气相色谱-质谱法同时测定猪肝中盐酸克伦特罗、莱克多巴胺残留

猪肝用乙酸乙酯、盐酸溶液提取后，经SCX固相萃取柱净化、BSTFA衍生化，定容后用气相色谱-质谱（GC／MS）外标法测定。测定结果表明：采用该方法，猪肝中盐酸克伦特罗和莱克多巴胺的检出限分别为0．3、1．0ng／g。盐酸克伦特罗在3．0～300ng／mL范围内与峰面积具有良好的线性关系，平均回收率为85．6％；莱克多巴胺在10～1000ng／mL范围内与峰面积具有良好的线性关系，平均回收率为76．6％。该方法简便可靠、干扰小、灵敏度高，可用作猪肝中克伦特罗和莱克多巴胺残留的同时测定。     

GC/MS离子法测定猪尿中瘦肉精残留的研究及应用

GC／MS离子法测定猪尿中盐酸克伦特罗的残留，具有很好的分离度，特征离子与谱库检索一致，匹配度高。浓度10-200ng／mL范围呈良好的线性关系（R=0．9947）；仪器检出限为5—10ng／mL；回收率范围为69．7％-97．6％；批内变异系数≤6．1％。批间变异系数≤3．2％。检测60批猪尿中盐酸克伦特罗的残留。检出率为0。本方法对确证猪尿中盐酸克伦特罗残留具有重要意义。     

同位素内标GC/MS法测定猪尿和猪肝中克伦特罗

建立了同位素内标法定量测定猪尿和猪肝中克伦特罗的方法。猪尿和猪肝用乙酸乙酯、盐酸溶液提取，再经SCX固相萃取柱净化、N，O-双三甲基硅基-三氟乙酰胺（BSTFA）衍生化，定容后用气相色谱-质谱（GC／MS）测定，并以D9一克伦特罗为内标定量。猪尿和猪肝中克伦特罗的检出限分别为0．3ng／mL和0．3ng／g，克伦特罗的测定在5．0～400ng／mL范围内具有良好的线性关系，猪尿和猪肝中的平均回收率分别为100．3％和97．2％，批内变异系数分别为2．1％～4．8％，3．4％～6．4％，批间变异系数分别为2．5％～5．1％，2．7％～6．0％。通过与外标法比较，该方法定量准确可靠，更加适宜用作猪尿和猪肝中克伦特罗的定量测定。     

牛奶中残留的盐酸克伦特罗GC/MS测定

本文研究了牛奶中残留的盐酸克伦特罗的确证检测方法。残留的盐酸克伦特罗用乙腈、无水硫酸钠提取,提取液旋转蒸发干后,用pH5．2的乙酸胺缓冲液溶解。萃取的样液用C18和SCX小柱固相萃取净化,分离的残留药物经过双三甲基三氟乙酰胺（BSTFA）衍生后用带有质量选择检测器的气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定。该方法在0．005-0．2μg／mL内线性关系良好（r=0．999812）,3个浓度水平（0．005、0．01和0．02μg／mL）的平均回收率为70％～110％,变异系数为30％。     

LC-MS／MS法测定饲料中盐酸克伦特罗不确定度的研究

通过对饲料中盐酸克伦特罗测定过程中样品的称重、提取、标准溶液的配制、内标的配制和添加、标准曲线的建立等因素进行分析研究，并建立了数学模型。结果表明：标准溶液和内标的配制、样品的处理、标准曲线等对检测的不确定度贡献最大，而电子天平称重影响较小。分析得出被测量（饲料中盐酸克伦特罗）的合成标准不确定度u（cx）=0．229mg／kg，取包含因子k=2，则扩展不确定度分别为0．459mg／kg，测量结果的表述为（130．07＋0．459）mg／kg，真实的反映了测量的置信度和准确度。     

HPLC法测定盐酸氯苯胍原粉含量

目的：采用高效液相色谱法测定盐酸氯苯胍的含量。方法：样品经1％盐酸甲醇萃取．以SHIMADZUC8色谱柱（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）分离,甲醇和2．5％的磷酸溶液以体积比75比25的混合液为流动相,在检测波长为317nm处测定。结果：峰面积与盐酸氯苯胍的质量浓度在1—100．0mg·L^-1范围内呈线性关系。标准加入回收率为（n=6）95．2％,相对标准偏差（n=5）小于0．5％。     

应用瘤胃液氨氮、挥发性脂肪酸和血浆尿素氮水平检测放牧绵羊营养状况的研究

研究放牧绵羊瘤胃液氨氮和血浆尿素氮浓度的动态变化规律：放牧绵羊瘤胃液氢氮和血浆尿素氮水平在青草期内较高,而在枯草期内较低;蠕虫感染对放牧绵羊瘤胃液氨氮和血浆尿素氮浓度有一定影响,当绵羊受到蠕虫严重感染时,使其瘤胃液氨氮水平降低,而使血浆尿素氮水平升高。绵羊瘤胃液氨氮和血浆尿素氮水平受其粗蛋白质和能量进食水平的显著影响,采用SYSTAT统计软件包建立的多元回归数学模型,提出了采用瘤胃液氨氮浓度（NH3－N：mg／100ml）,代谢能进食量（MEIMJ／日·只）或血浆尿素氮水平（PUN：mg／100ml）估测放牧绵羊蛋白质进食量（CPI：g／日·只）的数学模型为：CPI＝－66．405－6．959（NH3－N）＋0．931（NH3－N）2＋20．018PUN－0．604PUN2CPI＝34．501－12．276（NH3－N）＋0．859（NH3－N）2＋10．139MEI＋0．165MEI2利用瘤胃液氨氮浓度（NH3－N：mg／100ml）和挥发性脂肪酸浓度（TVFA：mM％）估测绵羊代谢能进食量（MEI：MJ／日·只）的数学模型为：MEI＝6．397＋0．477（NH3－N）－0．285TVFA     

RP—HPLC法同时测定白头翁汤中盐酸小檗碱、盐酸药根碱、盐酸巴马汀的含量

目的：建立反向高效液相色谱方法同时测定白头翁汤中盐酸小檗碱、盐酸药根碱、盐酸巴马汀的含量。方法：色谱柱为XPODS—AC。。（250minx4．6mm,5I．Lm）;采用线性梯度洗脱方法,流动相：溶液A为乙腈,溶液B为O．05mol／L磷酸二氢钾（磷酸调pH值至3．0）。0—40min溶液A：溶液B为5：95—45：55;流速：1．0mL／min;柱温：室温;检测器：DAD检测器;检测波长：340nm;进样量：10μL。结果：盐酸小檗碱、盐酸药根碱和盐酸巴马汀分别在62．5-l000μg／mL、46．875—750μg／mL和37．5—600μg／mL范围内线性良好;平均加样回收率分别为99．22％（RSD为3．25％）、98．46％（RSD为1．99％）和99．20％（RSD为1．69％）。结论：本方法简便、灵敏、准确,适用于白头翁汤的质量控制。     

盐酸小檗碱在鸡体内的药动学研究

探讨盐酸小檗碱在鸡体内的药动学特征。鸡以3mg／kg和50mg／kg剂量静脉注射和口服给药,采用HPLC法测定血浆中盐酸小檗碱的质量浓度。血药浓度-时间数据经DAS药代动力学分析软件处理,计算出药动学参数。结果表明：盐酸小檗碱静脉注射药时曲线符合三室开放模型,主要药动学参数分别为：t1／2β为（0．41±0．24）h,t1／2γ为（3．66±1．06）h,Vc为（25．49±21．77）L·kg^-1,CL为（43．20±16．21）L·h^-1·kg^-1,AUC为（78．92±30．58）μg·L^-1·h。盐酸小檗碱口服给药的药时曲线符合二室开放模型,主要药动学参数分别为：t1／2α为（1．87±0．76）h,t1／2β为（4．18±3.14）h,t1／2ka为（0．89±0．46）h,Tmax为（2．64±0．63）h,Cmax为（4．09±0．11）μg·L^-1,AUC为（26．18±10．73）μg·L^-1·h,绝对生物利用度为2．03％。鸡口服盐酸小檗碱的生物利用度低,消除较快。     

不同青贮添加剂对苜蓿青贮品质的影响

以紫花苜蓿为材料,采用随机区组设计,研究不同添加水平添加剂,甲酸（5．0ml／kg、5．5ml／kg和6．0ml／kg）、蔗糖（10g／ks、20g／kg和30g／ks）、发酵汁PFJ（1．5ml／kg、2．0ml／kg和2．5ml／kg）和不同比例无芒雀麦（25％、33％和50％）混合青贮对青贮pH值、氨态氮（NH3-N）含量及乳酸产量的影响。结果表明：蔗糖（30g／ks）添加效果最好,甲酸（6．0ml／kg）次之,以下依次为混合青贮、直接青贮和PFJ青贮。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -