高光谱图像的蓝莓糖度和硬度无损测量

为了对蓝莓硬度和糖度进行无损检测,采用近红外光谱仪(900~1700 nm)分别对490个"蓝丰"蓝莓的果柄侧和花萼侧进行高光谱成像,并测量整个果实的硬度和糖度。应用偏最小二乘回归法分别对果柄侧、花萼侧和整个果实的平均光谱建立硬度和糖度预测模型。试验结果表明,蓝莓硬度呈双峰分布,表明实际生产中有望分为2类;蓝莓糖度呈正态分布;硬度和糖度的相关性仅为?0.15,说明不能通过二者之中的任何一个来估计和评价另一个。采用整个果实的平均光谱数据建模效果最好,硬度的校正集相关系数RC和验证集相关系数RV达到0.911和0.871,糖度的为0.891和0.774,但主成分数都有所增加。结果表明,采用高光谱技术对蓝莓硬度和糖度进行快速、无损检测是可行的。     

Effect of Calcium Foliar Application on the Characteristics of Blueberry Fruit during Storage

ABSTRACT

Effect of calcium (Ca) foliar application on blueberry fruit characteristics during storage was investigated. Calcium applications began 28 d after flowering, two levels (3.9 g Ca^{2 +} and 39 g Ca^{2 +}) and a control without calcium were used (0.0; 3.0, and 30 mL L^?1). The fruits were harvested on day 103 and were stored for 56 d at 2 ± 1°C. At harvest time the fruits had a significant statistical different concentration, which were maintained until the last day of storage. The fruit from the 30 mL L^?1 treatment was the highest. The lowest texture levels are found with the treatment without calcium, which shows a statistically significant change from storage day 29. The LMP percentage did not varied in the fruit from the treatment with 30 mL L^?1, but did in the fruit without calcium. Hunter L, b, and the index chromes were influenced by the applied calcium levels, significantly greater at 30 mL L^?1; and by the time of storage in the fruits with treatment of 30 mL L^?1.     

壳聚糖和抗坏血酸复合处理提高台湾青枣采后保鲜效果

为了延长台湾青枣(Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.)的采后保鲜时间,基于抗坏血酸(ascorbic acid,As A)可提高果实抗氧化能力,壳聚糖涂膜处理能防止果实失水和微生物侵染,该文探讨抗坏血酸、壳聚糖涂膜及抗坏血酸和壳聚糖复合处理对台湾青枣(Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.)采后保鲜效果的影响.果实采收后当天,分别用30.0mmol/L抗坏血酸浸泡处理、8g/L壳聚糖涂膜以及30.0mmol/L抗坏血酸浸泡后并用8g/L壳聚糖涂膜复合处理,以双蒸水浸泡处理为对照,处理结束后,置于(25±1)℃和90%~95%相对湿度下贮藏,定期测定果实相关生理参数,扫描电镜观察果皮果实组织结构.结果表明,与对照相比,抗坏血酸或壳聚糖单独处理虽然对台湾青枣保鲜有一定效果,但复合处理后保鲜效果更好.表现为显著减少果实失水率和相对电导率(P<0.05),抑制果皮叶绿素降解及果实果胶酶和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性增加,降低原果胶分解成可溶性果胶的速率(P<0.05),使果实硬度和细胞完整性得以维持;延缓果实超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性下降,降低膜脂氧化速率,果实过氧化氢和膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛含量显著下降(P<0.05);维持果实较高的可溶性固形物(total soluble solids,SS)、可溶性总糖(total soluble sugar,TSS)、可滴定酸(titratable acidity,TA)、谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)及抗坏血酸含量.研究结果说明,抗坏血酸和壳聚糖复合处理可提高台湾青枣贮藏过程中的抗氧化能力,降低氧化伤害;降低果实失水率,减缓果皮叶绿素降解速率,延缓细胞降解和软化速率,维持果实细胞完整性,降低果实的腐烂率,从而达到延长采后果实保鲜的效果.     

Cultivar evaluation and effect of fermentation on antioxidant capacity and in vitro inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase by highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corombosum)

The berry fruits of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) contain bioactive compounds with potential health benefits. The objective was to evaluate blueberries grown in southern Illinois as well as the effect of fermentation, at two different temperatures, on chemical and physical parameters. Fruits from fifteen blueberry cultivars were analyzed. Fruit diameter ranged from 12.8 mm to 18.7 mm, pH from 2.6 to 3.7, reducing sugars from 6.4% to 15.2%, total sugars from 13.9% to 21.6%, total polyphenols from 0.39 to 1.00 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g blueberry and antioxidant capacity from 5.8 to 10.9 μM Trolox equivalents (TE)/g. In vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory capacity relative to the positive control acarbose, a known anti-diabetic drug, showed a range from 91.8 to 103.3% for α-amylase and from 103.2% to 190.8% for α-glucosidase. Wines prepared from several of these blueberry cultivars were analyzed throughout fermentation and compared at room temperature and cold temperature fermentation for pH (3.5 to 6.3), °Brix (13.6 to 29.7), total polyphenols (375.4 to 657.1 μg GAE/mL wine), and antioxidant capacity (4.5 to 25.1 mM TE). The wines were also tested for their in vitro capacity to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase and maintained similar inhibitory action as the berries. Highbush blueberry cultivars and their fermented beverages are good natural sources of antioxidants and starch-degrading enzyme inhibitors important for type 2 diabetes management.