基于非恒定渐变流-急变流方程的变流量畦灌数值模型

传统畦灌模型多是基于非恒定渐变流方程建立的,在模拟变流量畦灌水流运动时的精度难以保障。本文综合分析了变流量畦灌过程中田面水流的运动状况,将其按照边界条件的不同划分为恒定流量进水阶段、变流量进水阶段、畦首消退阶段、田面消退第1阶段、田面消退第2阶段等5个阶段,基于非恒定渐变流方程和非恒定急变流方程构建了适用于变流量畦灌系统的渐变流-急变流数值模型,通过2组恒定流量畦灌、4组变流量畦灌的田间试验以及2组文献资料中的畦灌试验数据对模型进行了验证。结果表明,渐变流-急变流畦灌模型模拟值与现场实测结果吻合较好,模拟推进时间决定系数R2均大于0.96、模拟消退时间R2大于0.90。与目前常用的WinSRFR模型相比,渐变流-急变流畦灌数值模型在模拟恒定流量畦灌方面具有相似的精度,且在模拟变流量畦灌方面精度更高。渐变流-急变流畦灌模型可以较精准地模拟变流量畦灌的水流运动状况,可为分析变流量畦灌系统、优化变流量畦灌方案提供支撑。     

Comparison and selection of furrow irrigation models

The capability of hydrodynamic, zero-inertia, kinematic-wave and volume-balance models to predict advance and recession phases in furrow irrigation were compared against two sets of field data, providing a wide range of soil conditions and field slopes. The input parameters required for each model were studied, and a simple sensitivity analysis was performed for field slope, furrow geometry, roughness coefficient, infiltration constants, time step, and discharge. The accuracy of the models' predictions depends on the precision of the measurements and the estimation of the input parameters. Excellent prediction of the advance and recession phases were obtained with hydrodynamic, zero-inertia and kinematic-wave models. Those models therefore are preferred in design and management in furrow irrigation.     

基于WinSRFR软件的河套灌区水平畦田规格的优化

为了提升河套灌区的土地资源与灌水质量,以大田水平畦灌试验水流推进与消退实测数据为基础,采用数值模拟和分析方法,对河套灌区现状畦田规格进行优化设计.通过WinSRFR软件系统设计功能,基于田间各灌水要素,采用水量平衡法计算灌水质量指标并采用零惯量模拟率定.模拟出不同畦田规格组合的灌水质量指标等值线图,确定了满足灌水要求并具有较高灌水质量的灌溉系统的优化范围,考虑土地权属与畦田规格现状,提出了典型田块设计方案.方案1:合并田-毛渠-田,畦长为102 m、畦宽为65~95 m,畦田面积为6 670 ~10 005 m².方案2:合并田-毛渠-田-路-田,畦长为154 m、畦宽为65~110 m,畦田面积为10 005 ~16 675 m².     

A spreadsheet model to evaluate sloping furrow irrigation accounting for infiltration variability

A spreadsheet model was developed to evaluate the performance of furrow irrigation that accounts for soil variability and requires few field measurements. The model adjusts an advance trajectory to three (advance distance, advance time) points and, similarly, it adjusts a recession trajectory to three (recession distance, recession time) points. The head of the furrow (distance = 0) is one of the points used to adjust both trajectories. It then calculates the parameters of the infiltration equation using the two-point method (based on the volume balance equation with assumed surface shape parameters). The model gives the option to enter an estimate of the soil infiltration variability in order to account for this variation when calculating irrigation performance indicators. The combination of variance technique was used for this purpose. A set of irrigation performance indicators (distribution uniformity, application efficiency, tail water ratio, deep percolation ratio and deficit coefficient) is calculated, assuming that the infiltrated water follows a normal frequency distribution. To illustrate the evaluation method, it was applied to three irrigation events conducted on a sunflower field, with 234 m long furrows spaced 0.75 m apart. The evaluations were performed in two 3-furrow sets. The application efficiency was satisfactory in the first irrigation, but low in the other two. Uniformity was high in all three irrigations. The performance indicator that was most affected by soil variability was distribution uniformity. Considering soil spatial variability was important for more realistic determination of the infiltrated water distribution, and therefore of the deep percolation, but it had less importance for the determination of the application efficiency, due to the relevance of runoff in our field application.     

Zero-inertia model for surge flow furrow irrigation

Summary A surge flow furrow irrigation model was developed based on the zero-inertia concept originally developed by Strelkoff and Kastapodes, (1977) for border irrigation and later modified for continuous furrow irrigation by Elliot et al. (1982). The model simulates all phases of continuous and surge flow irrigation including simultaneous advance and recession and can also be applied to basin and border irrigation with various field slopes. The surge model was verified for a wide range of actual field conditions and management alternatives. A sensitivity analysis was performed for the size of time step and the physical input parameters.     

Evaluating infiltration for border irrigation models

The infiltration characteristics of a soil are important to the design, evaluation and management of border irrigation systems. The use and verification of border irrigation models also rely heavily on infiltration. This paper presents a technique for determining infiltration when detailed information is available on the total infiltrated volume during the irrigation which can be obtained from measurements of inflow, outflow, and water depths on the border strip. The method uses a volume balance at progressive times and is an extension of earlier work. Data from this method were used as input to the zone-inertia border irrigation model and good agreement was found between measured and computed values of advance, recession, runoff rates and volumes, and surface water depths.     

Optimization of furrow irrigation system design parameters considering drainage and runoff water quality constraints

The design problem of furrow irrigation systems considering runoff and drainage water quality was formulated as an optimization problem, with maximization of net benefits as the objective. A power advance function with an empirically derived relationship between the furrow irrigation design variables and relative crop yield were used in the formulation. The generalized geometric programming technique was used to solve for the optimal values for the design variables that maximized the net benefits from a furrow irrigation system. The optimal efficiency for which the system must be designed under a given set of soil, crop, and economic conditions is not known in advance. In the design, the application efficiency was not specified a priori. It was an output from the optimal design. The analysis suggested that it might not be economical to design surface irrigation systems to achieve a high application efficiency that is specified a priori. In the absence of environmental degradation problems from irrigation, it may sometimes be profitable to design surface irrigation systems to operate at less than the standard application efficiency (55%–90%) that is routinely used in the design. Formulation of the design problem as an optimization problem would yield the optimal application efficiency that would maximize the net benefits to the farmer under any given set of conditions.     

干旱缺水区冬季储水灌溉水分利用效率试验

针对冬季储水灌溉问题,对不同灌溉湿润层、不同灌前田面平整情况以及不同水流推进与消退条件下,冬季储水灌溉对来年灌溉定额的影响进行了试验观测。分析观测结果证明免耕覆盖具有提高土壤含水量、保持土壤水分的作用;对秋耕地进行耙磨与碾压处理具有减小田面糙率,提高水流推进速度与灌水均匀度的作用;对于保持灌水均匀度、提高灌水定额具有明显的作用。     

Design of a farm layout for irrigation with limited discharges

In order to improve the irrigation efficiencies of small farms employing cavity wells for their water supply, an experimental study was conducted at the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal. The cavity wells of the Karnal region do not have any discharge regulating devices for improving the irrigation efficiencies. The only way of improving these efficiencies is by designing an efficient irrigation layout, so that uniform water application is accomplished. The present study involves field determination of the opportunity time at each point along the border from advance and recession curves and computing the depth of cumulative infiltration from the infiltration rate curve. The irrigation efficiencies are also calculated from soil moisture measurements made before and after each irrigation.The results of this study show that a realistic field assessment of the irrigated border efficiencies is obtained through a soil moisture measurement procedure. The procedure, based on opportunity time and infiltration, overestimates the irrigation efficiencies due to the empirical nature of the infiltration equation. For small farms, with a limited discharge of 10 l/s, an irrigation layout of borders of 50–70 m in length and 6–8 m in width is recommended.     

A quasi-steady state integral model for border irrigation

Summary A quasi-steady state integral (QSSI) model was developed for irrigation on freely draining borders. A semi-analytical method was used for solving the governing equations. The model results compared favorably with experimental data from 13 experimental borders for advance and from 4 experimental borders for recession. The absolute average percent deviation (APD) between calculated and observed advance times varied between 13.1 and 26.6 for 4 data sets and between 9.2 and 18.8 for 9 data sets. The APD for recession times varied between 1.7 and 5.7 for 4 data sets. The calculated advance times were smaller than observed values for these borders. For constant infiltration parameters, the border bed roughness was found to be the single most important parameter affecting model results.     

Evaluation of surface irrigation as a function of water infiltration in cultivated soils in the Nile Delta

As sources of irrigation water are decreasing, efficient use of surface irrigation is essential. The purpose of this study is to determine if partially-wetted furrow irrigation has more efficient water storage and infiltration than traditional border irrigation in an alluvial clay soil under cultivated grape production. The two irrigation components considered were wet (WT) and dry (DT) treatments, at which water was applied when available soil water reached 65 % and 50 %, and the traditional border irrigation control. Empirical power form equations were obtained for measured advance and recession times along the furrow length during the irrigation stages of advance, storage, depletion and recession. Coefficient of variation (CV) was 5.2 and 9.5 % for WT and DT under furrow irrigation system comparing with 7.8 % in border, respectively. Water was deeply percolated as 11.9 and 19.2 % for wet and dry furrow treatments respectively, compared with 12.8 % for control, with no deficit in the irrigated area. Partially-wetted furrow irrigation had greater water-efficiency and grape yield than dry furrow and traditional border irrigation, where application efficiency achieved as 88.1 % for wet furrow irrigation that achieved high grape fruit yield (30.71 Mg /ha). The infiltration (cumulative depth, Z and rate, I) was functioned to opportunity time (t ₀ ) in minute for WT and DT treatments as: Z _WT ?=?0.528?t ₀ ^0.6, Z _DT ?=?1.2?t ₀ ^0.501, I _WT ?=?19?t ₀ ^?0.4, I _DT ?=?36?t ₀ ^?0.498. Empirical power form equations were obtained for measured advance and recession times along the furrow length during the irrigation stages of advance, storage, depletion and recession. The irrigation parameters and coefficients, and soil water distribution have been also evaluated.     

地面灌溉水流特性及水分利用率的数学模拟

在内蒙古风沙区一种砂土和壤质砂土的春小麦生育期内进行了畦田规格和灌水技术要素对水流推进和消退过程、田间水利用系数、灌水效率及灌水均匀系数影响的田间试验。并用SRFR406软件对畦灌条件下的水流特性及水分利用率进行了数学模拟。结果表明,运用SRFR模型能较好地模拟地面灌溉的水流推进及消退过程,尤其是推进过程模拟求得的结果与实测结果基本吻合。畦田的微地形对灌水效率的影响较大,尤其是畦田尾部反坡对灌水效率及水流推进与消退都有较大影响。为提高灌水效率,应加强耕作管理,消除反坡。畦田规格对灌水效率也有一定的影响,从获得较高灌水效率的角度来说,以畦宽2～3m、畦长50～60m较为适宜。     

A mathematical model for border irrigation III. Evaluation of Models

Summary This paper, the concluding one of a series of three, evaluates 9 border irrigation models (3 for advance, 3 for vertical recession and 3 for horizontal recession) which have closed-form solutions. Experimental data from 10 vegetated and nonvegetated borders are used to compare these models with the proposed (Singh-Yu or SY) model derived in Parts I and II. The proposed model is found to be superior in terms of accuracy, ease of application, and physical basis of parameters.     

涌流畦灌田面水流运动特性的试验研究

本文利用大量田间涌流畦灌灌水试验资料，分析了涌流畦灌的特点和田面水流运动的全过程，指出了水流推进过程和消退过程的特性，这一研究成果为进一步研究涌灌理论与技术奠定了基础。     

Errors in predicting furrow irrigation performance using single measures of infiltration

Commercial performance evaluations of surface irrigation are commonly conducted using infiltration functions obtained at a single inflow rate. However, evaluations of alternative irrigation management (e.g. flow rate, cut-off strategy) and design (e.g. field length) options using simulation models often rely on this single measured infiltration function, raising concerns over the accuracy of the predicted performance improvements. Measured field data obtained from 12 combinations of inflow rate and slope over two irrigations were used to investigate the accuracy of simulated surface irrigation performance due to changes in the infiltration. Substantial errors in performance prediction were identified due to (a) infiltration differences at various inflow rates and slopes and (b) the method of specifying the irrigation cut-off. Where the irrigation cut-off at various inflow rates was specified as a fixed time identified from simulations using the infiltration measured at a single inflow rate, then the predicted application efficiency was generally well correlated with the application efficiency measured under field conditions at the various inflow rates. However, the predictions of distribution uniformity (DU) were poor. Conversely, specifying the irrigation cut-off as a function of water advance distance resulted in adequate predictions of DU but poor predictions of application efficiency. Adjusting the infiltration function for the change in wetted perimeter at different inflow rates improved the accuracy of the performance predictions and substantially reduced the error in performance prediction associated with the cut-off recommendation strategy.     

Evaluation of infiltration measurements for border irrigation

A number of methods are discussed for obtaining a reasonable estimate of the infiltration function for irrigation borders. Data from ring infiltrometers are fit to power functions for infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration rate versus time and to a branch function where the infiltration rate is not allowed to go below some value (called the final infiltration rate). A volume balance within the border is used to adjust the data to give a better indication of the “average” infiltration conditions over the border. The results of Bouwer's method, which uses a series of borders as infiltrometers, were compared to the results of ring data for actual field data. Bower's method was also analyzed by developing advance and recession curves with the zero-inertia border-irrigation model with a known infiltration rate. The zero-inertia model was also used to examine the effect of different infiltration functions for specific examples (resulting from different irrigations or different estimation methods) on the application of water by surface irrigation.     

Determination of infiltration rate from border irrigation advance and recession trajectories

A volume-balance technique utilizing irrigation advance and recession functions, numerical integration, and an optimization procedure was developed to determine infiltration parameters. The procedure is simple yet rational and accounts for spatial variability of soil characteristics. The required data are flow rate, the coefficients and exponents of the advance and recession functions, and inflow shut-off time. In a field experiment on a clay loam soil (typical of southern Alberta) at the Lethbridge Research Centre, infiltration rates estimated by this technique were similar and in close agreement with those measured with a ring infiltrometer. Except for two border strips, there were no significant mean differences between simulated (I_s) and measured (I_m) infiltration rates. In the two non-conforming border strips, field measured infiltration rates were higher than those simulated with the volume balance approach, most likely due mainly to spatial variability of soil characteristics and partly to lateral flow which occasionally occurs when measuring infiltration with a ring infiltrometer.     

Prediction of surface irrigation advance using soil intake properties

A simple method for predicting surface irrigation advance trajectories using infiltration parameters and inflow rate as inputs was developed. The difference between the inflow rate and the sum of infiltration rates over the wetted portion of the field equals the flow rate available for advance. An average (characteristic) infiltration rate ahead of the wet portion is computed using a fixed time step. An advance step (for a fixed time step) is calculated from the ratio of the flow rate available for advance and characteristic infiltration rate. Predictions of advance by the proposed method were compared with field observations, with the kinematic wave model, and with analytical solutions of Philip and Farrell (1964). In all cases, the method provided predictions that were in good agreement with field observations, and performed similarly to the kinematic wave model. The method offers a simple and efficient tool for prediction and evaluation of surface irrigation systems under various soil types and variable inflow rates. The method is particularly useful for predictions in fields with spatially and temporally variable intake properties.     

Stochastic modeling of basins microtopography: analysis of spatial variability and model testing

Microtopography is among the most important factors affecting the performance of basin irrigation system due to its influence on the advance and recession processes. This study is based on field-measured surface elevation of 116 basins in North China. The spatial variability of basins microtopography was analyzed using geostatistics; the spatial structure of basins microtopography can be characterized by a spherical semivariogram model. The correlations between selected basin geometry parameters, mainly the standard deviation (S _d ) of surface elevation differences (SED), and the semivariogram parameters were calculated and allow estimating the semivariogram parameters from basin characteristics. Considering the randomness of SED and, simultaneously, its spatial dependence, a procedure was developed to model the spatial distribution of SED using Monte-Carlo generation and kriging interpolation techniques. The required number of SED generations was also estimated depending upon the S _d of SED. The SED stochastic generation model was tested by comparing the advance, recession, flow water depths and performance parameters observed in an experimental basin with those simulated using measured and model generated SED data. Results show that estimation errors from using generated data are similar to those resulting from observations. Thus, SED generated data may be used for assessing the impacts of microtopography on irrigation performance.     

关中西部畦灌优化灌水技术要素组合的初步研究

在杨凌区砂壤土、中壤土的冬小麦和果树地,进行了畦田规格和灌水技术要素对水流推进和消退过程、灌水效率与灌水均匀度影响的田间试验,利用地面灌溉水流运动数学模型对畦灌条件下的最佳灌水技术要素组合进行了模拟和分析。结果表明,零惯量模型可以很好的模拟畦灌灌水过程中水流运动规律;畦田规格和灌水技术要素对灌水效率和灌水均匀度具有明显影响,对所研究的砂壤土冬小麦地在1‰、3‰田面坡度条件下,单宽流量以7L/(s·m)为宜,最大畦长应分别以40m、90m;对中壤土果树地1‰、3‰、5‰坡度条件下的畦长和单宽流量组合为分别以50m和6.0L/(s·m)、90m和6.0L/(s·m)、90m和5.0L/(s·m)左右为宜。同时为达到较高的灌水效率和灌水均匀度,畦田坡度不宜过大。