森林康养产业高质量发展政策建议

发展森林康养产业是践行国家战略的重要举措,针对性的政策对推动行业健康可持续发展至关重要。当前森林康养面临着森林康养市场主体较缺失、专业管理人才缺乏、基础服务设施不足、管理体系不明确、技术规范支撑缺乏等五个问题。综合分析现有省份森林康养方面的评定标准及评分办法,核心的有关项目内容、要求和标准等还不完备。针对该问题,提出有关政策建议：推动森林康养企业良好运行、推动森林康养从业人员队伍壮大、开展森林康养示范基地建设、激发森林康养服务消费、构建完善的森林康养产业标准体系。森林康业产业的持续健康发展,是林业供给侧结构性改革的必然要求,是满足人民美好生活需要的责任担当。     

延安市康养基地资源评价与利用分析

在利用《森林养生基地质量评定标准》对延安是现有4个森林康养基地资源评价基础上,分析了延安市森林康养产业发展的优势及存在的问题,提出了出台扶持促进政策、转换经营机制,系统调查、设点监测、全面准确掌握延安市森林康养资源和条件,完善整体规划与试点示范,加大基础设施建设投资,加强科技支撑、注重人才培养,注重理念宣传与公众引导等促进森林康养产业发展对策。     

基于发展路径的森林康养基地评价体系探讨

森林康养是朝阳产业,从发展路径上看,其森林生态环境是基础、康养基地为前提、森林康养文化是源泉、森林康养产品为支撑,以森林康养服务为载体整合了森林康养的全过程。基于森林康养产业发展路径,对森林康养基地适宜性评价体系进行了分析研究,提出了调整改进方案。     

森林康养研究概况

森林康养是林业与旅游业、健康服务业相互融合的新业态,作为康养产业和森林旅游中的一支生力军,将会迎来巨大的发展机遇和挑战。文章从森林康养概念、森林环境作用机理、基地建设和产业发展建议等几个方面,对国内外相关文献和国内在林业、旅游业、健康产业等方面部分国家政策进行梳理和分析。结果认为,国外发展较早,对森林环境作用机理的医学实证研究较多,韩国、日本等国家已建立比较完善的森林康养基地建设标准和相关从业资格标准体系;国内在医学实证研究方面比较少,对空气负氧离子和植物精气的研究开展得较晚,尚无统一的森林康养基地建设标准。提出我国发展森林康养的建议,主要包括政策制度、发展战略、研究方法、研究内容等方面。     

我国森林康养产业发展实践

2011年至今,我国森林康养经历了理念引进、概念提出和产业萌芽起步等阶段,目前已作为我国林业新业态和新时代的健康产业迎来了良好的发展环境。文中基于森林康养产业运营“基地”“产品”“专业技术人员”3要素,梳理总结了10年来我国在森林康养基地、核心产品、宣传教育等方面的实践进展情况,展现了我国森林康养从概念向产业发展的过程。在此基础上,分析了现阶段我国森林康养产业存在的问题,并提出4点建议：1)重视人才培养和科学研究;2)根据森林康养产业需求进行基地建设;3)以产品创新明晰产业形象;4)以试点建设促进产业融合。     

发展森林康养 打造衢江林业产业新业态

正为适应中央提出的"着力加强供给侧结构性改革"要求,国家林业局提出了发展森林康养产业的新思路,并由国家林业局对外合作项目中心、中国林业产业联合会等单位在四川等地开展了森林医学康养基地建设试点,组建了森林疗养国际合作专业委员会。随着我国森林康养产业对外合作项目的实施,森林康养基地建设技术标准体系将不断完善,这一朝阳产业定会有一个较大的发展。一、什么是森林康养     

平武县森林康养产业发展路径和举措研究

森林康养是时代发展的潮流和趋势,契合我国国情与林情,是社会发展的必然需求.立足于平武县森林康养产业发展现状,分析了平武县森林康养产业发展优势、产业发展布局、存在问题,构建了"森林康养+"产业发展路径,提出了推进发展时序、加快康养林建设、完善基础设施、丰富康养产品、提高服务水平等针对性的举措建议,以期为平武县加快推进森林...     

山西地区森林康养产业的发展思考

<正>森林康养属于全新的产业类型,是新时期人们为追求健康生活提出的新需求。当前,我国针对森林康养产业出台了很多政策,制定了相应的发展目标以及计划,对森林康养产业的建设、未来发展十分有益。但是,对于该产业的发展还处于最初的探索阶段,需要在各个层面逐步完善。本文针对山西地区森林康养产业的发展思考,给出了如下分析。     

山西省森林康养产业发展现状及建议

笔者从完善组织机构、引进资本运营、建设森林康养基地、开展森林康养基地景观资源评估、加大森林康养宣传力度等方面介绍了山西省森林康养产业的发展现状，分析了其中存在人们对森林康养认知不够、社会资本投资积极性不高、康养产品开发不足等问题，提出了森林康养融合发展建议，以期为山西省森林康养产业的发展提供参考。     

管涔山林区森林康养旅游优势探讨

森林康养是近年来我国新兴一项绿色产业。介绍了森林康养旅游的好处、管涔山林区生态区位的重要性以及管涔山林区森林康养旅游现状发展,分析了管涔山林区森林康养产业的发展优势。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.