Realized genetic gain observed in second-generation seedling seed orchards of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia mangium</Emphasis> in South Kalimantan,Indonesia

Realized genetic gains brought by the first-generation tree improvement of Acacia mangium were evaluated by analyzing the 1-year growth performance of growth (height, dbh) and form (stem straightness, multi-stem) traits using data collected from three second-generation orchards: groups B, C, and D. Each orchard was composed of improved families derived from open-pollinated seed of plus trees selected from the first-generation seed orchards and newly added unimproved families collected from the same geographic region. The number of improved families and that of the unimproved in each orchard were 31 and 23 for group B, 28 and 39 for group C, and 24 and 30 for group D. Gains were calculated as percentage increase of improved families over unimproved ones. Improved families performed better than unimproved ones in 11 out of 12 comparison cases: four traits each in the three orchards. Averages of the realized genetic gain across the three seedling seed orchards were 3.1%, 5.2%, 4.3%, and 0.5% for height, dbh, stem straightness, and multi-stem, respectively. Except for multi-stem, the performances of improved families were significantly better than those of unimproved families in all the three orchards for dbh and in two out of three orchards for height and stem straightness.     

马尾松2个世代种子园6年生家系生长的遗传变异与增益比较

【目的】研究与评价马尾松一代、二代无性系种子园的遗传增益及改良效果,指导马尾松良种选育、生产及应用。【方法】利用营建在浙江省淳安县燕山林场和福建省邵武市卫闽林场的6年生马尾松一代和二代自由授粉家系遗传测定林,分析不同世代种子园子代生长性状的遗传变异,并进行家系育种值估算及生长评价。【结果】马尾松不同世代的种子园子代生长差异很大,其树高、胸径和单株材积等生长量显著大于马尾松优良天然林分的混系子代,其中一代种子园子代各家系单株材积表型值和育种值分别大于优良天然林分混系55.78%~84.62%和40.66%~71.39%,二代其值分别大于优良天然林分混系58.96%~108.97%和42.97%~91.89%,二代种子园子代的平均生长量和遗传稳定性总体上高于一代种子园子代。树高、胸径和单株材积等主要生长性状在世代内家系间的生长差异均达极显著水平,在一代种子园子代中最优家系的树高、胸径和单株材积分别大于最差家系21.94%、30.72%和97.75%,在二代种子园子代中最优家系的树高、胸径和单株材积分别大于最差家系23.42%、29.60%和90.09%,说明种子园中对亲本材料的再选择非常重要。依据子代的单株材积育种值在两测定点的位次及其变幅大小,将38个家系分成速生型、较速生稳定型、较速生不稳定型和慢生型4类,各类所占家系数分别有23.68%、26.32%、21.05%和28.95%,其中速生型和较速生稳定型家系所对应的亲本无性系可作为新建马尾松二代无性系种子园的优良建园材料。种子园子代主要生长性状的地点×家系、区组×家系的互作效应极显著,说明各家系在不同立地环境中生长表现不一致。【结论】马尾松无性系种子园良种效益显著,二代增益大于一代。通过选择速生型和较速生稳定型家系将有助于种子园建园亲本的再选择、现有种子园的留优去劣疏伐和重建新的种子园。鉴于子代主要生长性状的基因型与环境互作使各家系在不同立地环境中生长表现不同,建议对子代生长表现突出、结实量较多的无性系进行单系采种利用。     

Pollen dispersal in a hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) seed orchard detected using a chloroplast DNA marker

Pollen dispersal was estimated in two test plots in a hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) seed orchard using a chloroplast DNA marker, the spacer region between thetrnD andtrnY genes, and SSCP (single strand conformation polymorphism). In Plot 1, 2,020 seeds from 40 trees within 30 m of the marker tree were analyzed using the PCR-SSCP method. In Plot 2, 1,850 seeds from 37 trees were analyzed in the same manner. The results revealed that the maximum pollen dispersal distance in the two plots exceeded 25 m. Pollen dispersal appeared to be inversely proportional to the distance from the marker tree. The effective pollen dispersal was suggested to be less than about 20 m in a mature hinoki seed orchard. Adjacent trees had an excessive influence when the pollen density was increased by artificial flower stimulation. Therefore, it was suggested that seed production better resembles ideal random mating when carried out as naturally as possible. In conclusion, the SSCP chloroplast DNA marker was a useful tool for amassing basic information on pollen management in seed orchards of coniferous species.     

Phenological observations onLarix principis-rupprechtii Mayr. in primary seed orchard

Through 5 years of phenological observations onLarix principis-rupprechtii Mayr. in primary seed orchard and studies on population and individuals of clones, the annual periodic phenological laws were revealed and the annual phenological periodic table was drawn up. The correlation between various phenophases, the air temperature and active accumulated temperature were analyzed and expounded. The authors also analyzed the similarities and differences of phenophases among clonal individuals as well as the blooming properties of male and female flowers at the same time. This study could provide theoretical reference for working out the production plan of improved varieties and other management measures in seed orchard ofLarix principis-rupprechtii. Biography: ZHANG Xin-bo (1956-), male, senior engineer in Shanxi Academy of Forestry Science and Northern Research Institute of Forestry of China, Taiyuan 030012, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

杉杂交组配与两系种子园建立技术研究揪

通过初级种子园双列交配设计控制授粉，进行全同胞子代测定，评选出花期相近、自交系不育、正反交子代均生长突出(材积增益30％以上)的组合建立杂交种子园。我省从457个组合的全同胞子代测定林中，评选出杂交种子因亲本9组，并在靖州、会同、江华、资兴建成种子园共200亩。杂交种子因子代14a生单株材积0．1866—0．2274m^3，大于生产种对照30．0％-58．4％，建园效益十分显著。     

Retrospective Genetic Tests of Pinus sylvestris L. in Growth Chambers with Two Irrigation Regimes and Two Temperatures

The objective of this study was to estimate genetic correlations between stem volume in seven 19-30-yr-old field progeny trials and growth traits assessed in 1-yr-old Pinus sylvestris seedlings in growth-chamber treatments with optimal and limiting water availability at two temperatures. The seedlings in the growth-chamber experiment were open-pollinated families from two Swedish seed orchards. The field trials were established with full-sib families with the same parents. The genetic correlations between stem volume in the field progeny trials and height and biomass traits in the growth chamber were mainly low or zero. There was no clear pattern of juvenile-mature correlations with respect to combinations of growth-chamber treatments, field test site temperature and water availability. Periodic drought in the juvenile stage did not improve the juvenile-mature correlations, suggesting that at the juvenile stage, the mature stage, or both, the families used in this study do not appear to be specifically adapted to drought conditions.     

Effects of crown-pruning on seed and pollen cone production in two lodgepole pine seed orchards in British Columbia

The effects of top pruning on subsequent seed and pollen cone production in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) grafted clones in two seed orchards were evaluated. In the older orchard (14 years old), three pruning regimes were applied: an untreated control, a moderate pruning where 25% of the crown was removed and a severe pruning where 40% of the crown was removed. In the younger orchard (ten years old), only a control pruning and a severe pruning (50% of crown removed) were applied. Five-year seed cone production was lower in treated ramets compared to controls in both orchards. However, when cumulative seed cone yields were adjusted for reduced tree heights after pruning, differences were no longer significant in the older orchard. Strong clonal variation was observed in seed cone yields in both orchards. Pollen cone development was less variable among treatments in the older orchard. In the younger orchard, controls consistently produced heavier pollen crops. Pruning recommendations for similar orchards are made and results discussed for reducing the impacts of losses in seed cone yields.Deceased     

Female fertility variation in mature Pinus sylvestris clonal seed orchards

Abstract

Female fertility is the basis for the output of seeds from clonal orchards and its variation is of major interest for the economics and biology of seed orchards, especially for the efficiency and diversity of seed orchard crops. Assessments of female fertility variation in 10 mature (>15 years old) seed orchards of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) were evaluated and compared. Depending on the individual orchard, fertility variation for each clone was assessed in slightly different ways, e.g. number of strobili, cones, seeds or litre of cones per ramet. Assessments in five of the orchards were made over consecutive years. The main result was that the clonal variation in mean female fertility per surviving ramet was lower than expected from the literature; the Kang–Lindgren sibling coefficient (Ψ) within individual years averaged 1.35. The variation between ramets within clones and years was of similar magnitude as that between clones. Clone by year interactions were noticeable, but were slightly lower than the variation between as well as that within clones in individual years. There was considerable variation in the variance components between years. The limited variation in female fertility indicated that it should not be a selection criterion when selecting clones for a seed orchard. Furthermore, it will not result in large differences between clones in seed set or large reductions in gene diversity in productive Scots pine seed orchards.     

Predicting individual breeding values and making forward selections from open-pollinated progeny test trials for seed orchard establishment of interior Lodgepole Pine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus contorta</Emphasis> ssp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">latifolia</Emphasis>) in British Columbia

Ten-year height data from three open-pollinated lodgepole pine progeny test trials were analysed in order to select individuals for seed orchard establishment in the low and high elevation seed-planning units (TOLO and TOHI) of the new Thompson Okanagan seed planning-zone in interior British Columbia, Canada. The total test population had about 35,000 individuals from 362 families of 9 provenances and was divided into two portions, each serving as the base population for its appropriate seed-planning unit. For each population, various genetic parameters were estimated and individual breeding values were predicted. Combined-site estimates of individual, family, and within-family heritability ranged from 0.23 to 0.38, 0.77 to 0.84, and 0.17 to 0.29, respectively. Estimated coefficients of type-b genetic correlation were greater than 0.81, indicating little G × E interaction in this region. Provenance effects were large. Larch Hills and Inonoaklin River were the two superior provenances with an expected gain of 13% and 10% in stem volume at rotation age of 60 years in TOLO. Individual breeding values was not uniformly distributed among provenances and the top 100 individuals originated from 20 families in TOLO and 32 families in TOHI. Co-ancestry among these individuals should not be a serious concern in seed orchard establishment as the predicted genetic loss due to excessive inbreeding is only 1.06% in TOLO and 0.6% in TOHI. The status numbers of the two prospective seed orchards are 32 and 44, respectively, and both are well above the required minimum of 10 in British Columbia. Using unrelated clones for seed orchard establishment may result in reduced optimum genetic gain and thus is not a favourable option.     

油松半同胞家系育苗试验

通过对桥山种子园半同胞家系和双龙子代测定林中的113个家系进行苗期试验,结果表明苗高生长方差分析差异呈极显著水平。遗传分析表明,油松家系苗期遗传力较大,呈强度遗传。以20%的入选率进行选择,桥山入选优良家系16个,黄龙入选优良家系4个,双龙子代林入选家系3个,遗传增益分别达到22.77%、21.16%和22.48%,选择效果十分显著。     

Trend of within-plot selection practiced in two seedling seed orchards ofAcacia mangium in Indonesia

A trend of within-plot selection was examined by applying a retrospective selection index to the results of the selection in two seedling seed orchards ofA. mangium at South Kalimantan in Indonesia. The orchards were established in randomized complete block design with ten replications of four tree row plots. Within-plot selections were conducted twice with around 50% of selection intensity in those orchards: at 22 months and at 51 months after planting, then the results were analyzed with the data on volume, stem form and bole length measured before each selection. Bole length was found to be the highest priority trait throughout the two stages of selection in both orchards. Growth expressed by volume was also an important criterion at the first within-plot selection, while the priority was not obvious at the second selection. Expected gains by within-plot selection were generally small, although predicted gains were positive on all of the three traits at each stage of selection. The seedling seed orchards analyzed in this study were established under a technical cooperation project between JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) and Ministry of Forestry in Indonesia in collaboration with Inhutani 3.     

Variation analysis and fine family selection on half-sib progenies from clonal seed orchard of Pinus massoniana

Variation of traits that include height, diameter at breast height (DBH), stem volume, crown width, straightness, wood basic density, tracheid length and width of open-pollinated progenies from clonal seed orchard of Pinus massoniana was analyzed. Differences in traits such as growth, tree form and wood quality among families was significant, which indicated that the improvement potential was notable. Heritability of height and wood basic density reached 0.691 and 0.640, respectively. According to a correlation analysis between traits, stem straightness could be improved indirectly when growth traits are improved; growth traits were significantly correlated with wood basic density; and wood basic density was not significantly correlated with length and width of the tracheid. Under the selection ratio of 10%, genetic gains were 19.74% and 19.32% respectively, and selected families from the progeny test stands at the age of five years and eight years were the same. Genetic correlation of height, DBH and stem volume was also significant at the level of 0.01. These show that selection of the short rotation of P. massoniana for pulp and paper use would be efficient for five-year-old trees. According to the comparison of the heritability of all the traits and taking into account the result of canonical correlation analysis, height could be considered as the most important index for selection. Given wood quality of all the families, and flowering and fruit settings of the clones in a seed orchard, twelve fine families were selected at 10% selection ratio of height growth and stem volume. Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2005, 41(6): 43–49 [译自: 林业科学]     

青海云杉自由授粉家系遗传评价与选择

[目的]通过对青海云杉1代无性系种子园自由授粉家系开展遗传评价,利用遗传测定结果提升青海云杉造林的良种化水平及提高良种使用率。[方法]本文以青海云杉初级种子园自由授粉家系测定林为研究材料,对13年生青海云杉家系树高、新梢长、保存率和11年生的主、侧梢冻害率进行了遗传评价,采用综合指数选择优良家系和最佳线性无偏预测方法预测单株育种值选择二代优树。[结果]研究结果表明:家系13年生的树高、新梢长、保存率和11年生主、侧梢冻害率的表型变异系数是24. 06%84%,遗传变异系数是3. 28%19. 31%。家系、家系和区组互作效应显著影响了13年生青海云杉树高和新梢长。树高和新梢长的家系遗传力分别是42. 5%和34. 2%,而单株遗传力是3. 00%,家系遗传力高于单株遗传力。采用综合指数选择法进行生长和抗性性状的综合选择,根据综合指数基于多样性和遗传增益进行平衡选择,有21个家系入选,入选家系的树高、保存率、主梢冻害率现实遗传增益分别为5. 66%、12. 59%和12. 96%。根据家系内单株13年生的树高育种值从1 103个单株中选择二代优树111个,单株入选率为10. 06%,入选二代优树树高的期望遗传增益是20. 10%。[结论]青海云杉13年生树高和新梢长在家系间存在显著变异,且还受家系与环境互作效应的影响,说明青海云杉家系的生长不仅受遗传的控制,还受遗传和环境的互作影响。根据各家系13年生树高和保存率和11年生主、侧梢冻害率综合指数值按35%的入选率综合选择21个家系,入选的家系不仅生长好,且抗性能力强,可用于回选优良无性系用于改扩建1代种子园或建立1. 5代种子园。     

Morphological variance and natural types' division of plus trees ofLarix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.

The phenotypic characteristics of the plus trees ofLarix principis-rupprechtii such as stem form, branch angle, branch/stem ratio, branch density, the crown width, crown length, number of short branch over 5-cm branch segment in length, and the leaf number of each short branch were investigated in seed orchard in the Changcheng Mountain, Shaanxi Province. According to the morphological characters, the plus tree clones ofLarix principis-rupprechtii were classified into 4 natural types: the narrow-dense-crown type, wide-dense-crown type, wide-sparse-crown type, and the narrow-sparse-crown type. The result of the cluster analysis showed there was a very significant difference in tree growth among the four natural types. While comparing the tree growth of four natural types for the last ten years, it was found that the performance order of various types from good to bad is as follows: the narrow-dense crown type > the wide-dense crown type > the wide-sparse crown type > the narrow-sparse crown type. The plus trees of narrow-dense-crown, as a fine type, should be paid great attention to production and prepared to popularize. Biography: ZHANG Xin-bo (1956-), male, Senior engineer of Shanxi Academy of Forestry Science and Northern Research Institute of Forestry of China, Taiyuan 030012, P. R. China Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

墨西哥柏实生种子园营建及其优树子代测定的研究

通过种子园与子代测定相结合的方式,在位于滇中的石林林场建立了含102个优树(家系)的墨西哥柏实生种子园,从中探讨了墨西哥柏实生种子园的营建途径。对该种子园的52个墨西哥柏自由授粉优树子代测定的结果表明,墨西哥柏速生,10年生树高、胸径、材积、冠幅的年均生长量分别为1.04 m、1.43 cm、0.009 6m3和0.22 m。生长性状和结实性状家系间的差异达显著水平。树高、胸径、材积、冠幅、结实量的家系遗传力分别为0.76、0.66、0.68、0.74和0.65,单株遗传力分别为0.27、0.16、0.18、0.23和0.16,其生长性状和结实性状呈显著的负相关。从该种子园中评选出了9个优良家系,22个优良单株,其材积遗传增益平均为13.47%和25.2%。此外,还揭示了墨西哥柏10年生期间的生长规律。     

滇西云南松母树林后代测定试验初报“云南松天然优良林分选择、改良及促进结实技术”

对五个种源（含对照）的８１个家系进行云南松母树林单株半同胞后代多点测定。滇西试地的早期测定结果表明，其树高大小依次为：滇西、滇中、对照、川西南、滇东南种源，地径大小次序则与树高相反；滇西种源早期高生长快而径生长慢，其它种源早期高生长慢而径生长快；３年生时树高和地径大于对照的分别有３０个家系和６３个家系；苗木根系的发育程度影响着针叶的生长发育，进而影响林木的生长量；种子发芽率与树高存在一定的相关性.     

闽西马尾松实生种子园高产家系选择研究

对闽西马尾松实生种子园143个选优家系子代测定林调查分析表明,家系间结实量存在极显著差异,经过多重极差检验分析,我们筛选出与对照漳平五一林场种子园种子有极显著差异以上的最优高产家系42个,进一步比较结果表明,既高产又速生的优良家系26个,其结实量平均遗传增益为40.41%,材积平均遗传增益为26.36%,这26个优良家系可供建下一代马尾松种子园的最好建园材料。     

Diurnal change of gas exchange ofRhodiola sachalinensis transplanted from different habitats in Changbai Mountain

Rhodiola sachalinensis growing in the different habitats, such as Xiaotianchi plot (altitude 1800 m), Tree line plot (altitude 2000 m) and Tianwenfeng plot (altitude 2325 m) of Changbai Mountain (northern slop) were transplanted to Harbin Experimental Farm for determining its gas exchange. The study results indicated that the diurnal changes of gas exchange ofRh. sachalinensis transplanted from different habitats were still different though the morphological appearance of the newly sprouted above-ground part had become more similar. For net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and apparent quantum yield (AQY), the diumal change curves ofRh. sachalinensis transplanted from the three plots were similar, but the data value were different. For the dark respiration rate (Rd), transpiration rate (Tr) and water use efficiency (WUE), diurnal change curves of the three plots were obviously different. This study is supported by Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province. Yan Xiufeng, male, born in March 1965, associate professor, Open Research Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

杉木初级种子园种用价值测定初步结果

本文报道了我国近50个已形成商品生产力的杉木种子园,种子遗传品质的大田测验幼林结果。试验表明:①各地种子园的种子与未经改良的种子一样,均有不同的遗传品质,说明并非所有种子园种子都有同等使用价值;②不少种子园的种子比当地一般种子的遗传品质要高,说明具有一定的改良效果,但比优良种源区的种子的种用价值又低了些。可见,不经实地试验,推广杉木种子园种子,应取慎重态度。为了提高初级种子园的遗传品质,极需要做种子园的去劣淘汰。     

马尾松第一代改良无性系种子园建园材料选择

以福建省漳平五一国有林场马尾松第一代无性系种子园为研究群体,在对园内无性系及其子代家系测定数据分析基础上进行无性系再选择,重建改良代种子园。结果表明,子代生长量与当代无性系产籽量和雌雄球花量,在家系与无性系水平上差异极其显著,且不同程度受遗传控制,具有一定选育潜力。采用综合评定和独立淘汰相结合的方法,能实现性状兼优的无性系再选择。以一代(CK1)为对照,从160个无性系中再选择30个无性系建立的改良代种子园育种效果显著,其遗传增益估值,8年生子代材积提高10.9%,产籽量和雌、雄球花量分别提高49.1%、18.9%、7.6%;以母树林混合种(CK)为对照,2个选择阶段,8年生子代材积累计遗传增益估值18.1%。