纳板河流域林分空间结构的林木竞争探究

林分空间结构一般包括树种混交、林木竞争和林分中林木分布格局等三个方面,对它们一般分别采用竞争指数中的混交度、大小比数及角尺度来进行描述。在纳板河流域不同群落类型林分中设置样地进行调查分析,结果表明,从空间竞争中的混交度方面看,热带雨林、季雨林、季风常绿阔叶林及山地雨林林木主要集中在极强度混交之中,只有少许树种会出现强度混交和中度混交,几乎不出现零度混交和弱度混交,稳定性较高;而落叶阔叶林的稳定性由于样地位置不一而表现较大差距,有较稳定的,也有稳定性较差的。从大小比数看,保护区主要林分内树种大小分化较大,优势程度从优势至劣势都有不均等的分布。各林分的角尺度为0.22～0.34,说明样地林木分布格局为均匀分布。     

湿地松枫香混交林林分空间结构特征研究

于湖南省杜家冲林场湿地松枫香混交林内设置4块具有代表性的样地进行调查,利用混交度、大小比数、角尺度3种结构参数,分析其林分空间结构特征。结果表明:该林分的平均混交度为0.678,属于中度偏强混交,说明该森林群落较为复杂与稳定;林分平均角尺度为0.475,林木空间分布格局为均匀到随机分布;样地平均胸径大小比数的取值范围在0.27~0.87之间,且湿地松(0.27)枫香(0.47)香樟(0.59)木荷(0.87),说明各树种在样地中分化较严重,湿地松和枫香在样地中较占优势。     

冀北山地杨桦次生林林分空间结构研究

在木兰林管局桃山林场选取面积为100 m×100 m的杨桦次生林样地,以每株林木树高、胸径和坐标为基础数据,运用混交度、大小比数和角尺度等林分空间结构参数分析了杨桦次生林的空间结构特征。结果表明:(1)该林分中山杨Populus davidiana和白桦Betula platyphylla在株数和断面积比例上占优势,为林分内优势树种;(2)林分各混交类型的比例相差不大,林分整体呈中度混交状态;(3)林分优势木和亚优势木相对较多,基于胸径、树高得到的平均大小比数结果基本一致,均能客观反映林分的分化规律;(4)林分平均角尺度为0.504,属于随机分布,林下伴生树种以集聚分布为主,但优势树种的随机分布趋势起决定作用。     

马尾松天然次生林林分结构特征分析

为分析马尾松天然次生林的林分结构特征和不同空间结构参数间的相互关系,以改善其林分结构。以广西金秀县的9块马尾松天然次生林样地为研究对象,分析其直径构成,计算林分及林木的混交度、角尺度和大小比数3个空间结构参数,制作二元分布图,探讨两两之间的关系,分析林分空间结构。结果显示,马尾松天然次生林直径分布特征为左偏单峰尖峰山状分布,80.22%的林木直径集中在6～14 cm径阶范围;林分的空间分布格局为不均匀的团状分布,树种隔离程度较好,中度混交;林分中处于随机分布、劣势木和极强度混交的林木占比较多。马尾松天然次生林林分树种隔离程度较好,林木大小分化程度较为均匀,但林分空间分布格局不均匀,应采用去劣留优、补植优良乡土树种等方法,改善林分结构,促进林分天然更新,提高林分质量,实现森林资源的永续利用。     

桂花林场苦槠林分空间结构规律研究

利用混交度、大小比数和角尺度3种结构参数,结合树种组成,对湖北桂花林场4块苦槠混交林样地的林分空间结构进行分析。结果表明,苦槠为优势树种,多单种聚集生长,其他树种强度混交、极强度混交的比例大;枫香在大小分化上占有一定的优势,其他树种则分化严重;从林木水平空间格局上来看．该试验地树种分布格局以团状分布为主。     

凤阳山针阔混交林主要优势树种的空间结构特征

2015年7月,在浙江省凤阳山国家级自然保护区内选择具有代表性,当前潜在干扰小的针阔混交林中建立50 m×100 m样地。利用空间结构分析软件Winkelmass和R软件计算前10位空间优势树种的空间结构参数,并重点分析主要优势树种黄山松Pinus taiwanensis和木荷Schima superba的二元分布特征。结果表明,除木荷属于随机分布外,黄山松等优势树种均属于聚集分布。优势树种多处于中高度混交状态。黄山松和木荷的二元分布特征大致相同,在同一优劣等级或同一混交度等级上的林木多呈随机分布,在低度混交状态,林分中大多数林木大小分化不明显,而在极强度混交状态,林木大小分化十分显著。同一优劣等级上处于强度混交状态的林木较多。林分的空间结构复杂多样,优势树种多呈聚集分布且隔离程度较高,群落结构稳定,演替良好。     

云中山天然南岭栲林分空间结构分析

在安溪云中山自然保护区南岭栲天然林群落中设置样地,应用混交度、大小比数、角尺度3个结构参数对南岭栲天然林群落林分空间结构特征进行分析,结果表明:南岭栲在该群落乔木层中占绝对主导地位,群落混交程度大,种间竞争压力明显;林分大小比均值为0.507,林木总体分化程度较均匀,但各树种间分化差异明显;林分整体分布形式属于均匀分布。     

混交度在不同相邻木选取方案下的差异性研究

为了厘清林分混交度在不同相邻木选择方案下的差异,寻找不同相邻木选取方案适用于哪种林分类型的混交度求解证据,为林分空间结构相关问题的研究提供参考。依据聚集分布林分、随机分布林分、均匀分布林分及稀疏分布林分类型,在南洞庭湖区的龙虎山设置了31块样地,分别使用基于"1+4"最邻近相邻木、基于半径R(R=3.05m)圆及基于Voronoi图的方法求解了各样地的单株相邻木数、单株林木混交度及林分平均混交度值,并探究了不同方案在不同林木类型之间的相关性。1)从总体林分平均混交度的角度上看,实验样地中除了稀疏分布中基于半径R圆的相邻木选择方案求得林分平均混交度的值偏低之外,其它几种林分的平均混交度值差别均不大。2)从单株的角度上看,不同林分类型中对象林木的混交度值在不同相邻木选择方案下存在差异。3)基于"1+4"最邻近相邻木与基于Voronoi图的相邻选取方案在不同林分类型中的相关性相对较高。不同的相邻木选择方案在不同的林分类型下虽各有优势,但从总体上看,使用基于"1+4"最邻近相邻及基于Voronoi图的相邻选取方案在求解不同类型林分混交度的稳定性和精确性相对较高。     

北京八达岭油松人工林结构分析

用传统林分结构因子配合混交度、大小比、角尺度3参数来分析北京八达岭林场油松人工林空间结构特征.结果表明:该林分的树种组成式为8油松1槲树1山梨 暴马丁香,林分密度为1 325 株/hm2.林分的平均角尺度为0.478,林分立木空间分布格局为随机分布.平均混交度为0.433,不同树种间呈现中度混交,种间隔离程度较小.林分平均胸径大小比为0.389,平均树高大小比为0.464,说明处于优势地位的株数较多,林分分化明显,且林分的发展空间还很大.胸径大小比数和树高大小比数在反映各树种参照树与相邻木之间的生长优势方面具有较强的一致性.     

黄河故道刺槐人工林空间和大小结构特征

[目的]量化黄河故道刺槐人工林结构多样性,为黄河故道森林结构精细调控和森林质量精准提升提供依据。[方法]对2块50 m×100 m黄河故道刺槐人工林固定样地进行每木定位和调查,采用径阶-林分空间结构参数二元分布同时量化描述林木空间和大小结构特征,并采用α多样性指数量化描述不同空间结构状态下林木大小多样性。[结果]刺槐人工林林分A和B中6～36 cm径阶随机分布林木分别占56.2%和52.2%,且随机分布林木具有更高的大小多样性（H_A=2.73、H_B=2.75）和较差的均匀性。不同优劣等级林木径阶分布基本呈正态分布,且林木越粗壮越占竞争优势,但林分B中不同优劣等级林木具有更高的大小多样性。林分A和B中分别有85.1%和80.5%的林木混交较差,较集中分布于8～30 cm和14～34 cm,林分B中不同混交度等级林木具有更高的大小多样性。林分A中非常稀疏林木径阶分布呈右偏正态分布,其6～30 cm占到37.2%,而林分B非常密集林木径阶分布呈双峰型,其6～8 cm和22～40 cm的株数比例分别为8.7%和22.5%。[结论]黄河故道刺槐人工林不...     

杜仲人工林中的邻体干扰

本文研究了四川地区杜仲（Eucommia ulmoides）人工林，杜仲个体生长速度与邻体效应之间的相互关系。以杜仲个体为基株，3m为半径圆内的个体均被定久为邻体，采用张大勇改进的干扰指九模型和杜种的生长速度进行回归分析，发现杜仲生长速度与邻体干扰指数之间有显著的线性关系，研究结果表明，杜仲林内，杜仲个体之间表现为强烈的种内竞争，个体生长的动力来自杜仲各个体对资源竞争所引起的自疏作用，邻体干扰效应的存在是确定杜仲人工林合理经营密度的重要理论依据。     

Impact of spatial heterogeneity of neighborhoods on long-term population dynamics of sugar maple (Acer saccharum)

We evaluated the impact of spatial heterogeneity resulting from disturbance and neighbor density on long-term population dynamics of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) in Brownfield Woods, an old-growth forest remnant in central Illinois. All trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 7.6 cm in eight discrete quadrats (48 m × 68 m) and one large quadrat (216 m × 260 m) were mapped in Brownfield Woods in 1951, 1988, and 2001. Two sets of neighbor-specific transition matrices were constructed for two census periods (1951–1988 and 1988–2001) based upon historical maps of trees. Different neighborhoods defined by the occurrence of disturbance and neighbor density resulted in major differences in subsequent demography and population dynamics of A. saccharum in Brownfield Woods during 1951–2001. Disturbance subpopulations with high neighbor density demonstrated greater population growth than the other subpopulations and were characterized by relatively high recruitment and mortality. Dutch elm disease subpopulation shared similar characteristics. In contrast, non-disturbance subpopulations demonstrated census-specific demography. Using matrix modeling, we demonstrated the importance of spatial heterogeneity at the scale of neighboring trees to the dynamics at the scale of tree populations.     

邻体干扰指数模型的改进及其应用研究

在前人研究工作基础上提出邻体干扰指数的改进模型H.,以马尾松人工林邻体干扰为对象探讨了改进模型的具体应用,并与前人提出的主要模型进行了比较分析.实例应用结果表明,改进的指数模型能够解释马尾松人工林生长速度变异的83%左右,因此可以说改进模型优于原先的指数模型,具有更大的适用性和灵活性,可在植物邻体干扰研究中应用.马尾松人工林邻体干扰的灵敏度分析表明,基株大小对邻体干扰指数的影响较邻体大小和基株到邻体之间距离更灵敏,是决定邻体干扰的主要因素.     

The contribution of competition to tree mortality in old-growth coniferous forests

Competition is a well-documented contributor to tree mortality in temperate forests, with numerous studies documenting a relationship between tree death and the competitive environment. Models frequently rely on competition as the only non-random mechanism affecting tree mortality. However, for mature forests, competition may cease to be the primary driver of mortality.We use a large, long-term dataset to study the importance of competition in determining tree mortality in old-growth forests on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada of California, U.S.A. We make use of the comparative spatial configuration of dead and live trees, changes in tree spatial pattern through time, and field assessments of contributors to an individual tree's death to quantify competitive effects.Competition was apparently a significant contributor to tree mortality in these forests. Trees that died tended to be in more competitive environments than trees that survived, and suppression frequently appeared as a factor contributing to mortality. On the other hand, based on spatial pattern analyses, only three of 14 plots demonstrated compelling evidence that competition was dominating mortality. Most of the rest of the plots fell within the expectation for random mortality, and three fit neither the random nor the competition model. These results suggest that while competition is often playing a significant role in tree mortality processes in these forests it only infrequently governs those processes. In addition, the field assessments indicated a substantial presence of biotic mortality agents in trees that died.While competition is almost certainly important, demographics in these forests cannot accurately be characterized without a better grasp of other mortality processes. In particular, we likely need a better understanding of biotic agents and their interactions with one another and with competition.     

城市森林与城市森林游憩

城市森林游憩可分为两类,即日常性游憩与专题性游憩;提出要发展郊区城市森林以及建设郊野游憩带的概念,为城市居民提供更能亲近自然的游憩活动机会;必须通过合理规划、建设与调整,建设森林型的生态廊道、公园路,为城市内部与郊野的城市森林建立有机联系;指出把公众参与、全社会的认同与协调作为实现城市森林可持续发展目标的主要内容。       

Competition and tree crowns: A neighborhood analysis of three boreal tree species

Competition for canopy space is a fundamental structuring feature of forest ecosystems and remains an enduring focus of research attention. We used a spatial neighborhood approach to quantify the influence of local competition on the size of individual tree crowns in north-central British Columbia, where forests are dominated by subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and interior spruce (Picea glauca × engelmanii). Using maximum likelihood methods, we quantified crown radius and length as functions of tree size and competition, estimated by the species identity and spatial arrangement of neighboring trees. Tree crown size depended on tree bole size in all species. Given low levels of competition, pine displayed the widest, shortest tree crowns compared to the relatively long and narrow crowns found in spruce and fir. Sensitivity to crowding by neighbors declined with increasing tree height in all but the pine crown radius model. Five of the six selected best models included separate competition coefficients for each neighboring tree species, evidence that species generally differ in their competitive effects on neighboring tree crowns. The selected crown radius model for lodgepole pine, a shade-intolerant species, treated all neighbors as equivalent competitors. In all species, competition from neighbors exerted an important influence on crown size. Per-capita effects of competition across different sizes and species of neighbors and target trees varied, but subalpine fir generally displayed the strongest competitive effects on neighbors. Results from this study provide evidence that species differ both in their response to competition and in their competitive influence on neighbors, factors that may contribute to maintaining coexistence.     

南京郊区典型人工林分空间结构及间伐响应

采用混交度、大小比数、角尺度等林分空间分布格局参数分析了南京市郊区3种不同人工林的空间结构特征。结果表明,马尾松与杉木的混交林分平均混交度达0.61,接近较强度混交,群落的组成较复杂。而间伐前杉木林和麻栎林的混交度较小,分别为混交度为0.25和0.15,处于较弱度混交以下,群落组成较简单。马尾松与杉木混交林和麻栎林混交的平均角尺度分别为0.50和0.49,处于随机分布状态,而间伐前杉木林的林分平均角尺度为0.55,林内所有树种均属于聚集分布状态。马尾松与杉木混交林、麻栎林和间伐前杉木林的平均大小比数分别为0.61,0.5和0.54。在麻栎林中,麻栎的生长占较优势状态;在间伐前杉木林和马尾松与杉木混交林中,马尾松生长占绝对优势。杉木林间伐2 a后,林分的平均混交度由0.25上升到0.38,达到了较弱度混交以上,而林分的平均角尺度和平均大小比数变化不明显。     

邻体干扰改进模型在竹类研究中的利用——以小蓬竹为例

依据改进的邻体干扰模型,利用喀斯特适生竹种小蓬竹样地实际调查的基株与邻体的数据,研究基株竹高、冠幅以及枝下高与干扰指数的关系,结果表明:基株的冠幅、树高与枝下高与干扰指数之间呈显著的负相关关系。不同样地因为密度不同,相同因子相同数值决定的干扰指数不一样。该研究结果为合理营造和经营竹类林分提供理论依据。     

Target species identity is more important than neighbor species identity

This study investigates how the ability to overtop other saplings and the ability to capture most of the incident light together determine interspecific competition in young and dense self-thinning stands. To this end we measured crown positions and stratification, and quantified the effect of total foliage mass and foliage mass density of neighboring trees on the relative crown depth (RCD) of target trees. Field measurements were done on naturally established saplings in two large forest gaps of different age (5- and 15-year-old) in The Netherlands, and consisting of four species differing in shade tolerance.