杂色鲍群体间杂交的杂种优势分析

杂色鲍（Haliotis diversicolor）是中国南方主要的鲍养殖种类,近年来“东优1号”杂色鲍因较高的成活率优势已在产业上得到越来越广泛的推广养殖.该研究采用3×3完全双列杂交的方式,对杂色鲍“东优1号”群体、杂色鲍古雷群体和杂色鲍越南群体3个群体自繁与杂交后代的养殖性能进行跟踪,并对其杂种优势进行评估.结果表明,3个群体自繁后代的生长速度和成活率上存在显著差异（P＜0.05）,同时3个组合的生长速度与成活率的双亲杂种优势率值均不高,且2个单亲杂种优势率值之间有显著差异（P＜0.05）.     

杂色鲍的沉箱养殖技术

沉箱养鲍是近几年才发展起来的一种养殖模式，它是用钢筋水泥混凝土制成圆形或方形箱体，放置于礁石底质的低潮区至大潮低潮线下水深０．５米左右的海域，将鲍鱼苗种投放箱体内，实行定时投放饵料和清理沉箱的半人工养殖方式。其投资少，易操作，养殖周期短，产品接近天然鲍鱼，市场竞争力强，因而易于推广。圆形沉箱与方形沉箱对比，前者具有两个优点，一是防浪性能好，可减少任何方向波浪对它的冲击力；二是水体上下交流快，有利于鲍鱼的生长。因此，本文重点介绍圆形沉箱养殖杂色鲍的技术要点。１养殖海区的选择应选择岩礁密布，底部较平…     

杂色鲍养殖存在的问题与对策

杂色鲍 (H .diversicolor)是近几年推广养殖的品种 ,养殖形式多样 ,有工厂化养殖、沉箱养殖和笼式吊养等。目前海南省工厂化养鲍场达44家 ,养殖水体约 1 8万m3;沉箱养殖达 7万箱 ,已投苗 3.6万箱 ;陵水县黎安镇黎安村农民还根据本地自然条件 ,采用笼式吊养 ,目前共吊养 2万笼。 2 0 0 0年全省鲍产量 30 9吨 ,2 0 0 1年全省产量42 0吨 ,鲍养殖业发展速度较快。海南目前种鲍主要来源台湾及本地野生杂色鲍 (H .diversicolor ) ,在养殖过程中虽无大规模死亡现象 ,但种质退化现象开始出现 ,如生长速度慢、个体小型化、抗逆性差等现象 ,给养殖户…     

杂色鲍杂交及选育育苗的效果研究

利用杂交结合选育的方法对我国南方主要鲍鱼养殖品种杂色鲍进行了育苗试验.试验共设置2个杂交组合,每个组合分5个试验平行组.结果表明,2个组即TW♀×HN♂和TW ♂×HN♀都取得了良好的育苗效果,其受精率分别为(97.23±1.52)%和(96.30±2.25)%;幼体附着率分别为77.02%和76.69%;幼体存活率分别为66.39%和66.89%;稚鲍壳长日增长分别为136. μm和133.8μm.剥离印d后,2个组合稚鲍的存活率分别达到了64.1%和74.2%,体现出良好的杂种优势和对环境的适应能力.TW#♀×HN ♂组合在受精率、幼体附着率和稚鲍壳长日增长率都高于其反交组合TW♂×HN ♀,而幼体和稚鲍的存活率都低于反交组合,但方差分析表明2个组合正反交的育苗效果在受精率、幼体附着率、幼体存活率和稚鲍壳长日增长率上无显著性差异(P>0.05),但在稚鲍的存活率上存在显著性差异(P<0.05).     

杂色鲍与盘鲍种间杂交受精率的影响因素

研究卵子排放后的时间、精子排放后的时间、授精精子浓度、胰蛋白酶、钙离子、pH和水温等因子对杂色鲍(Haiotisdiversicolor,以下简称S)与盘鲍(H.discus discu,以下简称J)种间杂交受精率的影响。结果表明,卵子排放后的时间和授精精子浓度是影响杂交受精率两个最重要的因素。与自繁组合相比,正反杂交受精率均较低且下降速度快得多。水温21.5℃时,两亲本自繁对照组中,卵子排放1 h对受精率均无显著影响。而SJ杂交,卵子排放时间2 min时,受精率为55.9%±8.1%,4.7 min时受精率已下降了50%;JS杂交,卵子排放时间为4 min时,受精率为31.5%±9.7%,10 min时受精率下降至4 min时的29.1%。相比之下,精子排放时间对杂交受精率的影响小得多,3 h内对正反交杂交受精率没有显著影响。杂交适宜精子浓度约为母本自繁的100倍,其中SJ杂交适宜授精精子浓度为6.0×106~2.4×107mL-1,JS杂交适宜授精精子浓度为3.8×107~7.5×107mL-1。水温对于杂交受精率也有影响,短时间内将水温控制在26~29℃可以得到较高受精率。其他实验因素,如添加胰蛋白酶、Ca2+或改变授精体系pH对杂交受精率均无正向作用。     

长江野生鳡子一代养殖群体的遗传多样性分析

利用ISSR分子标记技术检测了长江野生鳡子一代养殖群体的遗传多样性.在77个引物中,对筛选出条带清晰、稳定的5个引物扩增结果进行统计,其中二碱基重复序列2个,三碱基重复序列1个,四碱基重复序列2个.共得到24个条带,其中呈多态性的条带15个,多态性位点比例达62.5%.遗传多样件指数为0.2552,Shahnon系数为0.3707.结果表明,长江野生鳡子一代养殖群体的多态性位点比例和遗传多样性指数都处于中间水平,而Shannon系数相对偏低,个体问遗传差异较大.     

皱纹盘鲍4个养殖群体杂交子代生长与存活状况比较

为利用杂种优势培育皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)优良新品种,本研究以4个不同养殖群体[黄岛(HD)、荣成(RC)、日本(JP)、大连(DL)]的皱纹盘鲍为亲本,设计4×4完全双列杂交,建立了4个自交家系和12个正反杂交家系,在利用微卫星标记进行亲子鉴定的基础上,对各家系的F1在1、5、13、17月龄时的生长性状、杂种优势率、生长速度和存活情况进行比较,分析杂交效应。结果表明,在各个生长阶段均有部分杂交家系与自交家系相比表现出显著的生长优势;HDRC、HDDL和JPDL家系的生长速度较高;HDDL、HDJP、RCDL、JPRC及RCHD家系有着较高的存活率;在杂种优势方面,HDRC、HDDL与DLHD家系在各生长参数与生长速度上有明显的杂种优势,HDDL、RCDL、DLHD家系在存活率上表现出明显的杂种优势。本研究筛选出的具有优势的交配组合,可作为皱纹盘鲍生产上种苗来源的参考,也为利用杂种优势培育皱纹盘鲍新品种提供了基础资料。     

赤眼鳟(♀)×鳙(♂)杂交子一代的人工繁殖

为了探讨鱼类远缘杂交如何获得可育的后代和加快选育出养殖新种类,从71尾6龄的赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbus curriculus)(♀)和鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)(♂)亚科间杂种F1的二倍体群体中挑选雌雄亲鱼各9尾进行人工催产,发现它们能在产卵池中自行产卵,获得吸水膨胀后的卵子约30万粒。采用人工授精的方法进行了杂种F1自交,杂种F1(♀)与赤眼鳟(♂)和鳙(♂)的回交,杂种F1(♀)与黄尾鲴(Xenocypris davidi)(♂)和青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)(♂)的杂交试验。试验结果:9尾杂种F1共获得成熟卵粒258.6万粒,各组合的受精率为23.60%~66.41%,孵化率为5.0%~35.30%,畸形率为38.55%~87.00%,并且获得了自交、回交和杂交子代。结果表明,该亚科间杂种可育。     

鳇与小体鲟杂交子一代的雌雄判别

日本于198O年6月从苏联引入蝗与小体鲟杂交(Huso huso♀×Acipenser ruthenus ♀)的受精卵,在养殖研究所玉城厅舍孵化后,将此杂种子一代(所谓“Bestir”)放在实验室内饲养。为了找出鲟科鱼类两性间形态学上的差别,作者于1986年7月及9月随机取样测走了38尾杂交子一代的体全长、体重、性成熟系数及泌     

斑节对虾养殖群体遗传多样性的同工酶和RAPD分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）和RAPD方法对厦门养殖斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon Fabricius）群体的遗传多样性进行分析。9种同工酶共检测到21个座位，其中多态座位13个，多态座位比例为61．90％，预期杂合度0．151，观察杂合度0．120，Hardy—Weinberg遗传偏离指数（d）为-0．208，存在杂合子缺失。经x^2拟合度检验，多数座位偏离Hardy—Weinberg平衡，表明群体未达到随机交配。14个10bp引物共获得了83个标记，单个引物获得的标记数为2～11个，平均每个引物扩增出5．93个座位，其中多态标记数68个，多态位点比例为81．93％，杂合度为0．246，基因多样性为0．260，Shannon’S信息指数为0．397。两种方法均表明该斑节对虾养殖群体的遗传多样性水平较高，但可能已有近交衰退发生。     

杂色鲍幼苗“急性死亡脱落症”病原菌分析

从“急性死亡脱落症”发病期的杂色鲍幼苗体内和病苗附着的薄膜上，共分离到4株优势菌，即NA0301、NA0302、NA0303和NA0304。经人工浸泡感染实验证明，从病幼苗体内和苗附着的薄膜上分离到的优势菌株NA0301和NA0302是杂色鲍幼苗的致病菌，它们均为革兰氏阴性、短杆状、极生鞭毛，能运动。常规生理生化和Biolog细菌鉴定系统测试结果表明，菌株NA0301与溶珊瑚弧菌（Vibrio coralliilyticus）的亲缘关系最近，而菌株NA0302与溶藻弧菌（Vibrio alginolyticus）的亲缘关系最近。为了进一步确定它们的分类学地位，分别测定了溶珊瑚弧菌和溶藻弧菌的16S rDNA序列，分析相关细菌相应序列的同源性，并构建系统进化树。结果表明，菌株NA0301与溶珊瑚弧菌的亲缘关系最近，菌株NA0302与溶藻弧菌的亲缘关系最近。因此，菌株NA0301和菌株NA0302分别鉴定为：溶珊瑚弧菌和溶藻弧菌。[中国水产科学，2006，13（4）：655—661]     

Growth and survival of three small abalone Haliotis diversicolor populations and their reciprocal crosses

The aquaculture industry of small abalone Haliotis diversicolor in southern China is now close to collapse because of high mortality at the grow-out stage. To examine if survival and growth (shell length increase) could be improved by cross breeding among populations, a 3 × 3 complete diallel cross was conducted among three populations from Japan (A), Taiwan (B) and Vietnam (C). Performances in growth rate and survival at early juvenile, later juvenile and grow-out stages were compared among the six reciprocal cross lines and three parental lines. Magnitude of heterosis for survival and growth varied among cross lines in the three growing stages. As to mid-parent heterosis, H _AB was significantly ( P <0.01) higher than H _AC and H _BC at all three growing stages for both growth and survival, and all mid-parent heterosis fell between the two corresponding single-parent heterosis. H _AB was 6.84% for shell length and 69.09% for survival at Day 420. Our results of high survival heterosis in line AB and line BA show that crossbreeding between different populations can benefit the small abalone breeding programs and the industry.     

Growth of the abalone Haliotis diversicolor (Reeve) fed with macroalgae in floating net cage and plastic tank

The abalone Haliotis diversicolor (Reeve) or ‘tokobushi’ is being cultured in Kagoshima, southern Japan for stock enhancement of fishing grounds. However, with decreasing catches from the wild some fishermen's group may eventually resort to rearing tokobushi until of marketable size. Growth experiments of tokobushi fed macroalgae in floating net cage and plastic tanks were conducted to evaluate the influence of culture system, macroalgal food, age and water temperature on their culture. In floating net cage, marketable sizes were obtained at the age of 457–822‐day old (15–27‐month old) with highest growth rate of 2.36% g day^?1 and 0.21 mm day^?1. One advantage of the plastic tank culture system was that the tokobushi shell remained clean throughout the culture period. Macroalgal food affected the growth rate; Sargassum fusiforme (Setchell)‐ and Ulva pertusa (Kjellman)‐fed tokobushi were better than Meristotheca papulosa (Montagne)‐fed. Further, 1‐year‐old tokobushi had better growth performance and condition index than the 2‐year‐old cohort, and growth rates were higher at 17°C than at 12°C. These findings should help tokobushi farmers design their mariculture scheme considering both economic and environmental aspects.     

复方中草药对杂色鲍幼鲍血淋巴中几种酶活力的影响

将12种中草药按其不同的药理作用和药效进行配伍,形成5组复方中草药,分别编号为中草药1～5号。将以上中草药添加到杂色鲍幼鲍的人工配合饲料中,连续喂饲幼鲍,饲养47d后,测定幼鲍无细胞血淋巴中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、溶茵酶(LSZ)活力。结果显示,所有添加中草药的sOD活力均比对照组降低,中草药1、5号可提高幼鲍血淋巴的ACP和LSZ活力,而对AKP则起到降低的作用;中草药3、4号可提高幼鲍血淋巴的LSZ活力,却降低幼鲍血淋巴的ACP和AKP活力,中草药2号对ACP、AKP和LSZ活力均有提高作用,具有较突出的促进杂色鲍幼鲍免疫酶活力的功能。     

理化因子对杂色鲍血蓝蛋白酚氧化酶活性影响的研究

以邻苯二酚为底物研究部分理化因子对杂色鲍（Haliotis diversicolor）血蓝蛋白酚氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,血蓝蛋白酚氧化酶活性最适温度34℃、最适pH6．4;铜离子（Cu^2＋）能极其显著增强血蓝蛋白的酚氧化酶活性,增强率为264％,而乙二胺四乙酸二钠（EDTA）、镁离子（Mg^2＋）和锌离子（Zn^2＋）则能极其显著地抑制其活性,EDTA的抑制效率最高,抑制率为52．8％,Mg^2＋和Zn^2＋的抑制率分别为27．8％和25％。钙离子（Ca^2＋）对血蓝蛋白酚氧化酶活性影响不显著。     

杂色鲍幼体附着基藻际细菌群落的PCR-DGGE分析

附着基是苗期杂色鲍(Haliotis diversicolor Reeve)生活的主要场所, 其表面藻际细菌对幼体的生长有重要的影响, 然而对附着基藻际细菌多样性的研究较为少见。本研究在杂色鲍育苗期间定期采集附着基样品, 再利用PCR-DGGE技术对藻际细菌群落进行多样性及变化规律分析。相似性和UPGMA聚类结果表明, 藻际细菌群落结构随时间变迁呈现出连续性变化, 相邻两天细菌群落的戴斯相似性系数C_s高达80.9%~96.1%, 但育苗前期与育苗后期的藻际细菌群落组成差异较大。多样性指数分析显示, 育苗前期藻际细菌多样性随时间变化趋于丰富, 之后多样性稍有下降但仍维持较高水平。受附着基上藻类生长状况及鲍摄食活动等因素的影响, 细菌多样性指数出现一定波动。本研究旨为鲍的科学育苗与健康养殖提供理论参考, 为进一步深入研究环境变化与鲍苗期细菌性病害的关系打下良好基础。

     

Isolation and characterization of pathogenic Vibrio alginolyticus from diseased postlarval abalone, Haliotis diversicolor supertexta (Lischke)

Outbreaks of serious mortality among cultured abalone postlarvae have occurred across Southern China since July 2002. Five motile bacterial strains were isolated from diseased abalone postlarvae on tryptic soy agar supplemented with 1% NaCl (TSA1) and/or thiosulphate citrate bile salt (TCBS) sucrose agar plates during an outbreak in August 2003 in Shanwei, Guangdong province. All isolates were characterized and identified as Vibrio alginolyticus on the basis of biochemical characteristics and comparisons with those of the reference strain V. alginolyticus ATCC 17749. Strain 19 (a representative of five similar isolates) was virulent to abalone postlarvae with an LD₅₀ value of1.00 × 10⁴ colony‐forming units mL^?1. All abalone postlarvae exhibited the same signs as in natural outbreaks. The same bacterium could be re‐isolated from abalone postlarvae after bacterial challenge using TSA1 and TCBS plates. The results reveal that V. alginolyticus is an infectious agent of abalone postlarvae.     

Discrimination and abundance estimation of wild and released abalone Haliotis diversicolor using stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis in north-eastern Taiwan

The discrimination between wild and released Taiwan abalone Haliotis diversicolor was performed by stable carbon isotope analysis. Abalone samples were collected from Mao Aw Gulf in north-eastern Taiwan. Live abalone and dead shells were collected by divers with an 80 × 80 cm frame. The densities and amounts of wild and released abalone, as well as the survival rates of released abalone, in 1997 and 1998 were estimated. The age of the specimens was also determined from the specific temperature of each month and the inverse relationship between oxygen isotope values and temperatures. Results show that examining stable isotopic profiles proves to be a practical and feasible method for stock discrimination as well as density and abundance estimation. These data would be helpful in assessing the success of abalone culture and release programs, which aim to enhance this valuable marine resource.     

Genetic variability of cultured populations of the Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) in China based on microsatellites

The genetic diversity of cultured populations of the Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) from northern China was analysed using seven microsatellite markers. The microsatellite loci were polymorphic for all the populations, with an average of 8.7 alleles per locus (range 8.0–9.4). The mean observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.547 (range 0.500–0.596) and 0.774 (range 0.754–0.787) respectively. The allelic diversity in terms of number of alleles per locus was considerably lower than that previously found in wild populations (range 21.8–23.0), indicating that bottleneck effects occurred when each population was founded. Significant genetic differentiation among the five cultured populations was shown using F_st and R_st values, and pairwise comparison based on allelic distribution. A neighbour‐joining analysis of the genetic distance did not show a consistent relationship between the geographic and the genetic distances, suggesting the existence of exchanges of breeds and eggs between the hatcheries. The results obtained in this study are useful for a number of areas of interest for fisheries management and the aquaculture industry, especially with regard to breeding programmes.