不同肥力土壤下施氮与玉米秸秆还田对冬小麦氮素吸收利用的影响

为了解华北潮土区不同土壤肥力水平下施氮与玉米秸秆还田对冬小麦氮素吸收利用的影响,采用15N标记氮肥和15N标记玉米秸秆的双标记方法,在两种肥力水平土壤上进行盆栽试验,研究了玉米秸秆全量直接还田对冬小麦地上部氮素累积量、氮素分配和氮肥回收率的影响。结果表明:（1）等氮肥用量条件下,与不配施玉米秸秆相比,施用玉米秸秆则显著降低了冬小麦地上部氮素累积量;高肥力土壤的子粒氮素累积量高于低肥力土壤,冬小麦秸秆氮素累积量则以低肥力土壤为高;氮肥配施玉米秸秆使得氮肥回收率下降9.6%～15.7%,土壤残留率增加12.2%～16.4%。（2）氮肥用量为N 150和300 kg/hm2时,玉米秸秆氮素的当季回收率达到22.8%～33.1%,冬小麦子粒氮素约7%～10%来源于还田的玉米秸秆。（3）等氮肥用量和相同土壤肥力条件下,氮肥配施玉米秸秆对冬小麦子粒产量影响不显著,在氮肥用量为N 150和300 kg/hm2条件下,影响冬小麦子粒产量主要是土壤肥力水平,该试验结果还有待于田间进一步验证。     

耕作方式和秸秆还田对砂姜黑土碳库及玉米小麦产量的影响

长期秸秆还田免耕覆盖措施导致沿淮区域砂姜黑土耕层变浅、下表层(10～30 cm)容重增加、土壤养分不均衡等问题凸显,限制了小麦-玉米周年生产力的提高。耕作和秸秆还田措施合理的搭配组合是解决这一问题的有效方法。通过8年的小麦-玉米一年两熟田间试验,设置4个处理:1)玉米季免耕-小麦季免耕秸秆不还田(N);2)玉米季深耕-小麦季深耕秸秆不还田(D);3)玉米季秸秆免耕覆盖还田+小麦秸秆免耕覆盖还田(NS);4)玉米季秸秆免耕覆盖还田+小麦季秸秆深耕还田(DS)。通过分析作物收获后不同土壤深度(0～60 cm)总有机碳(TOC)、颗粒态碳(POC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化态碳(KMnO4-C)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)和土壤碳库管理指数(CPMI),并结合小麦-玉米的周年产量变化,以期获得培肥砂姜黑土的最佳模式。研究结果表明:1)相对于长期免耕措施(N),DS处理能够提高0～30 cm土层TOC、POC、MBC、KMnO4-C等组分含量和CPMI;而NS措施仅提高土壤表层(0～10 cm)TOC、活性有机碳组分含量和CPMI;2)DS处理显著提升了小麦-玉米的周年生产力,其麦玉的周年产量均值分别比N、D和NS处理高出14.7%、12.9%和8.5%;3)MBC和KMnO4-C对于耕作和秸秆还田措施都是较为敏感指示因子。总的来说,玉米季小麦秸秆覆盖还田+小麦季玉米秸秆深耕还田(DS)是改善沿淮地区砂姜黑土土壤碳库、提高小麦-玉米周年产量的一种有效农田管理模式。     

不同秸秆还田方式下黑土玉米田肥料氮素去向

探究不同秸秆还田方式下肥料氮在连续两季作物系统中的去向，为黑土地保护下的氮肥管理提供重要依据。于2020—2021年在吉林梨树开展大田微区试验，设置无秸秆还田 (CK)、深翻还田 (DTS)、免耕覆盖还田 (NTS) 3种秸秆还田方式，每种方式下设置2个施氮水平：180 kg?hm-2(N1)和270 kg?hm-2(N2)。结果表明：当季和第二季玉米成熟期植株氮分别有38.0%~46.8%和12.9%~18.6%来源于15N标记氮肥。肥料氮当季平均利用、残留和损失率分别为32.4%~43.9%、32.8%~51.4%和13.2%~32.7%，秸秆覆盖配施适量氮肥 （180 kg?hm-2）处理下肥料氮当季利用率显著提高29.5%，而秸秆深翻还田则使肥料氮在土壤中的残留率显著增加18.2%。当季施用肥料氮仍有8.5%~14.9%被第二季玉米吸收利用，两季累积利用率达40.9%~58.8%，在高氮（270 kg?hm-2）下秸秆深翻还田显著提高肥料氮的第二季利用率及累积利用效率。综上，秸秆覆盖还田配施适量氮肥有利于提高肥料利用效率，而秸秆深翻还田更有利于高施氮量下土壤对肥料氮的保持，增加其被下季作物利用的机会，两者均能显著减少氮的损失。     

不同耕作措施下土壤N2O排放及其农学效率

为评价不同耕作措施下华北平原农田土壤N2O排放及其农学效率,通过设置常规耕作秸秆还田(CT+)、常规耕作无秸秆还田(CT?)、免耕秸秆还田(NT+)、免耕无秸秆还田(NT?)4个处理田间定位试验,采用静态箱?气相色谱法测定分析了连续3个小麦生长期的表层土壤N2O排放及其主要相关因子,同时测定了小麦产量与氮吸收量等相关指标。结果表明:在4个处理下,小麦生长期内表层土壤N2O排放动态基本一致,而土壤N2O累积排放量却存在显著差异,而且耕作方式与秸秆还田存在显著的互作效应。在常规耕作和免耕措施下,单位面积土壤N2O累积排放量均表现为秸秆还田土壤显著高于无秸秆还田土壤,CT+和NT+分别比CT?和NT?高26.2%和74.6%;在无秸秆还田条件下,土壤N2O排放量表现为常规耕作比免耕高42.4%。相关分析表明,土壤N2O排放通量与地下5 cm土壤温度、土壤孔隙充水率(WFPS)之间呈显著正相关关系,与土壤溶解性有机氮(DON)含量之间呈显著负相关关系。利用农学效率指标度量N2O排放量时可知,虽然小麦籽粒产量和氮肥偏生产力在各处理间没有达到显著性差异,但每生产1 kg小麦籽粒表层土壤N2O排放量为0.18~0.73 g N2O-N,每投入1 kg氮素表层土壤N2O排放量为5.1~18.0 g N2O-N,处理间存在显著差异;与单位面积土壤N2O排放量表现一致,单位籽粒产量N2O排放量和单位氮素投入N2O排放量均表现为无论是常规耕作还是免耕措施,秸秆还田土壤均显著高于秸秆不还田土壤,在秸秆不还田条件下,常规耕作土壤均显著高于免耕土壤。总之,免耕是有效减少土壤N2O排放的一种耕作措施。     

玉米秸秆还田配施氮肥对冬小麦土壤氮素表观盈亏及产量的影响

【目的】以秸秆还田定位试验为平台,探讨玉米秸秆还田配施氮肥对冬小麦产量、土壤硝态氮积累、氮素表观盈余和氮肥利用率的影响规律,明确砂姜黑土玉米秸秆全量还田条件下冬小麦生长季的最佳施氮量。【方法】试验以秸秆处理为主区,设秸秆还田和秸秆移除2个水平;施氮量为副区,设6个水平,分别为0、162.0、202.5、243.0、283.5、324.0 kg/hm2。测定了冬小麦播种前、拔节期、成熟期地上部植株含氮量,土壤0—20、20—40和40—60 cm硝态氮含量,小麦产量以及籽粒氮含量,计算了冬小麦生育期土壤的氮素表观盈余,小麦基施和追施氮肥的利用效率以及不同阶段的氮素盈余。【结果】玉米秸秆还田后小麦增产365 844 kg/hm2,增产率为4.2%9.3%,尤其以配施243.0 kg/hm2的增幅最高,产量达9858 kg/hm2。小麦整个生育期,秸秆还田显著增加了0—60 cm土层的土壤硝态氮累积量,而秸秆移除条件下,土壤硝态氮累积量与氮肥施用量相关,高量氮肥增加了硝态氮累积量,N施用量高于243.0 kg/hm2时,硝态氮累积量较小麦播种前增加19.8%28.6%。施氮均显著增加了植株氮素积累量;小麦播种到拔节期,植株的氮素积累量随基肥比例的增加而增加。小麦生育期不施氮处理表现为氮素亏缺,施氮处理显著增加了0—60 cm土层的土壤氮素盈余量,且随基肥、追肥量的增加而增加,盈余值每增加100.0kg/hm2,秸秆还田配施氮肥和单施氮肥的土壤剖面硝态氮积累量就会分别增加74.2和91.4 kg/hm2。秸秆还田配施氮肥提高了氮肥农学效率、植株地上部氮肥吸收利用率、籽粒氮肥吸收利用率,特别是在高氮肥时,基肥和拔节肥的利用率显著高于单施氮肥。在施氮处理间、相同氮肥施用下秸秆还田和移除处理间氮素收获指数均无显著差异。氮肥表观回收率随施氮量的增加而降低,基肥表观回收率显著高于拔节肥表观回收率。【结论】秸秆还田和施氮水平对小麦植株氮素的吸收转运没有显著影响,但可提高基施和追施氮肥的利用率,可增加土壤0—60 cm土层中硝态氮的含量。综合各项指标,冬小麦生长季玉米秸秆全量还田适宜的氮肥配施量为202.5 243.0 kg/hm2。     

黑土春玉米田氮素的淋溶风险与阻控机制研究

为阐明黑土春玉米田氮素的淋溶风险与阻控机制,运用田间原位15N示踪技术,设常规垄作、免耕无秸秆覆盖和免耕100%秸秆覆盖(秸秆量为7500 kg·hm~(-2))3个处理,量化了长期免耕秸秆覆盖措施下氮素在不同形态氮库中的转化特征、淋溶运移规律和去向。结果表明:农民常规施肥量条件下,常规垄作、免耕无秸秆覆盖和免耕全量秸秆覆盖均已导致东北黑土春玉米田0～300cm土壤剖面中分别累积461.6kg(N)·hm~(-2)、450.7kg(N)·hm~(-2)和439.7kg(N)·hm~(-2)的矿质氮,且主要是硝态氮(占比分别为84.2%、79.5%和81.7%),存在着氮素的淋溶损失风险。当季施入肥料氮对玉米苗期和抽雄期0～40cm土层总硝态氮库累积的贡献率平均为60.9%和58.0%,其淋溶损失风险较高。与常规垄作处理相比,免耕全量秸秆覆盖降低了0～40 cm土层肥料氮向矿质氮库的转化,降低比例达20.8%;增加了其向黏土矿物固定态铵和有机氮库的转化,提高比例分别为39.4%和30.5%。0～20cm土层,黏土矿物对肥料来源铵的固定能力和微生物对肥料来源矿质氮的固持能力基本相当;20～40cm土层,固持能力前者高于后者,说明外源碳输入的数量及其与土壤微生物的接触程度共同决定着对矿质氮的固持潜能。通过免耕和秸秆覆盖调控机制,可阻控黑土春玉米田矿质氮在土壤剖面的大量积累,使氮肥利用效率和玉米产量均提高9.7%,氮肥的气态损失降低27.7%,延缓肥料氮向深层土壤剖面淋溶运移的速率。     

黄土旱塬长期秸秆还田对土壤养分、酶活性及玉米产量的影响

研究黄土旱塬区玉米生产中长期秸秆还田对土壤性质及玉米产量的影响,可为农田土壤可持续利用及质量提升提供科学依据。本研究基于连续24年(1992—2016年)秸秆还田长期定位试验,设置秸秆过腹还田、秸秆直接还田、秸秆覆盖还田以及不还田处理,研究长期不同秸秆还田方式对土壤化学性质、酶活性以及玉米产量的影响。研究表明,秸秆不还田处理累积玉米产量为1.695×105 kg·hm?2,覆盖还田、直接还田和过腹还田处理累积玉米产量分别为1.885×105 kg·hm?2、1.854×105 kg·hm?2、2.001×105 kg·hm?2,其增产率分别为10.1%、8.6%、15.3%。3种秸秆还田均可以显著提高0～20 cm土层土壤有机碳含量6%～14%,对20～40 cm土层土壤有机碳含量无显著影响。与秸秆不还田相比,长期过腹还田可显著增加土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、有效氮、有效磷和有效钾含量,秸秆直接还田可显著增加土壤全氮、全钾、有效氮和有效钾含量,长期覆盖还田仅提高土壤有效氮和有效钾含量。土壤蔗糖酶活性表现为过腹还田最高,直接还田和覆盖还田次之,不还田处理最低。秸秆直接还田0～20 cm纤维素酶活性最高,是不还田处理的2.2倍。过腹还田使土壤脲酶活性和碱性磷酸酶活性分别显著提高13.0%和20.5%,直接还田和秸秆覆盖对脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性无显著影响。玉米生产中长期连续秸秆过腹还田和直接还田对土壤养分含量及酶活性产生了深远的影响,尤其是土壤蔗糖酶活性的提高与玉米产量稳定和提升有非常紧密联系。     

氮肥减施和秸秆还田对土壤固定态铵含量的影响

【目的】固定态铵作为土壤氮素的暂存库,其含量的变化能够影响土壤的保氮供氮功能,而深入探究氮肥减施对土壤固定态铵的影响及其对秸秆还田的响应,可为优化农田氮肥管理提供理论依据。【方法】依托位于中国东北黑土区玉米种植系统连续9年全量玉米秸秆覆盖归还的保护性耕作试验平台,通过设置玉米秸秆不还田(S0)、秸秆还田量33%(S33)和秸秆全量覆盖还田(S100)3个秸秆还田量处理,以及240 kg hm^-2(N240)、190 kg hm^-2(N190)、135kg hm^-2(N135)、0 kg hm^-2(N0)4个氮素施用水平,研究氮素减施3年后土壤固定态铵总量的变化以及不同秸秆还田量对固定态铵的影响。【结果】秸秆不还田时,土壤固定态铵总量随施氮量降低而逐渐下降,且在不施氮肥处理(N0)时显著低于施氮肥处理;在S33N190时土壤-作物系统出现氮素缺乏,并且随施氮量的下降土壤固定态铵降低量与氮素缺乏量之间具有显著的正相关关系。在所有氮肥水平,秸秆还田尤其是全量秸秆还田均有利于缓解固定态铵的释放,但在N135...     

秸秆还田对农田棕壤氧化亚氮排放动态的影响

通过田间试验,采用静态箱法对不同量秸秆还田(单施氮肥、半量秸秆还田、全量秸秆还田)下不同时期土壤氧化亚氮排放动态进行了研究。结果表明,和单施氮肥相比,秸秆覆盖还田提高了土壤氮素积累,也同时影响土壤N_2O排放动态。在玉米生长期间,半收获量秸秆还田增加了7.8%的N_2O排放,全量秸秆还田降低了2.2%的N_2O排放,与土壤铵态氮变化一致;玉米收获后,秸秆还田显著增加了N_2O排放,增幅分别为6.7%(半量秸秆还田)和22.6%(秸秆全量还田)。试验期间单施氮肥、半量秸秆还田和全量秸秆还田三个处理N_2O排放的年累计量分别为1183 g hm~(-2)、1269 g hm~(-2)和1294 g hm~(-2)。尽管秸秆还田增加了总的N_2O排放,但是,由于秸秆增加了土壤氮素的投入,当以N_2O损失的氮素占总氮素投入的比例进行估算时,全量秸秆还田损失率最低为0.52%、半量秸秆还田为0.57%、单施氮肥为0.59%。由此可见,秸秆还田在增加土壤肥力的同时,降低了单位氮素的氧化亚氮损失,有利于氮素在土壤中的保留。     

不同施肥处理对连续三季作物氮肥利用率及其分配与去向的影响

采用室外盆栽试验系统研究了不同施肥处理对连续3个生长季作物生长状况、标记^15N利用率及其分配与去向的影响。结果表明,高量氮肥的施用能显著提高作物的生长和产量,而化肥配施玉米秸秆在第1生长季表现为抑制,第2、第3生长季则相反。作物体内来自标记氮肥的含量和比例随生长季的增加显著下降,高量氮肥和玉米秸秆的施用能显著提高其含量和比例（P〈0.05）。标记氮肥在土壤中的残留率随作物生长季的增加而降低,而标记氮肥的累积作物利用率和总损失率随着生长季的增加而增加,经过连续3季作物的吸收利用,标记氮肥在土壤中的残留率、累积作物利用率和总损失率分别平均为15．82％、61．11％和23．07％。标记氮肥的作物利用率和损失率主要发生在第1生长季内,高量氮肥的施用降低了标记肥料氮在土壤中的残留率,增加了氮素损失率;与单施化肥处理相比,化肥配施玉米秸秆能明显增加标记肥料氮在土壤和作物中的回收率,降低氮素损失率,提高比例为21．74％,从而说明在施肥当季,通过施入高C/N比有机物料玉米秸秆合理调节土壤中C源和N素营养的施用比例,可以达到增加氮肥在土壤中的残留率,提高氮肥利用率的目的。     

Effect of tillage and residue management on properties of two coarse-textured soils and on yield of irrigated wheat and groundnut

Changes in soil properties and yield response in relation to tillage and residue management treatments in an irrigated groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.)—wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) rotation on a sandy soil (1972–1974) and on a sandy loam soil (1974–1976) were evaluated. Tillage treatments (T₁ and T₂) did not cause significant changes in soil properties. Incorporation of crop residues (5 t residue per ha per crop, T₃) caused a substantial increase in organic C, available N, and NaHCO₃ -extractable P contents in the top 15 cm of both soils. Residue management treatments (T₃, T₄ and T₅) showed no significant effect on soil bulk density and exchangeable K. Crop yields under no-tillage (T₁) and conventional tillage (control, T₂) were comparable on sandy soil but on the sandy loam soil, no-tillage yielded significantly lower than conventional tillage. Compared with the control, incorporation of crop residues (T₃) caused higher yields on sandy soil for groundnut and wheat by 34.1 and 47.4%, respectively, and on sandy loam by 17.1 and 7.2%, respectively. Mulching with crop residues conserved soil moisture and reduced maximum soil temperature (1.5–5.3°C in groundnut and 1.5–2.9°C in wheat) but other measured soil properties were not significantly affected. Significant yield increase due to residue mulching (T₄) was observed in sandy soil but it was significantly less than when total crop residue was incorporated (T₃). Increased wheat root-weight density in the top 15 cm soil with residue mulching was not reflected in grain yield. Compared with the incorporation of the total amount of crop residue (T₃), incorporation of half the amount and application of the other half as mulch (T₅) caused lower yields — on sandy soil for groundnut and wheat by 31.5 and 15.7%, respectively, and on sandy loam by 4.8 and 3.6%, respectively.     

耕作方式和秸杆还田对纤维素降解细菌多样性的影响

免耕和秸秆还田是培肥地力的重要措施,明确其对土壤纤维素降解细菌群落的影响对于土壤质量提升具有重要意义。选择中国科学院封丘农业生态国家试验站耕作秸秆还田(WtS)、免耕秸秆还田(WntS)、耕作秸秆不还田(Wt)和免耕秸秆不还田(Wnt)4种处理小区并采集土壤样品,用CMC-Na刚果红培养基对纤维素降解细菌计数,采用PCR-RFLP技术研究保护性耕作和秸秆还田对纤维素降解细菌群落的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田与免耕处理均不同程度提高了纤维素降解细菌数量。WtS、WntS、Wt和Wnt4个纤维素降解细菌基因文库中,OTUs数量分别为23、26、20和19个,秸秆还田加免耕处理多样性指数最高。本文获得的纤维素降解细菌共属于11个属,秸秆还田土壤中Streptomycetaceae、Flavobacterium、Sphingobium相对丰度明显多于秸秆不还田处理土壤;免耕处理土壤中Pseudomonas、Phyllobacterium、Paenibacillus、Promicromonosporaceae、Sphingobacterium相对丰度明显高于耕作处理土壤。典范对应分析显示四种处理纤维素降解细菌群落结构发生了较大变化,p H、全磷、有机碳和全钾与免耕处理呈显著正相关性,全氮、碱解氮、速效钾、速效磷和有机碳与秸秆还田处理呈显著正相关性。免耕和秸秆还田能提高土壤中纤维素降解细菌数量及多样性,改变纤维素降解细菌群落结构。     

Film fully-mulched ridge-furrow cropping affects soil biochemical properties and maize nutrient uptake in a rainfed semi-arid environment

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of plastic mulched ridge-furrow cropping on soil biochemical properties and maize (Zea mays L.) nutrient uptake in a semi-arid environment. Three treatments were evaluated from 2008 to 2010: no mulch (narrow ridges with crop seeded next to ridges), half mulch (as per no mulch, except narrow ridges were mulched), and full mulch (alternate narrow and wide ridges, all mulched with maize seeded in furrows). Compared to the no mulch treatment, full mulch increased maize grain yield by 50% in 2008 and 25% in 2010, but reduced yield by 21% in 2009 after low precipitation in early growth. Half mulch had a similar grain yield to no mulch in the three cropping years, suggesting half mulch is not an effective pattern for maize cropping in the area. Mulch treatments increased aboveground nitrogen (N) uptake by 21?34% and phosphorus (P) uptake by 21?42% in 2008, and by 16?32% and 14?29%, respectively, in 2010; but in 2009 mulching did not affect N uptake and decreased P uptake. Soil microbial biomass and activities of urease, β-glucosidase and phosphatase at the 0?15 cm depth were generally higher during vegetative growth but lower during reproductive growth under mulch treatments than no mulch. Mulching treatments increased carbon (C) loss of buried maize residues (marginally by 5?9%), and decreased light soil organic C (15?27%) and carbohydrate C (12?23%) concentrations and mineralizable C and N (8?36%) at harvest in the 0?20 cm depth compared with no mulch, indicating that mulching promotes mineralization and nutrient release in soil during cropping seasons. As a result of these biological changes, mineral N concentration under mulch was markedly increased after sowing in upper soil layers compared with no mulch. Therefore, our results suggest that mulched cropping stimulated soil microbial activity and N availability, and thus contributed to increasing maize grain yield and nutrient uptake compared with no mulch.     

Nitrogen uptake of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) from tree mulch and mineral fertilizer under high leaching conditions estimated by nitrogen-15 enrichment

 The effects of applying either inorganic fertilizer or leaf mulch of Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L. Wend. on yields of Sorghum bicolor (L.) were compared with an unfertilized control under the high leaching conditions of runoff irrigation in a dry tropical environment. The N use efficiency and transfer from ¹⁵N-labelled (NH₄)₂SO₄ or acacia leaves to the sorghum differed in quantity and quality. Only 6% of the applied mulch N was retrieved in the crop, in contrast to 21% of the fertilizer N. The proportions of N in the crop derived from the fertilizers were small, amounting to 7% and 28%, respectively, in the mineral fertilizer and mulch treatments. However, the application of inorganic fertilizer and mulch significantly increased crop grain yield (P<0.05 and P<0.1, respectively), biomass production and foliar N contents (P<0.05). The inorganic fertilizer improved crop yields to a larger extent than mulching. At the same time, more N was lost by applying (NH₄)₂ SO₄ than leaf mulch: only 37% of the N of applied (NH₄)₂ SO₄ was found in the crop and the soil (0–0.3 m), but 99% of the mulched N. High NO₃ ^– contents in the topsoil of the inorganic fertilized sorghum treatments indicated the risk of N leaching. However, more important may have been gaseous N losses of surface-applied NH₄ ⁺. From a nutrient conservation point of view, mulches should be given preferance to inorganic fertilizers under high soil pH and leaching conditions, but larger improvements of crop yields could be achieved with mineral fertilizers. Received: 29 July 1998     

Exploring optimal soil mulching to enhance maize yield and water use efficiency in dryland areas in China

Water and nutrient availability significantly limits global crop production, especially for dryland agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions. To explore the optimal soil mulching options for the Loess Plateau in China, a 3-year field study was conducted to investigate the effects of various soil mulching practices on soil temperature and the water use and grain yield of spring maize. The treatments included traditional flat farming (CK), narrow plastic film mulch (NM), wide plastic film mulch (WM) and narrow plastic film mulch?+?maize straw mulch between rows (MS). The results showed that MS treatment increased consistently soil temperature during the initial stages of maize growth, and more importantly, it reduced diurnal temperature variation. MS also increased in soil water storage by 10.1%, leading to the highest water use efficiency (WUE?=?30.9?kg?ha^?1?mm^?1) over CK on 3 year average. MS significantly increased maize yield and net income of farmers by up to 20%, compared to CK. In conclusion, optimisation of soil mulching strategies significantly enhanced crop yield and water productivity in dryland agriculture in China. Our study provides important guidance for exploring better soil management practice for dryland agriculture in the other regions of the world.     

Management influence on maize–wheat system performance,water productivity and soil biology

Cereal cropping productivity in the Indo‐Gangetic Plain (IGP) of India is declining, which may be overcome by diversification, alternate crop establishment methods and mulching. This study was conducted to determine whether no‐till flat (NTF), permanent raised beds (PRB) and nontraditional ex situ mulching would improve crop and water productivity, economic profitability and soil biological properties in an irrigated maize (Zea mays)–wheat (Triticum aestivum) system (MWS). NTF systems produced 10% higher economic net returns compared with PRBs. Non‐traditional mulching (Sesbania, Jatropha and Brassica) increased yields by >10% and net returns by >12% compared with no‐mulch. The water saving in PRBs compared with NTF systems was 79, 94 and 173 mm/ha in maize, wheat and MWS, respectively. PRBs saved 29.2% of irrigation water and improved the MWS irrigation water productivity (WP_I) by 24.5% over NTF. On average, mulching saved 23.8 mm/ha irrigation water over no‐mulch and improved WP_I by 12.0%. PRBs with ex situ mulching produced wheat and maize equivalent system yields lower than NTF but improved WP_I and soil biological properties. Jatropha and Sesbania mulching improved yield, water saving, WP_I and system profitability. In limited irrigation and no crop residue availability conditions, Sesbania, Jatropha and Brassica vegetation material have potential applications for ex situ mulching under PRBs for water saving and NTF for productivity.     

传统耕作结合秸秆地膜双元覆盖是提高渭北旱塬春玉米产量和养分吸收的有效措施

  【目的】  在干旱半干旱地区,实现雨养农业作物持续增产的关键因素是提高作物养分利用效率。研究黄土高原旱作农业区长期不同耕作、覆盖措施对春玉米产量和养分吸收的影响,为黄土塬区可持续的农田管理提供参考。  【方法】  保护性耕作定位试验位于中国科学院黄土高原农业生态试验站,始于2003年。设有4个传统耕作和4个免耕处理,具体为传统耕作 (CT)、传统耕作+地膜覆盖 (CP)、传统耕作+秸秆覆盖 (CS)、传统耕作+地膜+秸秆覆盖 (CPS)、免耕 (NT)、免耕+地膜覆盖 (NP)、免耕+秸秆覆盖 (NS)、免耕+地膜+秸秆覆盖 (NPS)。调查分析了2007—2016年玉米产量和玉米养分吸收特性。  【结果】  4个传统耕作处理中,CP处理玉米籽粒平均产量比CT处理提高了24.4%,氮素和钾素养分利用效率最高;CS处理玉米平均生物产量比CT处理提高了39.4%,玉米茎秆养分吸收量最高,特别是总吸钾量提高了101.7%;CPS处理籽粒平均产量最高 (9381.6 kg/hm2),总吸氮量和吸磷量分别比CT处理提高了63.2%和123.7%。4个免耕处理中,NP处理籽粒平均产量比NT处理提高了25.8%,NS处理比NT处理降低了3.9%;CPS处理平均籽粒产量、生物产量、植株总吸氮量和总吸磷量最高。相同覆盖处理下,传统耕作的平均籽粒产量、生物产量、氮磷总吸收量均高于免耕。平水年地膜覆盖增产效果最好 (27.0%～37.4%),干旱年秸秆覆盖增产效果最好 (3.5%～8.5%),丰水年则以地膜秸秆双元覆盖增产效果最大 (31.6%～38.1%)。  【结论】  黄土高原旱地条件下,传统耕作对玉米的增产效果好于免耕。采用传统耕作结合地膜秸秆双元覆盖提高了玉米籽粒产量,增加了玉米地上部养分吸收量,在不同气候年份下对玉米增产效果均较好,且年际间变异幅度较小,是渭北旱塬增加玉米养分吸收,提高籽粒产量的最佳田间管理措施。     

Identifying indicators of C and N cycling in a clayey Ultisol under different tillage and uses in winter

Although tropical and subtropical environments permit two cropping cycles per year, maintaining adequate mulching on the soil surface remains a challenge. In some cases, leaving soils fallow during the winter as an agricultural practice to control pathogens contributes to reduce soil mulching. The aim of this study was to assess attributes associated with C and N cycling in a soil under conventional and no-tillage management, with contrasting uses in winter: black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb) as cover crop or fallow. No-tillage increased total C and N, irrespective the winter crop. Cropping black oats under no-tillage resulted in more microbial biomass C and N, and glutaminase activity (15.2%, 65.2%, and 24%, respectively) than no-tillage under fallow. Under conventional tillage, winter cropping did not affect the attributes under study. Available P was higher in the no-tillage system (9.2–12.3 mg kg⁻¹), especially when cropped with black oats, than in the conventional tillage system (4.8–6.6 mg kg⁻¹). A multivariate analysis showed strong relationships between soil microbiological and chemical attributes in the no-tillage system, especially when cropped with black oats. Soil pH, dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase activities were the most effective at separating the soil use in winter. Microbial N, total N, microbial to total N ratio, available P, metabolic quotient (qCO₂), and glutaminase activity were more effective at separating soil management regimes. The no-tillage system in association with winter oat cropping stimulated the soil microbial community, carbon and nutrient cycling, thereby helping to improve the sustainability of the cropping system.     

施氮和豌豆/玉米间作对土壤无机氮时空分布的影响

为探明甘肃河西走廊绿洲灌区豌豆/玉米间作体系土壤无机氮时空分布现状和过量施用氮肥对环境的影响,2011年在田间试验条件下,采用土钻法采集土壤剖面样品,采用Ca Cl2溶液浸提、流动分析仪测定土壤无机氮含量的方法,研究了不同氮水平[0 kg(N)·hm?2、75 kg(N)·hm?2、150 kg(N)·hm?2、300 kg(N)·hm?2、450 kg(N)·hm?2]下豌豆/玉米间作体系土壤无机氮时空分布规律。结果表明:作物整个生育期内,灌漠土无机氮以硝态氮为主,其含量是铵态氮的7.55倍。在玉米整个生育期内,与不施氮相比,75 kg(N)·hm?2、150 kg(N)·hm?2、300 kg(N)·hm?2和450 kg(N)·hm?2处理的土壤硝态氮含量分别增加29.7%、67.5%、88.2%和134.3%。与豌豆收获期相比,在玉米收获时土壤硝态氮含量平均降低44.2%。间作豌豆和间作玉米分别比对应的单作在0~120 cm土层硝态氮含量降低6.1%和5.1%。豌豆/玉米间作体系土壤无机氮累积量在不同施氮量和不同生育时期都是表层(0~20 cm)最高。豌豆收获后,0~60 cm土层土壤无机氮累积量间作豌豆和间作玉米分别比相应单作降低4.9%和1.9%,60~120 cm土层降低10.8%和9.2%;玉米收获后0~60 cm土层平均降低28.2%和9.4%,60~120 cm土层平均降低23.5%和12.5%。土壤无机氮残留量间作豌豆比单作豌豆在0~60 cm土层降低4.9%,60~120 cm降低10.9%。因此,施用氮肥显著增加了土壤无机氮含量和累积量,且主要影响土壤硝态氮。过量的氮肥投入会因作物不能及时全部吸收而被大水漫灌和降雨等途径淋洗到土壤深层,造成氮肥损失和农田环境污染。间作能显著降低土壤无机氮浓度和累积量,特别在作物生长后期对土壤无机氮累积的降低作用更加明显。     

15N-labelled fertiliser recovery by maize (Zea mays L.) and leaching of nutrients as influenced by oil palm empty fruit bunch biochar in a mini-lysimeter under controlled tropical environment

Converting oil palm empty fruit bunches into biochar is an alternative waste management method and has strong potential to improve N fertiliser use efficiency in agriculture. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of oil palm empty fruit bunch biochar (EFBB) in improving recovery of ¹⁵N-labelled nitrogen fertiliser by maize (Zea mays L.) and leaching of mineral N and K. An experiment was conducted in a mini-lysimeter system with randomised complete block design layout and six replications under controlled environment in a rain shelter. Each mini-lysimeter was filled with 20 kg of sandy loam soil before adding EFBB (0, 5, 10 and 20 Mg ha^?1). The N source used was (¹⁵NH₄)₂SO₄ at 80 kg N ha^?1 (2 at% ¹⁵N excess). Maize was irrigated to induce leaching every 4 days. Maize plant and soils were sampled 58 days after sowing (tasselling stage). Application of EFBB significantly reduced cumulative leachate volume and mineral N leaching. Soils applied with EFBB significantly improved ¹⁵N fertiliser recovery in maize and dry matter weight. This study shows that EFBB has the potential to be applied on highly weathered acidic soil as an amendment to improve fertiliser efficiency and crop growth.