Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae): A review of conservation status

The majority of wild Sumatran tigers are believed to live in 12 Tiger Conservation Landscapes covering approximately 88 000 km². However, the actual distribution of tigers across Sumatra has never been accurately mapped. Over the past 20 years, conservation efforts focused on the Sumatran tigers have increased, but the population continues to decline as a result of several key threats. To identify the status of the Sumatran tiger distribution across the island, an island-wide questionnaire survey comprised of 35 respondents from various backgrounds was conducted between May and June 2010. The survey found that Sumatran tigers are positively present in 27 habitat patches larger than 250 km² and possibly present in another 2. In addition, a review on major published studies on the Sumatran tiger was conducted to identify the current conservation status of the Sumatran tiger. Collectively, these studies have identified several key factors that have contributed to the decline of Sumatran tiger populations, including: forest habitat fragmentation and loss, direct killing of tigers and their prey, and the retaliatory killing of tigers due to conflict with villagers. The present paper provides management authorities and the international community with a recent assessment and a base map of the actual distribution of Sumatran tigers as well as a general overview on the current status and possible future conservation challenges of Sumatran tiger management.     

不同倍性燕麦的核型分析

试验采用根尖压片法分别对燕麦的3个种Avena nudibreri,A.hispanica和A.sativa的燕麦材料的染色体核型进行了分析。结果表明:Avena nudibreri的染色体数目为2n=14,其核型公式为2n=2x=14=10m+4sm(2SAT),具2对近中部着丝点染色体和五对中部着丝点染色体,其中第5对染色体短臂末端带有随体,核型属2A型;Avena hispanica的染色体数目为2n=28,核型公式为2n=4x=28=20m+8sm(2SAT),着丝点的位置有近中部着丝点和中部着丝点区,其中第10对染色体短臂末端带有随体,核型属2A型;Avena sativa的染色体数目为2n=42,核型公式为2n=6x=42=26m+16sm(4SAT),具8对近中部着丝点染色体,第12对和第17对染色体短臂末端带有随体,其余为中部着丝点染色体,染色体组型属2B型。     

麦冬草坪群落中杂草的分布及细胞学研究

对麦冬草坪群落中主体植物麦冬草和4种杂草的染色体核型进行了比较研究,同时分析了该草坪中4种杂草的分布与染色体特征之间的关系。结果表明,1)麦冬草染色体数最多,为2n=68,而4种杂草的染色体数明显偏少,依次为狗尾草2n=28、小飞蓬2n=26、葎草2n=16、大巢菜2n=14。麦冬草为同源四倍体植物,染色体基数最大,为x=17。狗尾草虽为四倍体植物,但其染色体基数x=7,其他3种杂草均为二倍体,这一差异可能是麦冬草不易被杂草大面积侵染的原因之一。2)不同杂草对麦冬草坪的入侵能力与染色体数和染色体倍数成正相关关系,二倍体大巢菜(2n=2x=14)的染色体数目最少、倍性最低,其发生情况最轻;四倍体狗尾草(2n=4x=28)染色体数目最多、倍性最高,其发生情况最重。3)核型分析结果表明,麦冬草的最长和最短染色体长度比(L/S)最大,为3.90,其核型类型为2B型,比其他4种杂草的核型类型(均为2A型)进化程度高,这可能也是麦冬草坪中以上几种杂草难以大面积发生的又一原因。     

Measurement of thyroid hormones (thyroxine, T4; triiodothyronine, T3) in captive nondomestic felids.

The aim of this research was to obtain basic values for the evaluation of thyroid function in nondomestic felids. Serum thyroid hormone concentrations (thyroxine, T4; triiodothyronine, T3) were measured by radioimmunoassay in 145 cats, representing nine species of captive nondomestic felids: jaguar (Panthera onca), n = 49; puma (Puma concolor), n = 10; ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), n = 22; oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus), n = 12; geoffroy (Oncifelis geoffroyi), n = 4; jaguarundi (Herpailurus yaguarondi), n = 8; margay (Leopardus wiedii), n = 7; lion (Panthera leo), n = 26; and tiger (Panthera tigris), n = 7. For each species, mean +/- SEM of T3 and T4, respectively, were as follows: jaguar, 0.56 +/- 0.03 and 9.7 +/- 0.8 ng/ml; puma, 0.67 +/- 0.04 and 11.2 +/- 1.2 ng/ml; ocelot, 0.48 +/- 0.03 and 13.8 +/- 1.5 ng/ml; oncilla, 0.43 +/- 0.03 and 10.0 +/- 1.6 ng/ml; geoffroy, 0.44 +/- 0.04 and 8.0 +/- 0.16 ng/ml; jaguarundi, 0.7 +/- 0.03 and 5.0 +/- 1.0 ng/ml; margay, 0.48 +/- 0.04 and 12.2 +/- 2.3 ng/ml; lion, 0.43 +/- 0.02 and 5.7 +/- 2.6 ng/ml; and tiger, 0.66 +/- 0.03 and 12.6 +/- 0.9 ng/ml. Within species, T3 and T4 concentrations did not differ (P > 0.05) between males and females.     

天山酸模染色体核型分析

对鲁梅克斯K-1杂交酸模及其父本天山酸模染色体数目进行了研究。试验结果表明,鲁梅克斯K-1染色体数目为2n=60,母本巴天酸模染色体数目为2n=60,父本天山酸模染色体数目为2n=20;天山酸模核型公式为2n=18m（2SAT）＋2sm。从染色体水平上分析,鲁梅克斯K-1与巴天酸模亲缘关系较近,与天山酸模亲缘关系较远。     

长白山特有种单花橐吾的核型研究

以长白山特有种单花橐吾种子为材料,采用常规压片法进行核型研究。结果表明:单花橐吾染色体数为2n=2x=58,核型为2A,核不对称系数为58.90%,核型公式为2n=2x=58=44m+14sm,从染色体相对长度组成来看,2n=58=32M_2+26M_1,依据核型进化趋势是由A→B→C的理论,单花橐吾属于较为原始的类型。     

Thoracotomy in adult dairy cattle: 14 cases (1979-1991).

Fourteen cows were subjected to thoracotomy as an aid in the treatment of either septic pericarditis (n = 7) or unilateral pleuritis (fibrous or purulent; n = 7). Thoracic lesions were primary in 4 cows, secondary to traumatic reticuloperitonitis in 9 cows, and secondary to extension of a liver abscess in 1 cow. Thoracotomy was performed on 9 cows under local anesthesia. Surgery was performed on 5 cows under general anesthesia; 2 died during anesthesia, and 2 others were euthanatized. Of the 10 cows allowed to recover from surgery, 4 had pericarditis and 6 had pleuritis. Four cows with pleuritis had thoracic abscesses. All but 1 cow with pericarditis died or were euthanatized, and 5 of the 6 cows with pleuritis were discharged from the hospital. A year after surgery, 1 cow was culled because of infertility, and the other 5 cows were returned to production.     

Caudal cervical disc protrusion in a Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris).

A young adult male white Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) presented with hindlimb ataxia. Cervical and lumbar myelography revealed a compressive lesion of the cord at C(6-7). Corticosteroid therapy and confinement failed to provide lasting remission of signs. A modified, inverted cone ventral slot decompression was used to remove the fibrous material causing cord compression at C(6-7). Temporary Horner's syndrome and laryngeal paresis developed postsurgically because of excessive tissue retraction. The animal recovered normal ambulatory function 6 wk after surgery.     

串叶松香草染色体核型分析

对串叶松香草根尖细胞进行染色体常规制片,并进行核型分析。结果表明,串叶松香草染色体数为2n=14,,核型公式为K（2n）=2x=14=4m＋6sm＋4st,其中中部着丝粒染色体（m）为2对,近中部着丝粒染色体（sm）为3对,近端部着丝粒染色体（st）为2对。核型类型为3B。     

野豌豆属4个品种（系）的染色体核型

对野豌豆属(Vicia)4个不同品种(系)的根尖细胞有丝分裂中期染色体进行数目统计及核型分析。结果显示,4个品种(系)的染色体数目相同,均为2n=2x=12;但核型公式和核型类型各不相同,春箭筈豌豆品种“兰箭3号” (Vicia sativa Lanjian No.3)和狭叶野豌豆品种333/A (V. angustifolia 333/A)的核型公式分别为2n=2x=8m+2sm+2st和2n=2x=2m+8sm(2SAT)+2st,春箭筈豌豆品系2556、2560的核型公式均为2n=2x=10m+2sm;兰箭3号和品系2556的核型类型均为“2B”,品系2560的核型类型为“1B”,而品种333/A的核型类型为“3B”。表明不同品种(系)春箭筈豌豆之间具有染色体遗传多样性。     

Evaluating the Clinical and Cardiopulmonary Effects of Clove Oil and Propofol in Tiger Salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum)

Our understanding of clinical anesthesia for amphibians is limited. This study represents the first attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of clove oil and propofol as anesthetic agents for tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum). Twelve apparently healthy adult tiger salamanders were anesthetized in a water bath containing clove oil (450 mg/L of water). After a 2-week wash-out period, 11 of the salamanders were used to evaluate the effectiveness of propofol as an anesthetic agent. Propofol was administered intracoelomically at a dose of 25 mg/kg (n = 5) or 35 mg/kg (n = 6). Heart and respiratory rates were monitored at 5-, 10-, 15-, 20-, 30-, 40-, 50-, 60-, 70-, 80-, 90-, 100-, 120-, 150-, and 180-minute intervals after exposure to the anesthetics. Righting, escape, corneal, superficial pain, and deep pain reflexes were also monitored at these time intervals and ranked as (1) normal, (2) slow, or (3) absent. Surgical anesthesia was determined to be when all of the reflexes were lost. Clove oil produced a surgical level of anesthesia in 67% (8/12) of the salamanders. Propofol administered at 25 mg/kg produced surgical anesthesia in 40% (2/5) of the salamanders, whereas propofol at 35 mg/kg produced surgical anesthesia in 83% (5/6) of the animals. Clove oil did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect respiratory rate at any time, but did decrease heart rate significantly (P < 0.05) after 30 minutes. Propofol produced a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the respiratory rate at both doses. Heart rate was also found to decrease significantly (P < 0.05) for propofol at 25 mg/kg after 90 minutes and for propofol at 35 mg/kg at 60 minutes and after 80 minutes. Both clove oil and propofol were found to provide a surgical plane of anesthesia for tiger salamanders. However, clove oil provided more rapid onset of the desired level of anesthesia with a longer duration. Although the intracoelomic route for propofol was effective, the time to surgical anesthesia was prolonged. These anesthetics show promise and may prove useful to veterinarians or field biologists working with urodelans.     

Karyotypes of three shrew species (Soriculus nigrescens,Episoriculus caudatus and Episoriculus sacratus) from Nepal

The karyotypes of three shrew species (Mammalia, Soricomorpha, Soricidae) from Nepal were examined for the first time. Based on the karyotypes and overall differences in skull size, the current Episoriculus caudatus appeared to include two distinct species: the larger E. caudatus and the smaller Episoriculus sacratus. Episoriculus sacratus has three subspecies, E. s. soluensis in Nepal and Sikkim, E. s. umbrinus in Assam, Myanmar and the Yunnan Province of China, and E. s. sacratus in the Sichuan Province of China. Soriculus nigrescens had a diploid chromosome number (2n) and fundamental number (FN), including two X chromosomes, of 64 and 92, respectively, consisting of 11 metacentric or submetacentric, two subtelocentric and 18 acrocentric pairs of autosomes, a metacentric X and an acrocentric Y chromosome. Episoriculus sacratus soluensis had 2n = 74 and FN = 126, consisting of 12 metacentric or submetacentric, 13 subtelocentric and 11 acrocentric pairs of autosomes, a submetacentric X and an acrocentric Y chromosome. Episoriculus caudatus had 2n = 60 and FN = 118, consisting of 19 metacentric or submetacentric, nine subtelocentric and one acrocentric pair of autosomes, a subtelocentric X and an acrocentric Y chromosome. The karyotypes of these three species are characterized by their large 2n and FN values compared with other Soricidae.     

黑龙江青云林场野猪危害调查及防治

人和野猪的冲突已经成为日益关注的问题。2010年6-10月,在黑龙江省尚志市青云林场利用走访和问卷调查对野猪危害进行了研究,并通过散布东北虎粪便、放置东北虎图像、播放东北虎声音的方法对野猪危害进行了防治并与当地居民防治野猪危害的措施进行了比较。结果如下：（1）野猪危害多在夏初至秋末,主要危害玉米和西葫芦,受危害的农田多是林缘地和林间地。（2）把野猪第2次进入农田与第1次进入农田的间隔天数作为防治措施的有效性评估指标,研究发现利用东北虎粪便、图像、声音防治野猪危害的有效期分别是3．00±0．58d、1．33±0．33d、5．25±0．63d。（3）林场84．09％的居民会采取防治措施,防治措施有效期一般是3-7d。（4）利用东北虎粪便和图像防治野猪危害的效果与林场大多数居民采取的防治措施效果相比差异不显著（P〉0．05）。利用声音防治危害的效果只与利用塑料绳围栏（P=0．029）和干扰物（P=0．029）的防治效果相比差异显著。利用东北虎粪便、图像和声音防治野猪危害效果不理想可能和这个地区东北虎消失时间比较长有关。     

番红花染色体核型分析

通过对番红花根尖细胞进行染色体常规制片,并进行核型分析.结果显示,番红花为2倍体(2n=2x=24)植物,核型公式为K(2n)=2x=24=2t+2st+8sm+12m,其中,中部着丝粒染色体(m)6对,近中部着丝粒染色体(sm)4对,近端着丝粒染色体(st)1对,端着丝粒染色体(t)1对.核型类型为2B,并且倍性不是...     

铺地黍染色体制片优化及核型分析

以铺地黍(Panicum repens)根尖为材料,比较不同的预处理、固定、前低渗、解离条件对染色体制片效果的影响,并进行核型分析.结果表明,铺地黍染色体制片的优化条件分别为:冰水混合物、4℃条件预处理22 h,卡诺氏固定液Ⅰ、4℃条件固定24 h,0.075 mol·L-1 KCl溶液在25℃条件前低渗15～20 min,1％果胶酶和2％纤维素酶混合酶液于25℃条件酶解3 h.铺地黍核型公式为2n=2x=40=34m+6sm,未发现有随体;染色体绝对长度范围为10.87～19.21μm,属于大型染色体;染色体相对长度组成为2n=40=2L+16M2+22M1;最长与最短染色体长度比值为1.77,臂比值范围为1.04～2.08;核型不对称系数为58.99％,核型类型属于2A型,其在进化类型上可能属于原始类型,为铺地黍的起源、演化及遗传育种提供了一定的理论依据和技术基础.     

铺地黍染色体制片优化及核型分析

以铺地黍(Panicum repens)根尖为材料,比较不同的预处理、固定、前低渗、解离条件对染色体制片效果的影响,并进行核型分析。结果表明,铺地黍染色体制片的优化条件分别为：冰水混合物、4 ℃条件预处理22 h,卡诺氏固定液Ⅰ、4 ℃条件固定24 h,0.075 mol·L?1 KCl溶液在25 ℃条件前低渗15～20 min,1%果胶酶和2%纤维素酶混合酶液于25 ℃条件酶解3 h。铺地黍核型公式为2n = 2x = 40 = 34m + 6sm,未发现有随体;染色体绝对长度范围为10.87～19.21 μm,属于大型染色体;染色体相对长度组成为2n = 40 = 2L + 16M2 + 22M1;最长与最短染色体长度比值为1.77,臂比值范围为1.04～2.08;核型不对称系数为58.99%,核型类型属于2A型,其在进化类型上可能属于原始类型,为铺地黍的起源、演化及遗传育种提供了一定的理论依据和技术基础。     

三份偃麦草种质的染色体核型分析

选用产地来源不同的3份偃麦草的种子为试验材料,采用根尖压片法进行细胞染色体核型分析,旨在为其细胞学特性和演化趋势的研究奠定科学基础。结果表明,来源于俄罗斯列宁格勒的偃麦草种质ER044染色体数目为2n=6X=42,染色体相对长度组成为:4L+14M₂+20M₁+4S,核型公式为:K(2n)=6X=42=2M+32m+8sm。来源于阿富汗喀布尔的偃麦草种质ER058染色体数目为2n=6X=42,染色体相对长度组成为: 2L+20M₂+16M₁+4S,核型公式K(2n)=6X=42=30m+12sm(2sat)。采自于中国新疆的偃麦草种质ER132染色体数目为2n=6X=42,染色体相对长度组成为:4L+16M₂+16M₁+6S,核型公式为:K(2n)=6X=42=32m+8sm(4sat)+2st。3份偃麦草种质的染色体核型均属于“2B”类型。     

Birth of Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) cubs after transvaginal artificial insemination.

A captive 9-yr-old female Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) at the Lisbon Zoo was treated with equine chorionic gonadotropin followed 80 hr later by human chorionic gonadotropin to stimulate follicular development and ovulation, respectively. Forty-one hours after the second hormone administration, the tiger was subjected to transvaginal artificial insemination with diluted fresh semen containing 500 x 10(6) motile spermatozoa obtained from an 8-yr-old male Siberian tiger via electroejaculation. After anesthesia, the female tiger was placed in an inclined position with the hind limbs elevated during and after the insemination and was maintained in this position for 15 min to minimize semen reflux. An anesthetic reversal agent was then administered. After a 103-day gestation, the female gave birth to three apparently healthy cubs that survived 24-48 hr. These results demonstrate that transvaginal artificial insemination can be successfully performed in the Siberian tiger to produce full-term offspring.     

青海四种土蝗(直翅目:斑翅蝗科)染色体核型分析

用常规染色体制片方法研究了青海高山草地的四种土蝗：黄胫异痂蝗（Bryodemella bolderei holdereri Krauss,)、白边痂蝗（Bryodema luctuosum luctuosun Stoll)，黄胫小车蝗（Oedaleus infernalis Sauss）、亚洲小车蝗（Oedaleu asiatisc B.-Bienko）的染色体数目和核型。四种土蝗染色体数目均为，（2n♂）＝23＝27＝22＋XO；全部染色体都为近端着丝点类型；四种土蝗染色体的核型公式均为K(2n,♂）＝23＝23T＝4L＋14M＋4S＋XO。结果表明，斑翅蝗科3属间的蝗虫主要区别为常染色体和性染色体相对长度有明显差异，小车蝗属内2种间区别主要为常染色体相对长度的差异。     

两个黄芪亚种染色体数目与核型分析

前人研究认为膜荚黄芪（Astragalus membranaceus（Fisch.）Bge.）与蒙古黄芪（Astragalus membranaceus（Fisch.）Bge.var.mongholicus （Bge.）Hsiao）染色体数目为2n=16。本试验采用根尖染色体常规制片方法,观察了膜荚黄芪与蒙古黄芪种子根尖有丝分裂相。结果显示：膜荚黄芪与蒙古黄芪染色体数目为2n=18,这2种植物各有4条小染色体。膜荚黄芪染色体核型公式为K（2n）=2x=18=4sm+14m,核型类型为2B型。蒙古黄芪染色体核型公式为K（2n）=2x=18=6sm+12m,核型类型为2C型。