Alternaria Leaf Spot on Three Species of Pelargonium Caused by Alternaria alternata in Japan

A new disease of pelargonium (Pelargonium domesticum Bailey), ivy geranium (P. peltatum (L.) L'Hér. ex Ait.) and scented geranium (P. graveolens L'Hér.), primarily causing brown spots on leaves, was found in Kawasaki-shi in Kanagawa Prefecture and Tachikawa-shi in Tokyo. An Alternaria sp. was consistently isolated from these diseased leaves, and the isolates were pathogenic to their host leaves. Based on morphological characteristics, the causal fungus in all three cases was identified as Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler. Because Alternaria leaf spot of geranium by A. alternata has already been reported, the pathogenicity of isolates from four groups of genus Pelargonium was investigated. The isolates from scented geranium were pathogenic only to their original host, but the isolates from pelargonium, ivy geranium and geranium were pathogenic to all groups of pelargonium. This is the first report of this disease on pelargonium, ivy geranium and scented geranium caused by A. alternata in Japan. We propose the names for these diseases as Alternaria leaf spot of pelargonium (kappan-byo), Alternaria leaf spot of ivy geranium (kappan-byo) and Alternaria leaf spot of scented geranium (kappan-byo). Received 11 December 2000/ Accepted in revised form 19 July 2001     

Genetic Analysis of Pathogenicity and Host-specific Toxin Production of Alternaria alternata Tomato Pathotype by Protoplast Fusion

Several pathotypes of Alternaria alternata are known to produce host-specific toxins (HSTs) as agents of pathogenicity or virulence. However, investigations into the genetic controls of HST biosynthesis and pathogenicity of Alternaria pathogens have been limited by the lack of a sexual stage in the life cycle of these pathogens. We report here the development of a protoplast fusion system and its use for genetic analysis of HST production and specific pathogenicity of the tomato pathotype of A. alternata that produces AAL-toxin as a HST. Drug-resistant transformants have been isolated by genetic transformation of nonpathogenic A. alternata (strain O-94) and A. alternata tomato pathotype (strain As-27) with vectors conferring resistance to hygromycin B and geneticin, respectively. Protoplasts of the respective transformants were fused by polyethylene glycol treatment or electrofusion. Fusion products were selected by culturing in the presence of both hygromycin B and geneticin, then confirmed by amplification using a polymerase chain reaction with specific primers to the transforming drug-resistance genes. Stable fusants were purified by successive subcultures on selective medium and single-spore isolation. The resultant stable fusants, probably inter-strain hybrids, had the same pathogenicity and toxin production as the wild-type strain As-27. These results suggest that protoplast fusion has potential applications for genetic analysis of A. alternata pathogens. Received 8 September 2000/ Accepted in revised form 27 October 2000     

Construction and Genetic Analysis of Hybrid Strains between Apple and Tomato Pathotypes of Alternaria alternata by Protoplast Fusion

The genetic controls of host-specific toxin (HST) biosynthesis and the pathogenicity of A. alternata pathogens have been limited by the asexual nature of the life cycle of these fungi. We used a protoplast fusion system for A. alternata to analyze the genetics of HST production and its relation to the specific pathogenicity of these pathogens. Drug-resistant transformants were isolated by genetic transformation, using vectors conferring resistance to hygromycin B and geneticin, for the A. alternata apple pathotype (AM-toxin producer) and A. alternata tomato pathotype (AAL-toxin producer), respectively. Protoplasts of the respective transformants were fused by electrofusion. The majority of resultant stable fusants produced both AM- and AAL-toxins and were pathogenic to susceptible cultivars of both apple and tomato. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis demonstrated that these fusants (or hybrids) carried small 1.7-and 1.1-Mb chromosomes, characteristic of the parental strains of the apple and tomato pathotypes, respectively. Detection of the AMT gene, involved in AM-toxin biosynthesis, by polymerase chain reaction revealed that all fusants pathogenic to apple maintained this gene. Microfluorimetry analysis using propidium iodide staining suggested that the fusants might be diploid. Received 14 November 2000/ Accepted in revised form 11 December 2000     

重庆市烟草赤星病菌致病力测定

利用离体叶片悬滴接种法,将2005年在重庆市各烟区采集分离的烟草赤星病24个代表菌株进行了致病力测定。结果显示,所有测试菌株均具有致病力,但存在明显的致病力差异,其中强致病力菌株5个,较强菌株8个,中等致病力菌株10个,弱致病力菌株1个,分别占供试菌株的20.8%、33.3%、41.7%和4.2%。这表明试验分离获得的大多数菌株致病力居中或偏强。对来源性不同的菌株的致病力进行分析比较,发现重庆各烟区菌株的致病力有所不同,而且同一烟区的菌株致病力也存在一定的差异。离体叶片试验表明,赤星病菌不同病原菌株对烟草叶片的穿透生长能力与致病力呈明显的正相关。     

Functional Characterization of Citrus Polygalacturonase-inhibiting Protein

A cDNA encoding a polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein gene (SaiPGIPA) was identified from the citrus cultivar Sainumphung (Citrus sp.), one of the most popular cultivars in northern Thailand. SaiPGIPA was expressed in Escherichia coli cells, and the functional properties of citrus PGIP were analyzed. The PGIP fusion protein inhibited by a maximum of about 60% of the endopolygalacturonase activity, and a mixture of the PGIP and fungal endopoly-galacturonase released oligogalacturonides from polygalacturonic acid. The mixture containing the oligogalactur-onides, endopolygalacturonase and PGIP induced expression of the PGIP gene and a chalcone synthase gene in citrus leaves. The mixture also induced resistance in cucumber leaves against Colletotrichum lagenarium. Received 5 September 2001/ Accepted in revised form 20 November 2001     

Alternaria Leaf Spot on Mealycup Sage (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Salvia farinacea </Emphasis>Benth.) Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alternaria alternata </Emphasis>(Fr.) Keissler

In June 1995, a disease causing round to irregular-shaped, water-soaked, brown to blackish brown spots on mealycup sage (Salvia farinacea Benth.) was found in Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. The symptoms were seen only on leaves, not on neither flower petals or stems. The disease was also found in Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Memambetsu-cho, Hokkaido and Shimoda-shi and Matsuzaki-cho, Shizuoka. An Alternaria sp. was frequently isolated from these diseased plants. The isolates were severely pathogenic to mealycup sage and caused lesions on the inoculated leaves. The isolates were also weakly pathogenic on scarlet sage (S. splendens Sellow ex Roem. and Schult.) but not on any other Labiatae plants tested. Based on morphological characteristics, such as size of conidia, chain number, and the short beak on conidia, the causal fungus was identified as Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler. This report is the first on a mealycup sage disease caused by A. alternata. Because the symptom was restricted to the leaf, the common name of Alternaria leaf spot was proposed. Received 30 August 2002/ Accepted in revised form 18 November 2002     

三种化学物质诱导观赏百合对黑斑病抗性的研究

［目的］ 确定水杨酸、纳米硅、草酸铵等3种化学物质对观赏百合黑斑病抗病性的诱导效果,为百合生长期病害的防治提供理论依据。［方法］ 测定3种化学物质对观赏百合黑斑病菌的抑菌活性和诱导寄主抗性效果。［结果］3种化学物质对观赏百合黑斑病菌抑菌率较低,最高仅为5.43%,但处理百合叶片后,诱导百合产生较高抗病性。在100、50 μg/mL和25 μg/mL浓度下,纳米硅的诱导抗病效果最好,分别为55.55%、60.69%、48.57%。水杨酸诱导处理可使观赏百合叶片β-1,3-葡聚糖酶在第1 天达到峰值,纳米硅可以使过氧化物酶在第5天达到峰值,草酸铵可以使苯丙氨酸解氨酶在第5天达到峰值,分别为对照的3.95倍、2.10倍和1.15倍;先诱导处理再接种黑斑病菌1 d后叶片组织内β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、过氧化物酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性均明显高于对照;水杨酸、纳米硅和草酸铵处理7 d后田间诱导防病效果分别为35.38%、43.55%和31.07%;处理14 d后,与第7天相比诱导防病效果明显降低。［结论］水杨酸、纳米硅和草酸铵3种化学物质对百合均有一定诱导抗病作用,其中纳米硅酸的诱导抗病效果最好,可达到48%以上。     

木霉几丁质酶对烟草赤星病菌的作用

以指形管培养法分别测定几丁质酶粗酶液和纯化的几丁质酶混合液(2种几丁质酶)对烟草赤星病菌孢子萌发的抑制作用。结果表明,较高浓度(25 2U)几丁质酶粗酶液在48h内强烈抑制孢子萌发和芽管伸长,或致芽管畸形和细胞壁破裂;几丁质酶混合液对赤星病菌的孢子萌发也表现出明显的抑制作用,但在相同或相近酶活性条件下,纯化的几丁质酶混合液(9 4U)和粗酶液(12 6U)对赤星病菌孢子萌发的抑制率(处理24h时)分别为46%和84 3%,前者明显低于后者。采用孢子液悬滴法接种烟苗(K 326)叶片测定木霉几丁质酶对赤星病菌致病性的影响。结果表明,几丁质酶粗酶液浓度越高,对孢子萌发抑制时间越长,抑制率越高;其浓度为4 9、9 8、19 5U/ml的抑制率7d时分别为36 8%、56 2%和57 6%。     

几种杀菌剂对梨黑斑病菌抑制作用研究

经室内研究表明,噻菌灵、咪鲜胺、克菌丹、抑霉唑4种杀菌剂对:梨黑斑病菌(Alternaria alternata)均有很好的抑菌效果,其中有效浓度为5×10-8的抑霉唑和6×10-8的咪鲜胺浸泡处理10min能完全杀灭梨黑斑病菌,是极具潜力的浸果处理杀菌药剂。     

安徽省栝蒌叶枯病菌对4种杀菌剂的敏感性

由致病性链格孢引起的叶枯病是栝蒌生产上出现的一种新病害,在安徽大别山栝蒌生产区发生严重。本研究采用菌丝生长速率法测试了12个代表性栝蒌叶枯病菌菌株对4种常用杀菌剂的敏感性。结果表明,栝蒌叶枯病菌对咪鲜胺敏感性较高,其EC50为0.013 0~0.219μg/mL;代森锰锌和百菌清对栝蒌叶枯病菌均有一定的抑制作用,但各菌株对代森锰锌和百菌清的敏感性差异较大,其EC50分别为0.997~95.64μg/mL和1.66~185.84μg/mL;多菌灵对栝蒌叶枯病菌的菌丝生长抑制作用较差。     

温度对烟草赤星病菌生物学特性及代谢表型的影响

为了解温度对烟草赤星病菌致病力及代谢表型的影响, 本研究采用菌丝生长速率法和离体叶片法, 分别测定不同温度下烟草赤星病菌的生长速率和致病力, 同时采用Biolog代谢表型技术测定了其在22?25?30℃和35℃下不同碳源?渗透压和pH下的代谢表型?结果表明, 烟草赤星病菌在15~35℃下均可生长, 30℃时菌丝生长最快?致病力和产孢能力最强, 35℃时孢子萌发率最高?在22?25?30℃和35℃时, 赤星病菌均可代谢Biolog FF代谢板上的95种碳源, 且随着温度升高对碳源的代谢能力逐渐增强?22℃和25℃时烟草赤星病菌对渗透压的适应范围最广, 其次为30℃, 35℃时适应范围最窄?在22?25?30℃和35℃时, 赤星病菌在pH 3.5~10范围内均可正常代谢, 在22?25℃和30℃下, 赤星病菌表现出强脱羧酶活性和弱脱氨酶活性, 在35℃下, 其脱羧酶和脱氨酶活性均相对较弱?研究结果揭示了烟草赤星病菌在不同温度下的适应能力, 为赤星病菌与环境互作研究提供了参考?     

Black Spot of Peach Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alternaria alternata</Emphasis> (Fr.) Keissler

A new disease of peach (Prunus persica Batsch var. vulgaris Maxim.), causing brown, sunken lesions and brownish to blackish brown spots with cracks on peach fruits, was found in Okayama prefecture, Japan, in 1995. The disease was observed not only on peach fruits but also on twigs and leaves. An Alternaria sp. was consistently isolated from these diseased fruits, twigs and leaves. The isolates were pathogenic to peach fruits and leaves. Based on the morphological characteristics, the causal fungus was identified as Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler. After cross-inoculation with isolates from peach, Japanese pear and apple, the isolates were found to be pathogenic only to their original host. This is the first report on a peach disease caused by a host-specific A. alternata; therefore, the common name of black spot (`Kokuhanbyo' in Japanese) was proposed. Received 25 June 1999/ Accepted in revised form 12 October 1999     

链格孢菌毒素对紫茎泽兰叶片光合作用的影响

 本文研究了一个新分离纯化的链格孢菌毒素对恶性杂草紫茎泽兰叶片的致病作用与叶片光合作用抑制的相关性。结果表明:在毒索处理叶片的形态产生明显变化之前,光合放氧速率和表观量子效率均明显降低。进一步的研究表明其作用位点在类囊体膜上,主要抑制了2个光系统的电子传递活性,但对于色素含量、暗反应关键酶则没有显著的影响。     

Characterization of mutations in the membrane-anchored subunits AaSDHC and AaSDHD of succinate dehydrogenase from Alternaria alternata isolates conferring field resistance to the fungicide boscalid

The molecular basis of resistance to the fungicide boscalid in 25 Alternaria alternata field mutants exhibiting resistance to boscalid and previously tested negative for AaSDHB mutations conferring boscalid resistance was investigated by cloning and sequencing the A. alternata SDHC ( AaSDHC ) and SDHD ( AaSDHD ) genes from a boscalid-sensitive isolate. The SDHB and SDHC/SDHD genes encode the iron sulphur and two membrane-anchored subunits of succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (SQR) that constitute the boscalid fungicide molecular targets. The deduced amino acid sequences exhibited low similarities with SDHC and SDHD peptides from other organisms, but residues essential to form the ubiquinone binding site or important in SQR assembly were particularly conserved. Sequence comparisons of the AaSDHC and AaSDHD genes between resistant mutants and wild-type isolates revealed that two highly conserved histidine residues implicated in the heme b ligation and located at codon 134 in AaSDHC (22 mutants) and codon 133 in AaSDHD (two mutants) were replaced by arginine residues (H134R and H133R). In another mutant, a substitution of an aspartate by a glutamic acid occurred at amino acid position 123 (D123E) in AaSDHD. Additional tests revealed that mycelial growth of boscalid-resistant isolates was reduced when isolates were subjected to oxidative stress. The identified mutations were confirmed using PCR-RFLP assays. This is apparently the first report of mutations located in the heme b ligands of the cytochrome II gene associated with carboxamide resistance.     

UV-B辐射增强对链格孢菌(Alternaria alternata)生长、生理及致病力的影响

研究UV-B辐射增强对灯盏花(Erigeron breviscapus)叶斑病致病菌—链格孢菌(Alternaria alternata)的生长、生理及其致病力的影响,并探讨链格孢菌对UV-B辐射的响应机制。结果表明,UV-B辐射增强可延缓链格孢菌的生长,导致菌丝生长率、产孢量、纤维素酶活性及可溶性蛋白含量均显著降低(p0.05),链格孢菌的致病力显著下降(p0.05)。同一UV-B辐射强度下,20～60min的辐射处理对链格孢菌的生长、生理及致病力的影响没有显著性差异(p0.05)。链格孢菌表现出形态学和生理生化方面的UV-B适应机制,来减轻UV-B辐射的损伤。经UV-B辐射处理后的病菌积累较多黑色素,菌落颜色加深,菌丝分布更加致密,菌丝干重显著增加(p0.05);并且,链格孢菌的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著升高(p0.05)。     

链格孢菌株HY-063的分离鉴定及除草潜力

为了筛选具有广谱、高效除草活性的生防菌株,采用常规组织分离法从自然罹病的老鹳草Geranium wilfordii叶片上分离得到菌株HY-063,通过形态学观察,结合核糖体rDNA内部转录间隔区(rDNA-ITS)序列、翻译延伸因子(EF-1α)基因序列和抗原相关蛋白基因(Alt a 1)序列分析技术对菌株的分类地位进行了鉴定,确定该生防菌株为链格孢Alternaria alternata。柯赫氏法则验证其致病性,并测试了菌株HY-063对6种供试目标杂草的除草活性以及对作物的安全性。结果表明, HY-063菌丝块对不同杂草离体叶片致病性表现为:藜Chenopodium album＞密花香薷Elsholtzia densa＞冬葵Malva verticillata var. crispa＞酸模叶蓼Persicaria lapathifolia＞反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus＞猪殃殃Galium spurium。室内盆栽试验喷雾接种法测试表明,HY-063发酵滤液对藜、密花香薷、猪殃殃、冬葵、酸模叶蓼和反枝苋均有致病性,6种供试杂草的发病率分别达到了97.93%、91.73%、93.16%、77.56%、66.86%、72.00%。作物安全性试验表明,生防菌株HY-063的发酵滤液对蚕豆Vicia faba、豌豆Pisum sativum、青稞Hordeum vulgare和小麦Triticum aestivum均安全,但对油菜 Brassica napus 有轻微影响。综上,链格孢菌株HY-063具有开发成为蚕豆、豌豆、青稞、小麦田防除阔叶杂草微生物除草剂的潜力。