Development and Evaluation of Sampling Methods for Fields with Infestation Foci of Potato Cyst Nematodes (Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida)

ABSTRACT A computer program, SAMPLE, was developed to evaluate existing and create new sampling methods for the detection of infestation foci of the potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida). By combining a model for the medium-scale distribution of cysts that provides the expected population densities at each position within the focus and a model for the small-scale distribution within square meters, sampling procedures can be simulated. The importance of the parameters of the two distribution models-the length and width gradient for the medium-scale distribution and the aggregation factor k of the negative binomial distribution for the small-scale distribution-was investigated by sensitivity analysis. Parameter k proved to be less important when calculating the average detection probability of a focus than were the length and width gradient parameters. Several existing versions of the statutory sampling method used in the Netherlands were tested for their performance on a standard infestation focus with a central population density of 50 cysts per kg of soil, which is small enough to use resistant potato cultivars as a control measure without noticeable yield reductions in a 1:3 year cropping frequency with potato. These methods did not perform with the desired average detection probability, set at 90%; therefore, SAMPLE was used to develop several new sampling methods for focus detection. SAMPLE is a tool to develop sampling methods on demand for every possible combination of characteristics required for use by seed and ware potato growers (recommendations for optimum control measures leading to maximum returns and integrated pest management) and by governments (legislation, quarantine, and export protection).     

有机-无机长效复混肥对新疆棉田土壤肥力的影响

通过棉花有机-无机长效复混肥的田间试验,分析了土壤氮磷钾养分在不同土层中的分布状况,论述了棉花有机-无机长效复混肥对新疆策勒地区土壤肥力的影响,并对棉花各生育时期土壤中氮磷钾养分的变化做了进一步探讨.     

套作小麦/玉米不同施氮水平对土壤养分与微生物数量的影响

通过田间试验,研究了河套灌区套作小麦/玉米不同施氮水平下土壤微生物数量及土壤养分的动态变化规律。结果表明:小麦带土壤有机质含量随着生育期的推进逐渐下降,在灌浆期降到最低值,土壤碱解氮、速效磷含量从苗期到拔节期呈上升趋势,拔节期至灌浆期迅速下降,在灌浆期降到最低;玉米带土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷含量均呈降-升-降的趋势。小麦带细菌、真菌数量随着生育期的推进先增加后降低,抽穗期数量最多,放线菌数量呈现降-升-降的变化趋势;玉米带细菌、真菌、放线菌数量随着生育期的推进呈先减少后增加再减少的趋势,在灌浆期达到最高。与不施氮相比,施氮明显增加了土壤养分含量和土壤微生物数量,各施氮处理均达5%显著差异水平,且随着施氮水平的提高,土壤养分含量和土壤微生物数量也随之先增加后降低,N2水平时土壤养分含量达到最高,土壤微生物数量出现峰值,当施氮水平过高(N3)时,土壤养分和土壤微生物数量不再增加反而减少,说明适宜的施氮量(N2)更能促进土壤中养分和微生物数量的增加。     

海藻提取物对干旱胁迫下苹果砧木幼苗抗旱性和养分吸收的影响

以1 a生苹果砧木M9T337幼苗为试材,设置正常供水(CK)、中度干旱(MD)、中度干旱+海藻提取物(MD+SE)、重度干旱(SD)、重度干旱+海藻提取物(SD+SE)5个处理,研究海藻提取物对不同程度干旱胁迫下幼苗的生物量、光合特性、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量和植株养分含量的影响。结果表明:在中度干旱胁迫条件下,植株总生物量较MD处理提高了15.4%,净光合速率较MD处理提高了12.1%,SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性分别较MD处理提高了4.5%、8.4%、30.6%、9.8%,可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸等渗透调节物质较MD处理分别提高了19.1%和13.1%,植株氮、磷、钾含量较MD处理分别提高了19.2%、22.7%和40.5%;在重度干旱胁迫下,叶面喷施海藻提取物后总生物量较SD处理提高了13.7%,净光合速率较SD处理提高了10.2%,SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性较SD处理分别提高了16.6%、18.1%、30.2%、8.9%,可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸等渗透调节物质含量较SD处理分别提高了14.1%和13.1%,植株氮、磷、钾含量较SD处理分别提高了12.4%、21.7%和...     

大沙鼠扰动对荒漠土壤微生物数量和水肥状况的影响

对比分析古尔班通古特沙漠10组大沙鼠 (Rhombomys opimus) 洞区和无沙鼠扰动对照区20～30 cm土层微生物各类群 (真菌、细菌和放线菌) 的数量分布,并比较土壤理化性质的差异.结果表明:大沙鼠的活动改变了洞区土壤水肥状况,有利于土壤微生物,尤其是真菌的生长发育.洞区土壤细菌(3.40×105±6.79×104 个/g)、放线菌(7.52×104±1.11×104 个/g)、真菌(5.03×103±2.05×103 个/g)的数量均高于对照区(3.14×105±1.05×105 个/g,6.04×104±1.65×104 个/g,1.01×103±6.98×102 个/g),(t =0.67 ,p＞ 0.05;t=2.356,p＜0.05;t=5.861, p＜0.01).大沙鼠洞区20～30 cm土壤水分(1.40%±0.47%)、速效P(16.68±5.11 mg/kg)和速效K(125.50±24.99 mg/kg)含量显著高于对照区(0.90%±0.11%;1.59±0.55 mg/kg; 81.00±20.82 mg/kg),(t=3.276,p＜0.01;t=5.268, p＜0.01; t=4.326, p＜0.01).而土壤有机质含量(0.11%±0.02%)、全P(0.027%±0.002%)、全K(1.225%±0.053%)含量显著低于对照区(0.14%±0.03%,0.031%±0.004,1.293%±0.047%)(t= 2.997,p＜0.01;t=2.857,p＜0.01; t=2.982,p＜0.01).全N(0.009%±0.002%)和速效N(16.68±5.11mg/kg)的含量均低于对照区(0.01%±0.003%,16.80±5.15mg/kg),但是差异不显著(t＝0.87,p＞0.05;t＝0.052,p＞0.05).     

污灌对土壤-植物体系中养分迁移的影响

本文就污灌对土壤-植物体系中有机质及N、P、K等的含量变化的影响进行了研究。结果表明:污灌可使土壤K素的含量增加幅度最大为27.0%,但由于氨的挥发、硝化及反硝化作用易造成氮素损失。土壤-植物体系对有机污染物有较强的净化能力。0～60!的土层对有机质、N、P有一定的富集作用,有利于植物吸收利用。而植物对K素的吸收利用率较低。植物对养分的吸收积累顺序为叶>根>茎,P>N>K素。从不同植物的吸收情况来看,榆树对养分的吸收则明显优于苹果树和山桃。相关分析表明:表层土壤中有机质与N、P、K含量密切相关。     

Responses of annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) seedlings to nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium†

The growth response to fertilizer under different soil texture (light clayey soil and composite soil consisting of the light clayey soil and sand), and the timing of N fertilization (early summer and fall fertilization) were determined for annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds., var. Penncross) in glasshouse experiments. At the three‐leaf stage, both plant species were treated with 30, 100, 300, 1,000, 3000 or 10 000 p.p.m. (w/v) of N, P₂O₅ and K₂O equivalent to ammonium sulfate (N), calcium superphosphate (P) and potassium chloride (K). Three weeks after fertilization, the dry weight of shoots or roots was measured. Both plant species were more sensitive to N than to P or K; however, creeping bentgrass required a higher rate of N (1000 p.p.m.) for maximum shoot and root growth than did the weed (300 p.p.m., N). Shoot growth of both plant species was strongly affected by the timing of N fertilization and soil texture; their shoot responses to N increased in the order: composite soil > light clayey soil, and early summer N fertilization > fall N fertilization, and this tendency was especially marked for creeping bentgrass. These results suggest that the response of annual bluegrass to fertilizer is similar to that of creeping bentgrass; however, the two plants are different in regard to the N requirement or their relationship between response to N and application timing and/or soil texture.     

水肥供应对番茄生长及产量形成的影响

以"金鹏1号"番茄为试验材料,通过盆栽试验,对处于不同灌水量和氮、磷、钾肥用量条件下的番茄生长及产量进行分析。在此试验条件下,各因素对叶片数的因子贡献率的主次关系为:施氮量=施磷量灌水量施钾量;对叶果比的影响表现为:灌水量施氮量施磷量施钾量;坐果率表现为:灌水量施氮量施磷量施钾量;60%~83.78%的灌水量有利于降低叶果比进而促进产量的增加;氮肥、磷肥用量达到0.96 g·kg~(-1)、P_2O_50.528 g·kg~(-1)土时会导致叶片数和叶果比增加,坐果率和产量下降;随着灌水量、施氮量、施钾量的增加番茄产量呈先增后减的趋势,在灌水量为83.78%W,施氮量为0.77N g·kg~(-1)土,施磷量为P_2O_50.421 g·kg~(-1)土,施钾量为K2O 0.670g·kg~(-1)土时产量达到最大值为467.5 g·株~(-1)。     

Growth response of six weed species and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) to increasing levels of nitrogen and phosphorus

A glasshouse experiment was carried out to investigate the influence of increasing levels of nitrogen and phosphorus on the growth of six common weed species growing alone or in competition with spring barley (Hordeum vulgare). Capsella bursa‐pastoris, Chenopodium album, Papaver rhoeas, Sinapis arvensis, Spergula arvensis, Viola arvensis and spring barley were grown in pots with different levels of nitrogen (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg N ha^?1) or phosphorus (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 60 kg P ha^?1). The aboveground parts of the plants were harvested after 7 weeks and the dry weight of shoots, percentage N and P content of the shoot and uptake of N and P were determined. A linear or a polynomial model was used to describe the data. Growing alone, Spergula arvensis was the only weed species that increased its dry weight at the same rate as barley. Weed species with low dry weight increase had larger increases in percentage N or P content than barley, indicating a luxury accumulation of nutrients. The uptake of N and P per pot did not differ much between weeds and barley. V. arvensis and P. rhoeas accumulated least nutrients (per cent of dry matter) and Spergula arvensis accumulated most. Weeds grew poorly in competition with barley. The percentage N and P content in barley did not change when they grew in competition with weeds.     

模拟氮沉降对天山云杉凋落叶分解及其养分释放的影响

采用野外模拟试验,通过设计4种氮处理〔CK(对照,不施氮)、LN(低氮,5 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))、MN(中氮,10kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))、HN(高氮,15 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))〕,研究了氮沉降对天山云杉凋落叶分解及养分释放的影响。结果表明:1分解24个月后CK凋落叶干重残留率分别是LN、MN和HN的1.04倍、1.16倍和1.23倍,且4种处理间差异显著(P0.05)。CK条件下凋落叶分解50%为4.58 a,分别比LN、MN和HN多0.46 a、0.75 a和1.35 a;相应地分解95%需要的时间分别多2.01 a、3.24 a和5.87 a,说明施氮对天山云杉凋落叶的分解起到了促进作用,且促进作用随着氮沉降量的增加而加大。2从凋落叶月分解速率看,表现为HNMNLNCK,且随着分解时间的延长,4种处理间的差异逐渐缩小。3氮沉降促进了天山云杉凋落叶中木质素和纤维素的分解,同时促进了C元素的释放,增加了N元素的累积,降低了C/N值。     

施磷量对旱地小麦氮磷钾和干物质积累及产量的影响

针对目前农业生产中存在的施肥增产效应下降问题,研究了磷肥用量对冬小麦养分、氮磷钾和干物质积累及产量的影响,以期为高产高效施肥提供依据.在黄土高原旱地进行田间试验,设不施磷,施磷P2O5 50kg/hm2(不足)、P2O5 100 kg/hm2(适量)和P2O5 150 kg/hm2(高量)4个水平,在不同生长期采样测定...     

秸秆还田下减量施氮对作物产量及养分吸收利用的影响

秸秆还田条件下,采用多年田间定位试验研究了N肥减量施用对作物产量、养分吸收利用以及土壤表观N平衡的影响,旨在为关中小麦／玉米一年二熟轮作区合理施用N肥提供依据。结果表明：与常规施N处理（玉米季施氮187．5 kg·hm－2,小麦季施氮150 kg·hm－2）相比,2008—2011年三年中,15％减N、30％减N两个处理均未显著降低作物籽粒与秸秆产量;2010—2011年生长季中,15％减N处理降低了作物秸秆N、P、K周年总吸收量,增加了籽粒N、P、K周年总吸收量,其中籽粒P周年总吸收量增加达显著性水平;30％减N处理显著降低了籽粒N和秸秆N、K周年总吸收量,降幅分别为12．9％、41．9％、18．5％,在小麦收获后,30％减N处理的N素盈余量只有11．3 kg·hm－2,有潜在缺N危险。综合考虑产量、养分吸收利用及土壤表观N平衡,在秸秆还田条件下,15％减N处理的施N量（即玉米季施氮159 kg·hm－2,小麦季施氮127．5 kg·hm－2）为本地区最佳N肥用量。     

滴灌施肥量对棉花生长、养分吸收及产量的影响

2012年以新陆早33号棉花为供试作物,利用田间小区试验研究了大田膜下滴灌施肥条件下,不同滴灌施肥量对棉花植株氮、磷、钾养分的吸收、干物质积累及籽棉产量的影响。设置了5个N-P2O5-K2O施肥水平150-60-30、200-80-40、250-100-50、300-120-60 kg·hm-2和350-140-70 kg·hm-2(分别记为F1、F2、F3、F4和F5),灌水量为100%ETc(作物蒸发蒸腾量)。结果表明:在新疆膜下滴灌条件下,棉花干物质积累与氮、磷、钾养分吸收和吸收速率均随着滴灌施肥量的增加呈增大的趋势,施肥量达到F4时,棉花的干物质累积和氮、磷、钾的吸收和吸收速率最大;随着施肥量的增加,棉花产量有增加的趋势,但当施肥量大于F3,棉花产量随施肥量的增加(F3,F4,F5)无显著性差异;F3施肥水平下的氮肥农学效率、磷肥农学效率、钾肥农学效率和肥料偏生产力显著大于F4与F5施肥水平。从节肥和生态可持续发展角度来看,F3施肥水平,即250-100-50 kg·hm-2(NP2O5-K2O)为最佳滴灌施肥量。     

水分管理对旱直播稻生长、氮磷吸收及土壤分布的影响

为提高旱直播稻的水分利用效率、降低旱直播稻田土壤氮、磷素环境风险,本文采用两种水分管理方式,即湿润灌溉(T1)和关键需水期灌溉(T2),研究水分管理对旱直播稻生长、养分吸收及稻田土壤氮、磷素迁移情况的影响.结果表明,T2处理有利于促进旱直播稻中后期生长,在拔节孕穗期株高为80.61 cm,SPAD值为41.03,均显著...     

氮磷钾配施对红花产量及其有效成分在器官中分配的影响

于2018—2019年在河南科技学院试验田,以百农红花1号为材料,设计氮、磷、钾三因素和无肥(N0、P0、K0)、低肥(N1、P1、K1)、中肥(N2、P2、K2)、高肥(N3、P3、K3)四水平试验,以T1(N0P0K0)为对照,T2 (N0P2K2)、T3(N1P2K2)、T4(N2P2K2)、T5(N3P2K2)、T6(N2P0K2)、T7(N2P1K2)、T8(N2P3K2)、T9(N2P2K0)、T10(N2P2K1)、T11(N2P2K3)为不同配施水平,共11个处理,研究氮、磷、钾肥用量及配比对红花产量的影响,探讨氮、磷、钾不同用量及配比下红花生育期各器官中有效成分分配规律。结果表明：红花花产量随氮肥用量的增加而增加,以T5最高,与T1相比增加59.44%,随磷肥和钾肥用量的增加呈先上升后下降趋势,均以T4最大,与T1相比增加42.87%;红花种子产量随氮、磷、钾肥用量的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,均以T4最高,与T1相比增加116.52%。氮、磷、钾肥不同用量及配比对红花生育期各器官中黄酮含量影响有相同规律,从苗期到成熟期,叶和茎黄酮含量均表现为先下降后上升的趋势,根中黄...     

氮、钾及其互作对两种质型小麦品质性状的影响

在大田条件下对弱筋小麦豫麦50和强筋小麦郑麦9023的主要基础品质性状、粉质及拉伸特性和淀粉糊化特性的氮、钾效应进行了研究。结果表明；增施氮、钾肥对强筋小麦郑麦9023的主要基础品质性状、粉质及拉伸特性的调节效应大于对弱筋小麦豫麦50的调节效应，而对淀粉糊化特性的调节效应则是豫麦50大干郑麦9023。增施氮肥降低了两种质型小麦的籽粒硬度。提高了籽粒的面筋含量，对两种质型小麦的吸水率、形成时间和弱化度及拉伸面积和延展性呈正效应；增施钾肥显著提高了郑麦9023的形成时间和稳定时间。对豫麦50的粉质仪参数呈负效应。而对郑麦9023呈正效应。氮钾配合施用提高了两种质型小麦的吸水率、弱化度，显著提高了籽粒面筋含量。特别是强筋小麦郑麦9023的含量，显著提高了郑麦9023的形成时间和稳定时间，增加了两种质型小麦籽粒的延展性，降低了小麦籽粒的拉伸阻力和最大抗阻；对于淀粉糊化特性，增施氮、钾肥及氮钾配合施用对豫麦50呈正效应（除稀懈值外），施氮的效应最大；增施氮、钾肥及氮钾配合施用增加了郑麦9023的稀懈值，而对其余淀粉糊化特性指标呈负效应，氮钾配合施用的影响最大。     

Effects of recovery time after fire and fire severity on stand structure and soil of larch forest in the Kanas National Nature Reserve,Northwest China

Forest recovery may be influenced by several factors, of which fire is the most critical. However, moderate- and long-term effects of fire on forest recovery are less researched in Northwest China. Thus, the effects of different forest recovery time after fire (1917 (served as the control), 1974, 1983 and 1995) and fire severities (low, moderate and high) on larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) forest were investigated in the Kanas National Nature Reserve (KNNR), Northwest China in 2017. This paper analyzed post-fire changes in stand density, total basal area (TBA), litter mass, soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil nutrients (total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium) with one-way analyses of variance. Results indicate that litter mass, TBA, SOC and soil nutrients increased with increasing recovery time after fire and decreasing fire severity, while the stand density showed an opposite response. The effects of fire disturbance on SOC and soil nutrients decreased with increasing soil depth. Moreover, we found that the time of more than 43 a is needed to recover the litter mass, TBA, SOC and soil nutrients to the pre-fire level. In conclusion, high-severity fire caused the greatest variations in stand structure and soil of larch forest, and low-severity fire was more advantageous for post-fire forest stand structure and soil recovery in the KNNR. Therefore, low-severity fire can be an efficient management mean through reducing the accumulation of forest floor fuel of post-fire forests in the KNNR, Northwest China.     

施肥、起垄和品种对黄土高原新造耕地马铃薯氮磷钾吸收与分配的影响

于2019―2020年在黄土高原延安地区选择典型新造耕地,开展不同栽培措施和品种下马铃薯氮、磷和钾元素吸收量及其分配规律的研究.试验设7个处理,分别为克新1号+NPK(氮磷钾无机肥)+平作(CK)、克新1号+NPK+起垄(T1)、克新1号+NPKM(氮磷钾无机肥+有机肥)+平作(T2)、克新1号+NPKM+起垄(T3)...     

氮肥运筹对苏打盐碱地水稻养分积累、转运及产量的影响

于2017—2018年,以粳稻品种垦粳7号和垦粳8号为试验材料,设置5种氮肥运筹方式:不施氮肥(N0)、农民习惯施氮(N1)、平衡施氮(N2)、减氮施肥(N3)和氮肥后移(N4),研究氮肥运筹对苏打盐碱地水稻氮磷钾养分积累转运以及生产效率的影响.结果表明:与农民习惯施氮相比,平衡施氮和减氮施肥显著提高了齐穗期和成熟期植...     

水氮耦合对日光温室辣椒生长、光合特性及养分分配的影响

为探究不同灌水量和氮肥施用量对保护地辣椒生长、光合特性及养分分配的影响,为辣椒生产中合理灌水和施用氮肥提供理论依据。试验设置4个氮肥水平,不施肥(F0)为对照,F1、F2、F3依次按氮肥理论利用率的150%、100%和50%进行施肥; 3个基质含水率水平W1、W2、W3分别为基质最大含水率的80%、60%、40%。结果表明,在高水高肥条件下,干鲜重最大值分别为1314.02g、217.89g,株高茎粗最大值分别为193.57cm、19.57mm,均明显高于低水低肥处理;但在低水低肥处理下,辣椒的干物质积累率大于高水高肥处理,对辣椒光合荧光参数的影响主要表现为:在中、高基质含水率水平,施肥处理提高了辣椒的光能利用效率;高肥处理中辣椒的光合参数均比低肥处理中升高15%以上,降低了胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ),提高了辣椒叶片的光合作用,CO_2同化速率升高;同时,降低了叶片在光合过程中光能以其它形式的耗散。在低水条件下随着施氮量的增加,辣椒光合荧光各指标的变化与中、高基质含水率呈相反趋势。辣椒的养分分配的总体趋势是:在辣椒定植前期(0～60d)各处理辣椒对氮、磷、钾的积累差异不显著。辣椒各器官的钾和除茎外的磷素的积累量逐渐增加,在定植180～210d时积累量达到最大,氮素和茎的磷素先增加后降低。且在整个生育期辣椒各器官对氮、磷、钾素的积累量总体规律一致,大小依次为:果茎叶根,且含量依次为氮钾磷。结论:高水中肥显著促进了辣椒干鲜重、株高茎粗的生长,有利于辣椒叶片的光合和辣椒对氮、磷、钾的吸收和积累;低水高肥处理在前期对辣椒各指标影响不显著,在定植180d以后低水、高肥对辣椒的生长产生拮抗作用增强,该处理的辣椒长势最弱,不利于辣椒植株光合产物和对养分的积累。