南京地区3个兔眼蓝莓品种引种试验

对2014年种植于南京市白马地区的3个兔眼蓝莓品种‘巴尔德温’（Baldwin）、‘蓝美人’（Bluebelle）和‘布莱特蓝’（Briteblue）进行连续2年生长及开花结实性状的调查研究。结果表明,3个兔眼蓝莓品种能较好适应南京地区的气候环境,植株生长、结果性状均表现正常,其中品种‘巴尔德温’是兔眼蓝莓品种中较晚熟的品种,其树势和耐旱性较强,适宜在降水量较少的干旱丘陵地区种植;品种‘蓝美人’对土壤的要求较严格,果实采收时果皮易撕裂,不适宜贮存和运输,该品种适宜于庭院精细栽培;品种‘布莱特蓝’成熟期较晚,产量和总花色苷含量较高,香味浓郁且耐贮运,可作为加工兼鲜果销售品种推广。     

薄壳山核桃果实发育及脂肪酸累积变化规律

为了研究薄壳山核桃果实生长发育规律及果实品质特征,对‘Mahan’与‘Jinhua’这2个薄壳山核桃优良品种果实的横纵径、单果质量、脂肪含量及其各组分脂肪酸含量等生长性状指标进行了测定与分析。结果表明:1在果实发育过程中,2个品种果实的横纵径和单果质量的生长变化规律基本一致,均呈慢—快—慢的增长趋势,其发育过程均可划分为4个时期,其中‘Mahan’比‘Jinhua’早熟;2其粗脂肪含量均呈不断上升的增长趋势,7月下旬至10月中旬乃其油脂积累的重要时期,成熟果的果仁中主要含有油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸等11种脂肪酸组分,其中不饱和脂肪酸含量约占90%,油酸含量最高为78.81%;3随着果实的成熟,其饱和脂肪酸含量逐渐减少,而不饱和脂肪酸含量逐渐增加,‘Mahan’的不饱和脂肪酸含量高于‘Jinhua’,在果实成熟期间2个品种的油酸和硬脂酸含量均持续增加,而其亚油酸和棕榈酸含量均先增后降。     

6个蓝莓品种花粉特性和花粉育性的比较

为了探究湖南蓝莓引种区不同品种的花器形体特征及花粉生活力,从而为南方地区蓝莓引种栽培和授粉树的配置提供参考依据,采用纤维素酶溶解法、联苯胺染色法和离体培养等技术,对‘莱格西’、‘布里吉塔’、‘夏普蓝’、‘密斯梯’、‘粉蓝’、‘梯芙蓝’等6个蓝莓品种的花粉特性、花粉量、花粉生活力、花粉萌发率等进行了比较研究。测定结果表明:1蓝莓花粉量在各品种间存在差异,‘莱格西’、‘布里吉塔’、‘夏普蓝’、‘密斯梯’、‘粉蓝’、‘梯芙蓝’的花粉数依次为162、250、178、166、141、170粒/花药,其中‘布里吉塔’的花粉数量最多,‘夏普蓝’次之,‘粉蓝’最少;2蓝莓花粉生活力在各品种中存在差异,‘莱格西’、‘布里吉塔’、‘夏普蓝’、‘密斯梯’、‘粉蓝’、‘梯芙蓝’的花粉生活力依次为30.87%、26.79%、31.34%、23.83%,18.80%、24.83%,其中‘夏普蓝’的花粉活力最大,‘莱格西’次之,‘粉蓝’最小;3 6个蓝莓品种花粉萌发所需的最适蔗糖浓度不尽相同,‘莱格西’、‘布里吉塔’、‘密斯梯’在蔗糖浓度为10%时其花粉萌发率均最高,依次为25.60%、9.10%、27.20%;当蔗糖浓度为15%时,‘夏普蓝’、‘粉蓝’、‘梯芙蓝’3个蓝莓品种的萌发率均达到最高值,依次为26.20%、21.20%、61.40%;4 6个蓝莓品种中,‘夏普蓝’花粉萌发所需的最适硼酸浓度为300μg·L-1,而其他5个品种花粉萌发的最佳硼酸浓度均为200μg·L-1;5 6个蓝莓品种花粉萌发所需的最适培养温度均为25℃。研究结果表明:6个蓝莓品种中,‘莱格西’和‘夏普蓝’均较适合用作授粉植株,其花粉量和花粉萌发率均较高。     

不同栽培方式对蓝莓梢果发育的影响

为给蓝莓的高效优质栽培提供理论依据,以6年生北高丛蓝莓品种‘蓝丰’为试验材料,就温室、冷棚(塑料大棚)、露地3种栽培方式对蓝莓物候期和新梢及果实生长发育的影响情况进行了试验研究。结果表明:温室栽培方式下,‘蓝丰’的始花期、成熟期比冷棚栽培的分别提前了50、37 d,比露地栽培的分别提前了69、58 d;温室、冷棚和露地栽培条件下,蓝莓在花期、果实生长发育期(从坐果至成熟)所需≥10℃的有效积温分别为(169±2)、(454±5)℃,蓝莓果实的最佳采收期分别为5月下旬、6月下旬、7月中旬,其新梢旺长期分别为4月上旬至5月上旬、5月上旬至6月上旬、5月中旬至6月中旬。     

樱桃新品种‘超早红’的选育

经过连续10年的试验观测,从当地樱桃园中选出了偶然变异优株——‘超早红’樱桃。平均单果重4.04g,最大果重4.5g,是一般中国樱桃品种的1.5~2倍;光合叶面积大,棚栽果实含可溶性固形物21.8%,较‘大窝蒌叶’(可溶性固形物12.2%)高9.6%,较‘大尖叶’(可溶性固形物14.9%)高6.9%;定植当年可形成花芽,翌年即可结果,较当地中国樱桃品种提前2年结果,较大樱桃提前4年结果;花期较‘大窝蒌叶’樱桃晚6~7天,有可能避开春霜冻害,成熟期较‘大尖叶’和‘大窝蒌叶’樱桃分别早7天和8天,属于极早熟品种;低温需冷量只有普通樱桃的1/2,从扣棚到成熟需80天左右。在稍加预冷处理情况下,11月上旬进行温室栽培,春节前果实可成熟上市。     

5个早熟桃品种在石家庄地区的种植表现

以5个早熟桃品种为试验材料,1个中熟桃品种为对照材料,于2018年调查各个品种物候期,进行果实外观性状、果实内部性状、适应性和丰产性的调查研究。结果表明:在石家庄地区试种,能够正常开花结果。5个早熟品种,以‘雪雨露’在石家庄种植的综合表现最优,‘早久保’、‘春雪’和‘美硕’也表现优良。‘春瑞’果个小、口感较酸且株产量低,虽然成熟期最早,但不建议在石家庄地区种植。     

4个蓝莓品种果实发育期叶片矿质营养动态及其相关性

【目的】了解不同品种蓝莓树体对矿质元素的吸收规律及差异,并为细化蓝莓施肥管理措施提供参考。【方法】以兔眼蓝莓品种‘巨蓝’和‘灿烂’及南高丛蓝莓品种‘薄雾’和‘奥尼尔’为试材,果实发育期间定期采取果实附近的叶片,应用电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪测定并分析了叶片大量矿质元素磷(P)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)及微量矿质元素铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、硼(B)、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)含量动态及其相关性。【结果】4月22日—7月21日,4个品种叶片K和Cu含量整体呈下降趋势,Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn和B含量整体呈上升趋势,但‘巨蓝’的Ca、Fe、Mn含量在7月21日未出现上升;‘灿烂’‘薄雾’和‘奥尼尔’P含量均在7月21日出现明显回升,而‘巨蓝’P含量持续下降;Zn含量除‘薄雾’变幅较小外,其他3个品种Zn含量呈现"下降—回升"的变化趋势。相关性分析结果表明,K含量与B含量间呈显著负相关,而Ca含量与P、Mg、Fe、Mn、B含量间,P含量与Mg含量间,Mg含量与Fe、Zn、B、Mn含量间,Fe含量与Mn、B含量间,以及Mn含量与B含量间均呈显著正相关。【结论】除‘巨蓝’Mg含量相对不足外,4个品种叶片各元素含量均较充足。结合土壤理化性质可知,施肥时应注意增施有机肥,‘巨蓝’品种还应增施Mg肥。     

有机覆盖物厚度对蓝莓园土壤和果实性状的影响

[目的]了解地表覆盖有机物厚度对蓝莓果园土壤、产量和果实品质的影响,为生产实践中蓝莓果园有机物覆盖提供参考.[方法]以3个兔眼蓝莓品种‘灿烂’‘粉蓝’‘芭尔德温’的5年生植株为研究对象,研究了大田条件下地表覆盖不同厚度玉米秸秆对蓝莓果园土壤含水量、土壤温度、土壤养分含量、蓝莓产量和果实品质性状的影响.[结果]玉米秸秆覆...     

不同沙棘品种物候期及果实主要性状调查

为给辽宁省建平县沙棘资源的恢复与重建提供参考依据,对建平县主栽的12个沙棘品种的物候期及果实主要性状进行了调查,并对果实中可溶性糖、可滴定酸、总酚和类黄酮含量等生理指标进行了测定,还根据沙棘加工企业对其果实营养成分的利用范围对各品种果实的加工品质进行了综合评价。结果表明:1)供试的12个沙棘品种均于3月下旬开始萌动,4月中旬开始展叶,5月上中旬新梢开始生长,9月中旬新梢停止生长,4月中下旬进入花期,其花期持续4~8d;‘中红果’‘中黄果’‘深秋红’和‘雪地黄’于9月上中旬陆续成熟,其余品种均于8月上旬成熟。中国沙棘叶片于10月中旬开始变色,11月中旬全部落光;大果沙棘叶片于9月上中旬开始变色,10月中下旬全落。2)不同沙棘品种果实主要性状变异较为丰富,其变异系数为7.19%~28.92%,各性状指标的变异系数从大到小依次为:果形指数(28.92%)>百果质量(25.44%)>果实纵径(20.46%)>果实横径(7.19%)。3)百果质量与果实纵径间呈极显著正相关,即果实纵径越大,百果质量则越大。4)各品种果实加工品质的综合评分由大到小依次为:‘雪地黄’>‘巨人’>‘深秋红’>‘乌兰格木’>‘楚伊’>‘向阳’>‘阜欧’>‘中黄果’>‘俄3号’>‘中红果’。结合分析果实的主要性状和加工品质后认为,不论是对于满足沙棘加工企业的需求还是对于建平县沙棘资源的恢复与重建而言,‘雪地黄’和‘深秋红’两个品种都是较好的选择。     

不同海棠品种果实糖酸组分测定和聚类分析

为了筛选出适于食用和推广的海棠果实与品种,从而为海棠果实的开发利用和品种改良提供理论依据,以扬州市江都区国家种质资源圃中主栽的16个海棠品种果实为试材,测定其糖酸组分及含量,并对16个海棠品种的果实品质进行了评价和聚类分析。测定结果表明:16个海棠品种果实中总糖的平均含量为1.613～4.827 mg?g-1,总酸的平均含量为4.686～17.073 mg?g-1,甜酸比的平均值为12.487～105.054;可溶性固形物的平均百分比为12.73%～17.40%,维生素C的平均含量为130.012～282.617 mg?g-1;其中,‘丽格’‘东哥’和‘萘微利’的感官评价总分最高。聚类分析结果表明:16个海棠品种果实可分为4类,前3类可用于鲜食及加工,第4类可用作景观、生态等用途树种。海棠成熟果实中糖分的积累类型均属于己糖积累型,以果糖和葡萄糖为主;有机酸积累以苹果酸为主。筛选出的‘东哥’‘丽格’和‘萘微利’这3个品种果实的综合品质及口感均良好,其均为可鲜食的品种。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.