城市园林的生物多样性保护

城市园林作为城市景观的一种主要类型,其空间结构和发展动态对生物多样性有着重要的影响。开展城市园林生物多样性的研究,探索生物多样性保护的有效途径,是我国园林健康发展和生物多样性保护的重要内容。文中论述了国内外园林生物多样性的状况,并从园林不同景观要素对生物多样性影响的角度进行了分析,指出目前我国园林生物多样性保护与研究存在的问题,探讨了园林生物多样性保护的一些途径。     

天然林采伐与生物多样性保护

本文谈了保护生物多样性的意义，生物多样性丧失的原因，森林采伐对生态环境的影响及生物多样性保护的措施。     

森林生态系统的生物多样性保护问题

生物多样性的保护和可持续的利用对森林的保护与可持续经营具有特别重要的意义，生物多样性保护在森林生态系统管理中也越来越显示其重要性。讨论全球森林生态系统生物多样性保护的发展趋势及森林生态系统生物多样性保护的理论和对策，以及生物多样性指数在评价生物多样性管理的应用，提出我国生物多样性保护研究应该加强的方向。     

不同尺度生物多样性监测研究进展

生物多样性是人类赖以生存和发展的物质基础和环境保障, 构建合理有效的生物多样性监测指标体系是实现科学保护生物多样性的基础。文中从全球、地区/国家、生态系统3个尺度对国际上生物多样性监测指标体系研究的最新进展进行了回顾, 评述各尺度生物多样性保护监测指标体系的优缺点, 提出了在生态系统尺度上建立森林生物多样性保护监测指标体系的必要性。     

国外城市生物多样性保护的几种途径

简要论述了城市生物多样性的概念、价值以及城市发展对生物多样性的影响,着重介绍了国外城市在生物多样性保护中的一些有借鉴意义的方法和途径。     

生物多样性研究进展

生物多样性是地球生命经过几十亿年发展进化的结果,给人类提供了丰富的食物、药物资源,是人类赖以生存的物质基础;而且在保持土、调节气候、维持自然平衡等方面起着不可替代的作用,是人类社会可持续发展的生存支持系统。近年来,随着全球极端气温的不断出现,自然栖息地的侵占和人为隔离（片断化）等,导致生物生物多样性正面临着日益退化和丧失的威胁。本文基于遗传多样性、物种多样性、生态系统多样性等几个层次总结了生物多样性的概念及内涵;利用物种丰富度指数、物种多样性指数、均匀度指数、生态优势度以及被引入用来测度生态系统生物多样性的热力学单位熵等测度指标,总结了目前物种多样性的主要测度指数;介绍了以生物多样性与生态系统功能关系研究,生物多样性和生态系统服务服务功能及其价值评估,生物多样性与气候变化,生物多样性的保护,生物入侵与生物安全,生物多样性信息管理等当前国内外对生物多样性研究的热点问题;以为今后本区域生物多样性研究和保护提供理论基础。     

抚育间伐对森林生物多样性影响研究进展

森林生物多样性在一定程度上是衡量森林质量的重要指标, 丰富的生物多样性同时也是生态系统稳定的基础, 会促进生态系统功能的优化, 而抚育间伐与森林生物多样性存在密切的关系。文中针对国内外森林抚育间伐对植物、动物和微生物多样性影响的研究进行了综述, 同时针对我国森林尤其是人工林质量低的现状, 提出3点建议:(1)把生物多样性作为评价森林质量的一项重要指标; (2)把抚育间伐作为提高生物多样性和森林质量的一项重要措施; (3)对森林抚育对生物多样性的影响进行长期定位研究。     

论森林生物多样性保护

本文叙述了对生物多样性的理论认识，在林物种多样性的作用，提出了森林生物多样性保护的７条措施，将对森林生物多样性保护及改善生态环境起积极作用。     

森林作业对森林生物多样性的影响

保护森林生物多样性是发展可持续林业的重要内容。这里阐述了森林作业对森林生物多样性的影响 ,并提出几点建议。     

森林认证对生物多样性影响研究进展

维护森林生态系统的完整性,尤其是保护生物多样性是开展森林认证的重要目的之一。文中概述2大国际森林认证体系（FSC和PEFC）认证标准中有关生物多样性保护的要求,分析森林认证对生物多样性的影响,探讨现有认证标准与实现生物多样性保护之间的差距。分析表明,森林认证对生物多样性的保护具有积极作用,森林认证可作为促进生物多样性保护的有力工具;由于受到诸多因素的影响,在全球认证体系中生物多样性保护标准和指标的确立普遍缺乏科学数据支撑,不同区域差异较大,且生物多样性的监测和评估相对滞后。森林认证对全球森林资源的可持续发展具有重要的意义,生物多样性保护工作将成为推动森林认证持续发展的重要力量。     

Effects of genetically modified Burkholderia pyrrocinia JK‐SH007E1 on soil microbial community in poplar rhizosphere

It is important to assess the biosafety of genetically engineered bacteria before release into the environment. In a previous study, the genetically engineered bacterium Burkholderia pyrrocinia JK‐SH007E1 was developed, showing biological control activity against a poplar canker disease. In the present work, the potential effects of B. pyrrocinia JK‐SH007E1 on soil microbial diversity and population structure in the poplar rhizosphere were assessed. The micro‐ecological effects of JK‐SH007E1 on soil microbial communities were investigated using substrate utilization assays (Biolog EcoPlate), enzyme activity assays and 16S rRNA sequencing to research species diversity and population structure of soil microbial communities. The genetically engineered isolate JK‐SH007E1 improved the functional diversity, soil enzyme activities and alpha diversity of soil microbial communities. However, the positive effects after inoculation attenuated with time, except for soil enzyme activities. Treatments with JK‐SH007 or JK‐SH007E1 were not different in impacts on soil enzyme activity and functional diversity of soil microbial communities. The results demonstrated that inoculation of JK‐SH007E1 into the poplar rhizosphere posed little or no threat to soil microbial communities in the long term. This work provides an additional insight into the effects of genetically engineered JK‐SH007E1 on the environment during long‐term use as biological control against poplar canker diseases.     

Impact of urbanization on plant diversity: A case study in built-up areas of Beijing

Urbanization is developing rapidly in the world, which seriously changes the habitat of organisms and has clearly a negative effect on biodiversity. Preservation of biodiversity is crucial in urban planning and management, which is also an important symbol for the level of greening. Problems such as scarcity of urban green space and plant species have become obstacles to the establishment of ecological friendly cities. However, coexistence of nature and modernization, as well the coordination of economic development and biodiversity, are goals that people are seeking. We have taken the builtup areas of Beijing as a study case and discussed the impacts of urbanization on plant diversity, with the support of fieldwork and SPOT remote sensing data. The results are as follows： 1） in the process of urbanization, exotic plants have been widely introduced, which has affected species composition and the proportion of native plants; it is clear that artificial green spaces always will have a lower level of plant diversity than natural green spaces; 2） functional differences of green space types partially decide their species abundance, so that plant diversity in greenbelts and streets is generally lower than in parks; 3） the spatial variety of plant diversity contributes much to the imbalance of district de- velopment and the planning of different functional zones; this variation is embodied in different ring-belts and directions; 4） habitat fragmentation also affects plant diversity to a great extent; there is a significant positive correlation between high fragmentation and low plant diversity. According our results, some suggestions are proposed, which would be suitable for the preservation of plant di- versity and ecological improvement during urbanization.     

Assessing bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of 8-year-old genetically modified poplar(Populus spp.)

Microbe communities in rhizosphere ecosystems are important for plant health but there is limited knowledge of them in the rhizospheres of genetically modified(GM) plants, especial for tree species. We used the amplitude sequencing method to analyze the V4 regions of the 16 S r RNA gene to identify changes in bacterial diversity and community structure in two GM lines(D520 and D521), one non-genetically modified(nonGM) line and in uncultivated soil. After chimera filtering,468.133 sequences in the domain Bacteria remained. There were ten dominant taxonomic groups(with [1 % of all sequences) across the samples. 241 of 551 genera(representing a ratio of 97.33 %) were common to all samples.A Venn diagram showed that 1.926 operational taxonomic units(OTUs) were shared by all samples. We found a specific change, a reduction in Chloroflexi, in the microorganisms in the rhizosphere soil planted with poplars. Taken together, the results showed few statistical differences in the bacterial diversity and community structure between the GM line and non-GM line, this suggests that there was no or very limited impact of this genetic modification on the bacterial communities in the rhizosphere.     

城市绿地植物多样性现状及其发展途径

植物作为城市园林的主题和基础,人们对其的应用直接影响到城市的景观效果和生态稳定。文章在对植物多样性概述的基础上探讨了城市植物多样性的应用现状、存在问题及其根源,并提出了提高城市绿地植物多样性的途径,为丰富城市绿化植物树种提供理论基础。       

Saproxylic beetle assemblages on low stumps,high stumps and logs: Implications for environmental effects of stump harvesting

The aim of this study was to evaluate how future harvesting of spruce low stumps as a renewable energy source, might influence the saproxylic (wood living) beetle fauna. Species richness, abundance and assemblages of saproxylic beetles were compared on low stumps, high stumps and logs of spruce on 10 clear-cuts in northern Sweden. The sampling was conducted with emergence traps and a total of 929 individuals and 120 species were collected. No significant differences in beetle abundance or species richness were detected between substrate types. However, there were clear differences in assemblage composition between all substrate types. Our results suggest that low stumps created at final felling support as many species and individuals per volume dead wood as other dead wood substrates and that they are therefore overlooked as substrates for wood living organisms. Consequently, harvesting of low stumps might have negative effects on the diversity of saproxylic beetles, as up to 80% of the dead wood remaining on clear-cuts is in the form of low stumps. Future studies should evaluate if compensatory measures can be performed to minimize negative impacts.     

Ecological consequences of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) cultivation in Europe

Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) was first introduced to Europe from North America more than 150 years ago, was then planted on a large scale and is now the economically most important exotic tree species in European forests. This literature review summarizes the current knowledge on the effects of Douglas fir on soil chemistry, plants, arthropods and fungi. Douglas fir shapes its abiotic environment similarly to native tree species such as Norway spruce, silver fir or European beech. In general, many organisms have been shown to be able to live together with Douglas fir and in some cases even benefit from its presence. Although the number of species of the ground vegetation and that of arthropod communities is similar to those of native conifer species, fungal diversity is reduced by Douglas fir. Special microclimatic conditions in the crown of Douglas fir can lead to reduced arthropod densities during winter with possible negative consequences for birds. The ecological impacts of Douglas fir are in general not as severe as those of other exotic tree species, e.g., Pinus spp. in South Africa and Ailanthus altissima, Prunus serotina and Robinia pseudoacacia in Europe. Nonetheless, Douglas fir can negatively impact single groups of organisms or species and is now regenerating itself naturally in Europe. Although Douglas fir has not been the subject of large-scale outbreaks of pests in Europe so far, the further introduction of exotic organisms associated with Douglas fir in its native range could be more problematic than the introduction of Douglas fir itself.     

基于高通量测序的土壤微生物群落结构对土地利用方式的响应

为探究土地利用方式对土壤微生物群落的影响,对彭州市境内5种常见土地利用方式(城市绿地、农业用地、人工林地、滩涂地、撂荒地)下的土壤细菌和真菌进行了高通量测序.共检测到细菌37门106纲278目491科959属2137种,主要优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸...     

太白山自然保护区的生物多样性及其威胁因素研究

地处秦岭山脉中段的太白山自然保护区，总面积56325hm^2。1996～1997年进行了一次多目标调查。1998-2001年进行了保护野生动物、宗教活动、旅游等对环境影响的监测和研究。太白山自然保护区具有生态系统多样性、物种多种性、遗传多样性等的特点。分析了自然保护区目前受到的威胁，提出了今后保护管理的意见。