基于3S技术的大凌河流域水土保持管理信息系统建设

 为提高大凌河流域水土流失综合防治技术水平,在水土保持信息资料收集与抽样实地调查的基础上,应用RS、GPS与GIS技术,构建大凌河流域水土保持管理信息系统。该系统不仅利用了RS技术信息丰富、宏观性强等特性,还充分发挥了GIS具有的强大空间分析和管理功能。通过高效科学的管理决策过程,为水土保持监测工作的开展奠定了扎实的数据信息基础和更新方法基础,实现全流域水土保持信息资源共享及动态更新、动态管理和动态监督,从而使辽西大凌河流域水土保持管理实现了信息化、自动化、智能化和高效化。     

地球信息技术在水土保持生态环境监测中的应用

以“3S”技术为核心的地球信息技术是水土保持监测发展的主要技术基础。利用RS、GPS技术可以为GIS系统提供动态的空间信息 ,建立和更新水土保持管理数据库 ,为水土保持监测工作奠定基础。GIS系统具备的空间查询和分析、演示、制图功能为水土流失状况分析、变化态势分析、水土保持项目效益评估等提供有力的支持。地球信息技术于水土保持监测中主要应用在水土流失普查、变更调查、水土流失动态分析和预测预报等工作 ,水土保持监测将朝着科学化、网络化、智能化的方向发展     

生产建设项目水土保持监测技术与方法探讨

伴随我国生产建设项目的数量井喷式地增长,生产建设项目的水土流失监测逐渐成为水土保持监测工作的重要内容。本文旨在介绍RS、GPS、GIS、无人机技术、核素示踪技术、三维激光扫描技术等新技术、新方法在水土保持监测中的应用,上述新技术新方法的引入,不仅提高了水土保持监测工作质量,丰富了监测技术手段,促进了水土保持监测理论与技术的研究,而且为水土保持事业的健康发展,为水土保持监测向高质量、多功能、集成化、自动化、系统化和智能化的方向发展,奠定了强有力的基础。     

地面遥感监测系统在水土保持监测中的应用初探

目前我国3S技术地理信息系统GIS（Geographic Information Systen）、遥感RS（Remots Sensing）、全球定位系统GPS（Global Posititon System）广泛应用地质、军事、交通、环境、林业等多种领域。如果地面遥感监系统能在水土保持监测中得到充分应用,将使部分监测工作自动化、数字化、高效化,使水土保持监测工作更加系统、完善。就地面遥感监测系统在水土流失动态监测、水土保持工程验收、效益评估、监督执法等方面的应用进行了初步探讨。     

地理信息技术在水土保持监测管理中的应用综述

地理信息技术在水土保持监测管理中的应用,进一步提升了管理工作的科学性和实效性。详细论述了GIS、RS、GPS的优势和在水土保持监管中的具体应用,结合实际探讨了存在的有效时间分辨率影响水土保持整体效益的分析与评价,有效地面分辨率影响水土保持治理措施的成效,遥感影像的质量造成水土保持效益监测时段不连续,模型运算空间分辨率影响水土保持监测成效分析,完整的推广示范体系未形成等问题,并提出了具体的建议。     

GIS在水土保持中的应用动态及展望

GIS技术在水土保持领域的应用包括水土保持规划、土壤侵蚀危险性评价、开发建设项目水土流失监测、生态系统水土保持价值评估等。随着计算机技术的发展,GIS技术在水土保持工作中的应用将不断拓展、深入,在水土保持方案编制过程中利用GIS技术,可高效合理地配置各项水土保持措施;在水土保持监测过程中,利用GIS技术并结合RS技术,可宏观监测扰动土地面积、损坏植被和原地貌面积等。     

“3S”技术在水土保持工作中的应用及展望

随着遥感(RS)、地理信息系统(GIS)与全球定位系统(GPS)三项技术的飞速发展,其在水土保持工作中的应用也得到不断加强。基于“3S”技术在水土保持工作中的应用,提出了“3S”技术的集成构想,最后对“3S”技术在水土保持中的应用做了相应的展望。     

"3S"技术及其在福建省水土保持中的应用

“3S”技术是指全球定位系统(GPS)、遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)，GPS能提供实时、实地的导航和定位，RS能为不同的用户提供大量信息，GIS能高效便捷地处理和管理信息，三结合可以发挥巨大作用。就福建省水土保持工作而言，采用“3S”技术可以快速准确地进行土壤侵蚀调查；进而实现动态监测，还可以有效地管理工程侵蚀信息，等等。     

基于“3S”技术的黄土丘陵沟壑区水土保持信息管理系统建设

建立现代化的水土保持信息管理系统,对于晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区水土流失防治工作具有重要意义。采用C/S系统构架,以离石王家沟流域为例,在水土保持信息资料收集与实地调查的基础上,充分考虑用户需求,应用GIS、RS与GPS技术,构建了黄土丘陵沟壑区水土保持信息管理系统。该系统强调"一键式"设计理念,简化操作流程,降低用户专业要求,利用GIS优越的空间分析功能和MIS强大的数据管理功能,不仅实现了对水土保持数据的分析、检索、地图标绘、影像显示等功能,还能通过数学模型和算法快速完成各类水土保持专题图制作及3D虚拟漫游,为用户提供科学、快速、准确、直观的决策依据。     

3S技术在水土保持动态监测中的应用

近年来,随着社会和经济的发展,毁林开荒的现象比较普遍,林地面积锐减,植被大面积破坏,从而造成我国的水土流失现象日益严重,因此,对全国水土流失进行适时动态监测已势在必行。3S技术是集遥感、全球定位系统与地理信息系统于一体的高新技术手段,它可以快速、准确地获得地面各种信息。分别介绍了RS、GPS和GIS三种技术在水土保持动态监测中的应用,并对3S技术在水土保持动态监测方面的应用前景进行了展望。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.