生物菌剂处理不同有机肥对温室辣椒产量和品质的影响

通过 EM生物菌剂发酵处理的不同有机肥对温室辣椒产量、营养品质和安全品质进行试验,研究结果表明：施用EM生物菌剂发酵处理的有机肥能明显提高辣椒的产量和品质;在相同条件下,施用EM生物菌剂发酵处理的鸡粪产量最高、品质最好,比普通有机肥增产40.39～69.75%,Vc含量增加26.8～41.0 mg/kg,硝酸盐含量降低13.1～33.2 mg/kg。     

利用香蕉菠萝茎叶工厂化生产复合生物有机肥关键技术研究

探讨现阶段以香蕉菠萝茎叶为原料生产复合生物有机肥的工厂化生产技术,重点研究以生物发酵为核心的生物有机肥的生产工艺及关键技术要点,并提出工厂化生产生物有机肥的工艺流程、工艺参数和技术指标,利用自主开发研制的复合发酵菌剂和发酵设备,并结合造粒技术的应用,可构成流水工艺,实现工业化连续生产。优化工艺条件下,香蕉菠萝废弃茎叶经生物发酵处理生产出的有机肥产品符合国家行业标准。     

复合菌剂与氮源对桉树皮堆肥的理化性质与微生物学特性的影响

为能更科学合理地利用桉树皮生产植物育苗基质,从物理化学和微生物学角度研究了添加活性微生物菌剂和氮源对桉树皮堆肥过程的影响。结果表明:化学处理(氮源)和生物-化学联合处理(氮源+菌剂)的p H先下降后上升,EC持续下降;氨氮质量分数先增加后降低,而硝态氮的质量分数在试验期间总体上一直处于增加趋势;全磷和全钾的质量分数到试验结束时均有所增加;纤维素和木质素降解迅速;细菌数量在最高温出现之后迅速增殖,真菌数量呈现先增加后降低的趋势。生物处理(菌剂)对桉树皮堆肥作用有限。在化学处理基础上添加菌剂,降低了堆肥材料的电导率和硝态氮的质量分数;促进了全钾的积累;对桉树皮纤维素和木质素的降解无明显作用;促进了可培养细菌的增殖,但对可培养真菌有拮抗作用。     

牛粪发酵生物有机肥对3种蔬菜生长及品质的影响

为提高有机蔬菜的种植栽培技术以及解决养殖业快速发展带来的禽畜粪便污染问题，试验运用经生物菌剂发酵处理的牛粪生物有机肥(A)和未经发酵的普通牛粪有机肥(B)分别种植生菜、油麦菜及茼蒿菜。结果表明：施用经生物菌剂发酵处理的牛粪生物有机肥(A)较施用未经发酵的普通牛粪有机肥(B)的蔬菜各形态指标和品质指标均有不同程度的提高，单位面积鲜产提高3.54%～14.71%，硝态氮指标降低7.67%～72.43%，效果显著。利用生物发酵牛粪不仅解决了养殖场粪污问题，还能为农业发展增产增效，是未来中国循环经济发展的一项重大举措。     

秸秆配施低温菌剂直接还田对黑土土壤碳、氮的影响

在连续4年玉米秸秆还田的基础上,通过田间小区试验,研究秸秆还田以及配施低温菌剂玉米农田生态系统黑土碳、氮的影响。结果表明,不同处理土壤硝态氮含量总体表现为低温复合菌剂处理常温纤维素分解菌处理低温生物表面活性剂处理低温纤维素分解菌处理常温生物表面活性剂处理常温复合菌处理对照处理。除常温纤维素分解菌处理全氮含量低于对照外,其他处理土壤全氮含量较对照提高7.4%~14.81%。施菌剂处理土壤有机质含量高于对照0.93%~5.61%。除常温复合菌剂外,其他处理均提高土壤铵态氮含量,低温复合菌剂处理能显著提高土壤碳、氮含量,明显高于其他处理。单一低温菌剂处理较常温菌剂处理能显著提高土壤全氮含量,在提高土壤硝态氮含量、微生物量氮含量、铵态氮含量方面略低于纤维素分解菌处理外,高于其他常温处理。     

菠萝叶渣生物有机肥在蔬菜生产上的应用

利用提取纤维后的新鲜菠萝叶渣为主料，通过添加鸡粪、木糠和过磷酸钙等辅料，以EM生态液菌为生物发酵菌剂，经发酵腐熟，生产生物有机肥，并利用该肥进行蔬菜种植试验。结果表明，利用菠萝叶渣生产生物有机肥，可提高蔬菜产量，缩短种植周期，蔬菜品质好，符合绿色食品标准的要求。     

寒地秀珍菇菌渣生物腐熟技术研究

[目的]以寒地栽培的秀珍菇菌渣为研究对象,实现无害化处理和资源化利用.[方法]采用生物学强化发酵方法和传统堆肥发酵的方法对秀珍菇菌渣进行处理.[结果]在秀珍菇菌渣堆肥中加入生物腐熟剂,可以有效提高堆体温度,缩短堆肥发酵时间.秀珍菇菌渣接种生物腐熟剂可使堆内温度迅速上升至57℃以上,并可持续10 d以上.经过30 d堆制...     

生物钾肥的作用机理与增产效果

生物钾肥是利用从玉米根际筛选的胶质芽孢杆菌HM8841菌株，采用特定培养基，经三级工业发酵研制成功的硅酸盐菌剂。各种作物接种生物钾肥后，菌体细胞就在根际或根表生长增殖，试验证明生物钾肥有如下作用：     

污泥堆肥利用中AM对三叶鬼针草生长及Cu富集作用的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究在不同污泥堆肥含量的滨海盐渍土中,AM对三叶鬼针草生长及植株内Cu富集量的影响。试验设计0%、20%、40%、60%、80%、100%污泥堆肥含量共6个土壤处理水平,2个AM真菌菌株和1个对照。结果显示:随着盐渍土中污泥堆肥含量增加三叶鬼针草生物量显著上升,在40%、80%污泥含量处理中,接种苗地上及地下生物量均显著高于非接种苗;接种苗侵染率在20%~80%污泥堆肥处理中显著高于纯盐渍土处理;在较低污泥含量处理中(0%~60%),三叶鬼针草接种苗地下部Cu浓度显著高于非接种苗,而在高污泥含量处理中,接种苗与非接种苗差异不显著;接种AM真菌提高三叶鬼针草地下部Cu富集总量,接种苗根系内Cu富集量是地上部的3~4倍。表明污泥堆肥中接种AM真菌可以促进三叶鬼针草的生长和提高对重金属Cu的富集能力。     

利用猪粪渣与秸秆生产有机堆肥及其在小白菜栽培中的应用研究

利用畜禽粪便和农作物废弃秸秆生产有机堆肥,寻找有效解决农业面源污染问题的途径。通过采用猪粪渣与稻草秸秆人工翻堆的静态高温堆制方式生产堆肥并应用于蔬菜生产试验,结果表明,以猪粪渣与稻草秸秆7∶3(W/W)混合,添加外源菌剂进行堆制,堆制过程中p H值均为弱碱性,温度在第11 d达到最高值72.6℃,高于对照组(未添加外源菌剂);对照组和试验组在堆肥过程中,碳素含量均呈现下降趋势,全氮含量均呈先上升后降低,全磷和全钾含量均逐渐上升;堆制20 d后GI值达到50%以上,说明堆肥已经成熟。在小白菜栽培试验中,添加外源菌剂的堆肥组产量高于化肥组和对照组,增幅分别达22.19%和10.19%。     

木薯渣堆肥过程中理化性质变化和腐熟度评价

以木薯渣为原料进行高温堆肥发酵.研究堆肥化过程中木薯渣肥堆理化性质的变化情况及堆肥腐熟程度.结果表明:在堆肥发酵过程中,温度变化呈先上升后下降趋势;而含水率变化不大.补充氮处理的pH值在发酵结束时为8.5左右.水溶性有机碳含量随着堆肥化进行而降低;而水溶性氮含量的变化受通气状况和氮源条件的影响较大.纤维素酶活性呈"升高-降低"趋势.种子发芽率能有效、可靠的反映堆肥的腐熟程度,发酵24～30d的堆肥已对植物无毒害作用.     

二元复合菌固态发酵豆粕制备大豆肽的研究

以普通饲料豆粕为原料,选用枯草芽孢杆菌、啤酒酵母和黑曲霉作为发酵菌种,以发酵产物中的可溶性蛋白(包括游离氨基酸和小肽)为测定指标,对影响固态发酵豆粕制备大豆肽的主要因素,包括不同的二元组合菌种、菌种比例、菌种接种量、发酵时间、基质水分含量、发酵温度进行了单因素研究;并运用响应面法对最优组合菌种固态发酵大豆肽的条件进行了...     

Control of Botrytis cinerea,Alternaria alternata and Pyrenochaeta lycopersici on tomato with whey compost-tea applications

Compost teas are fermented extracts of composted materials that are used to control plant diseases. A compost extractor in liquid phase, with forced air blowing system and assembled using farmer facilities, was used to produce “on farm” aerated compost teas (CTs) from five types of compost, in a 14-day fermentation cycle. Solid feed stocks, including one biowaste compost and four composted tomato residues, were extracted in water (waCTs) and whey (whCTs), separately. The ten teas showed high biological control ability, both in vitro and in vivo, against three tomato pathogens: Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea and Pyrenochaeta lycopersici. In in vitro trials, the suppressive ability of raw CTs was lost with sterilization, suggesting an antibiotic-like antagonism effect due to active microorganisms in suspension. Direct application of teas on tomato plants significantly reduced disease symptoms caused by tested pathogens. In vivo suppressiveness was more significant using the liquid phase fermentation (whey or water) than the compost. Whey could be considered a viable extractant for suppressive compost-tea production, although further dilution in dechlorinated water at a ratio of at least 1:5 proved a necessary method to avoid occurrence of root or foliar phytotoxicity, probably due to high salt concentrations and sub-acid pH of the relative teas.     

Acidulocompost,a food waste compost with thermophilic lactic acid fermentation: its effects on potato production and weed growth

Acidulocomposting recycles food wastes by means of thermophilic lactic acid fermentation. This process can decrease ammonia volatilization and odor emission during processing and produce compost with high nitrogen (N) content. To compare the yield of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. ‘Dansyakuimo’) and the suppression of weeds with acidulocompost (AC) and those with conventional composts and inorganic fertilizer (IF), we conducted field experiments in Miyagi Prefecture, northeastern Japan. Potatoes were cultivated in 2008 and 2009 in an Andosol field treated with AC, conventional food waste compost (FWC), poultry manure compost (PMC), cattle manure compost (CMC), IF, or no fertilizer (NF). AC, but not the other treatments, delayed the emergence of potatoes, and suppressed the emergence of weeds, but it did not inhibit potato growth during the late growth stage or yield. Potato N uptake and tuber yield with AC were significantly higher than those with NF and similar to those with FWC, PMC, and IF. The N uptake efficiencies (ratio of difference between N uptake in the treatment and the control to added N) for AC (10.4–12.7% in 2008 and 2009) were similar to those for FWC and PMC (10.2–13.1%), higher than those for CMC (–1.3 to 6.3%), but significantly lower than those for IF (30.2–42.3%). Our findings indicate that AC has an N supply capacity similar to those of FWC and PMC and additionally suppresses the emergence and growth of weeds.     

Alternative treatments for late blight control in organic potato: Antagonistic micro-organisms and compost extracts for activity againstPhytophthora infestans

Summary The effects of various fungi, bacteria and different compost extracts on foliar infection of potato (Solatium tuberosum) withPhytophthora infestans were tested in detached leaf bioassays in 2001–2003. Application of microorganism inocula and compost extracts as well as copper oxychloride to excised leaves resulted in different degrees of blight control. In general, suppression of blight lesion growth was not improved by applying the antagonists before the leaves were inoculated withPhytophthora spores. There was some evidence that extracts made from different compost feed stocks of different ages suppressed leaflet infection with blight. However, results were very limited and inconsistent. Moreover, the effects were much smaller than where copper oxychloride was used. Improved efficacy of acceptable alternatives to copper fungicides especially in organic farming is required. No promising effective alternative to the use of copper fungicides to reduce late blight infection in organic potato production systems was identified in the experiments.     

Effects of agricultural use of municipal composts

In Switzerland over 2 million tons of solid municipal waste are produced every year. On average, this is equal to one kg per inhabitant per day. More than 75% of the total municipal waste is burned and most of the generated energy is utilized. Only 3% of the total municipal waste is composted normally together with dewatered sewage sludge. The largest fraction of the municipal compost is utilized in vineyards. The beneficial effects of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium and possible harmful effects of heavy metals present in municipal compost on soils are discussed. Constructive suggestions for curative and preventive measures to reduce the metal content of composts and to avoid the problems of irreversible enrichment of heavy metals in soils are discussed.     

红茶萎凋发酵中β－葡萄糖苷酶的活性变化

β─葡萄糖苷酶是将鲜叶中香气前体物质──糖苷转化为游离态香气的关键酶。对红茶萎凋、发酵过程中β─葡萄糖苷酶活性的变化动态研究结果表明,在萎凋期间,酶活性是逐步增强的,其活性达鲜叶的２—２．５倍,且受萎凋温度和萎凋程度的影响;在发酵进程中,酶活性迅速下降,且发酵温度越高,其活性下降越大。因此,低温萎凋与发酵有利于酶活性的是提高和香气的形成。     

Begrenzende Faktoren beim Einsatz von Siedlungskomposten im Hinblick auf die Schadstoffbelastung der Kulturpflanzen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Cadmiums: Eine Übersicht

Discussed are limiting factors for the application of sewage sludge and organic waste on land, with special emphasis on cadmium. In view of the dietary intake of an average adult citizen in the Federal Republic of Germany, which is about 55% of the WHO provisional weekly intake, cadmium usage should be restricted to essential uses; cadmium in effluents should be reduced by appropriate measures. At the production level of plant foods, besides adjusting the optimum pH value of the soil, breeding of plant varieties and species with comparatively low cadmium uptake and translocation capability should be considered as well. Presently, with regard to possible restrictions of sewage sludge and waste compost applications, our knowledge of organic compounds persistent in sewage sludge and waste composts is still very scarce.

Paper presented at the 17th meeting of the German Association for the Investigation of Food Plants (DGQ), Speyer, Federal Republic of Germany.     

普洱茶渥堆发酵中嗜热真菌的分离和鉴定

应用传统的普洱熟茶渥堆方法进行发酵,研究分析普洱茶渥堆发酵过程中嗜热微生物的种类,应用测序技术对分离的微生物进行了鉴定。每天取样,进行微生物的分离、纯化及鉴定,并对分离出来的几种嗜热霉菌在不同温度、不同pH条件下培养,观察其生长情况。对普洱茶发酵过程中的微生物进行全面分析,运用分子生物学方法对分离的微生物进行鉴定。发现了普洱茶渥堆发酵过程中起重要作用的嗜热微生物,为揭示普洱茶高温发酵的机理奠定了基础。