小麦Wx蛋白及主要淀粉性状与面条品质的关系

为了研究小麦Wx蛋白及淀粉主要性状与面条品质的关系,对26个小麦品种的Wx蛋白含量、直链淀粉含量、峰值粘度、膨胀势进行了测定,并探讨了其与面条品质的关系。结果表明．三种Wx蛋白亚基的含量与面条品质均呈显著负相关．相关系数分别为-0．598、-0．446和-0．451;直链淀粉含量与面条品质呈显著负相关,相关系数为-0．711;峰值粘度和膨胀势与面条品质呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0．614和0．601。表明三种Wx蛋白亚基及直链淀粉含量、峰值粘度、膨胀势均与面条品质有密切关系,呈显著相关（正向或负向）。     

中麦175馒头和面条品质稳定性分析

为给优质小麦育种和生产提供参考依据,以优质小麦新品种中麦175于2010-2011年度在河北和北京14个地点的样品为材料,分析了磨粉品质、面粉和面片颜色、面团流变学和淀粉糊化特性、馒头和面条加工品质。结果表明,中麦175为馒头和面条兼用型优质品种,特点是软质、中偏弱的面筋强度、面粉颜色白,多数品质性状较稳定,籽粒硬度、PPO活性、面片a*值、稳定时间、拉伸面积、延展性和最大抗延阻力的变异系数较大,馒头加工品质地点间变异大于面条。磨粉品质和面团流变学参数对馒头加工品质有显著影响,籽粒硬度和出粉率对馒头表面颜色有显著负向影响,相关系数分别为-0.82(P<0.01)和-0.58(P<0.05);面粉L*值高,馒头加工品质好,二者相关系数为0.72(P<0.01);吸水率与馒头总分呈显著负相关(r=-0.84,P<0.01),稳定时间、拉伸面积、延展性和最大抗延阻力与馒头总分呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.85(P<0.01)、0.77(P<0.01)、0.62(P<0.05)和0.70(P<0.01)。降低PPO活性和吸水率,提高蛋白质含量、出粉率和黄色素含量可以改善面粉和面片颜色的亮白度,增加部分黄度,形成消费者可接受的奶白色。淀粉糊化特性对馒头和面条加工品质无显著影响。上述信息对改良小麦品质的稳定性有重要意义。     

新疆冬小麦品种品质性状与面包、馒头、面条加工品质的关系

为了给优质面包、馒头、面条专用品种选育提供品质辅助选择指标,以30份新疆冬小麦品种(包括自育品种和引进品种)为材料,分析了新疆冬小麦品种品质性状与面包、馒头、面条加工品质的关系.回归分析结果表明,小麦籽粒性状、面粉品质、面团特性、淀粉糊化特性以及面粉色泽对新疆冬小麦品种面包、馒头和面条加工品质均有显著影响;面粉灰分、湿面筋、稀懈值、亮度和红度是影响面包、馒头和面条加工品质的共同品质性状;形成时间、稳定时间、延展度是影响面包和面条加工品质的共同品质性状;而籽粒性状仅对新疆冬小麦品种馒头加工品质有显著影响.相关分析结果表明,千粒重、形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸面积、最大拉伸阻力、红度和黄度与面包总分呈显著相关关系,相关系数分别为0.460、0.516、0.537、0.719、0.707、0.534和-0.403;籽粒蛋白质含量、面粉蛋白含量和湿面筋含量与馒头总分呈显著相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.397、-0.458和-0.552,面团延展度、稀懈值与面条总分呈显著相关关系,相关系数分别为0.438和0.432.从以上结果可以看出,面包与面团流变学特性,馒头与蛋白质和面筋数量,面条与面团流变学特性及淀粉糊化特性的关系更为密切,这些品质性状可以作为新疆冬小麦品种面包、馒头、面条加工品质改良时的辅助选择指标.     

河北省主推中低筋小麦品种的馒头加工品质研究

为了解河北省中低筋小麦品种的籽粒品质和馒头加工品质、评选优质馒头小麦品种,对河北省19个主推中低筋小麦品种的籽粒品质和馒头加工品质进行了测定。结果表明,除容重、出粉率、面粉色泽L*值、面粉白度、籽粒蛋白质含量、糊化温度、吸水率外,河北省主栽中低筋小麦品种品质性状的遗传变异范围较大,19个参试小麦品种馒头综合评分平均为78.4分,变化范围67.8~85.7分;达到良好馒头标准(80~90分)的共有9个品种,分别为良星66、石优17、石新828、良星99、科麦1号、永麦1号、邢麦4号、济麦22、和冀丰703。馒头高度与拉伸曲线面积、拉伸阻力、P值和W值极显著正相关,与稳定时间显著正相关;馒头评分与P值和W值极显著正相关;馒头比容与稳定时间、粉质质量指数、拉伸曲线面积、延伸度、拉伸阻力、P值、G值和W值负相关。馒头评分与馒头坚实度极显著负相关,与馒头硬度显著负相关,说明馒头坚实度对馒头感官品质影响较大。     

旱地小麦新品种小冰麦143品质特性研究

为了了解旱地小麦新品种小冰麦143的品质特性，采用国际(ICC)、国家(GB)标准分析方法，将小冰走143的部分品质性状(蛋白质品质、面团流变学特性、淀粉特性、蛋白质电泳特性)及其食品(面包、面条、馒头)的加工品质与晋走47和长武134进行了对比与分析。结果表明，小冰麦143的籽粒品质优于长武134和晋走47；蛋白质品质、面团漉变学特性与长武134、晋麦47相近；馒头加工品质优于这两个品种；面包加工品质与这两个品种也相近；加工面条韧性差，干物质失落率比长武134和晋麦47高，面条加工品质较差。参照国家有关标准综合评价，小冰走143是一个具有良好食品加工特性的面包、馒头兼用型小麦新品种。     

低筋小麦配粉及其对加工品质的影响

为改良湿面筋含量较高、面筋指数和稳定时间较低的这一类型小麦的加工品质,选择这三个指标相差较大的三个小麦品种为材料进行配粉,将湿面筋含量较高、面筋指数和稳定时间较低的小麦品种郑麦618的面粉按照0、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%比例分别与面筋指数和稳定时间较高的小麦品种新麦26或郑麦7698的面粉混合,组成不同类型的配粉,对其湿面筋含量、面筋指数、沉淀指数、面团流变学特性、淀粉RVA糊化特性以及面条和馒头的加工品质进行了比较。结果表明,当两个原粉被测指标数值差异显著时,配粉的湿面筋含量、面团流变学特征参数、峰值粘度、最低粘度和最终粘度均随着原粉数值较大一方添加比例的增加而增加。当两个原粉被测指标数值差异不显著时,配粉被测指标的数值会出现大于或小于原粉的现象,比如面筋指数、延伸性和沉淀指数;但衰减值和糊化温度不符合此规律,衰减值更接近于数值较高的原粉,糊化温度更接近于数值较低的原粉。相关性分析表明,面条总分与峰值粘度、最低粘度、衰减值呈正相关,与面团流变学特性参数呈负相关,相关系数较小;馒头总分与面筋指数、沉淀指数、形成时间、稳定时间、能量、拉伸阻力、延伸性和最大拉伸阻力呈极显著负相关,与淀粉糊化各特征值相关性不显著。上述结果证实,优质面条粉和馒头粉均不需要面筋质量过高,优质面条粉的湿面筋含量为30.3%～32.2%,面筋指数为75.2～81.4,稳定时间为4.5～7.2 min,最高粘度为2 330～2 468 cP,最低粘度为1 504～1 607 cP;优质馒头粉的湿面筋含量为30.2%～32.0%,面筋指数为70.8～81.4,稳定时间为3.5～9.1 min。面条和馒头评分结果表明,湿面筋含量较高（30%以上）,面筋指数低的这一类型的小麦可以通过搭配面筋指数较高的小麦来改良其加工 品质。     

黄淮冬麦区南部主要推广小麦品种的馒头加工品质研究

为了解中国黄淮冬麦区南部地区推广小麦品种的籽粒品质和馒头加工品质,并评选优质馒头小麦品种,对黄淮冬麦区南部42个小麦主栽品种的26个品质指标和馒头加工品质进行了测定.结果表明,42个小麦品种的籽粒和馒头品质性状,除淀粉含量、面粉亮度和白度及馒头比容特性外,其他性状的遗传变异范围较大;馒头总评分平均75.8分,达到80分以上的品种有10个,占24%;适合制作优质馒头的品种有豫农035、郑育麦029、周99133、周麦16、花培5号、周麦19、偃展4110、漯4518、豫麦34、丰舞981.馒头总评分与面粉白度和亮度呈极显著正相关,与面粉灰分、直链淀粉含量和膨胀势呈显著负相关,与其他品质指标相关性较小,没达到显著水平.     

面条品质评价指标及评价方法的研究

为了全面科学地评价小麦品种的面条加工特性,测定了29个北方小麦品种的面粉品质和鲜湿面条的制作品质,采用相关分析和多元回归分析方法,分析了面粉品质指标与鲜面条加工品质之间的关系.结果表明,面条的蒸煮损失率、拉伸强度、拉断力、延伸率与面条综合得分间的相关系数分别为-0.429、0.944、0.796和0.398,相关性很强,可以用作面条品质的辅助评价指标,即辅助综合得分来评价面条品质;面团的形成时间、稳定时间及弱化度与面条的综合得分和蒸煮损失率均呈极显著相关,面粉中的总淀粉含量与面条的综合得分呈显著相关,并且面粉白度、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值、吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度、总淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量、支直链淀粉比等12项指标都不同程度地进入了面条的上述5个品质评价指标的回归方程,进一步说明用这5个指标来综合评价面条品质是可取的.根据面条各品质指标的相关性推出各品质指标在面条综合评价中所占的权重,再将利用回归方程算出的5个面条品质评价指标的数据进行标准化处理以消除量纲的影响后,即可计算出某个小麦品种所生产面条的综合评价分数.本研究即通过这一方法从29个供试小麦品种中优选出了6个优质面条用小麦品种,它们分别是洛展1号、泰山23、温麦4号、太空6号、淮麦16、温麦8号.     

山西主栽小麦品种蒸煮食品加工性比较

为了解近年山西主栽小麦品种的品质性状及蒸煮面食制品加工适宜性、筛选优质面条和馒头小麦品种,以晋麦95号为对照,对山西省近五年21个主推小麦品种的籽粒、面粉品质性状及面条、馒头加工品质特性进行了系统检测与分析。结果表明,山西省近五年主推小麦品种多为中强筋品种,所占比例为63.6%,大部分品质性状的遗传多样性较为丰富;适宜制作面条的小麦品种有15个,占所有品种的68.2%。21个主推小麦品种馒头综合评分平均为82.0分,变化范围77.0～88.5分;达到良好馒头标准(80～90分)的共有14个品种;晋麦92、晋麦47、运旱139-1、运旱805、济麦23、品育8012、运旱618、晋麦101的馒头感官评分均高于对照。面条、馒头感官评分与小麦面粉的形成时间、稳定时间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与弱化度呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与质构参数(TPA)的内聚性、胶黏性和咀嚼度均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。山西近五年主推小麦品种有较好的蒸煮加工品质特性。     

黄淮南部小麦品种品质现状分析

为了了解黄淮南部小麦的品质现状，以1999—2001年度参加国家黄淮南片区试品种(系)为材料，对其品质性状、品质性状的年际变化、品质性状之间的相关性及品种品质分类进行了分析。结果表明，黄淮南片的区试品种(系)的平均蛋白质、湿面筋含量中等，分别为14．1％和30．2％，品种间变异大于年际间变异，总体面筋强度居中，中筋小麦品种(系)占95．7％；蛋白质含量与湿面筋含量呈极显著正相关(r分别为0．8802和0．7032))，与面团稳定时间相关性不显著。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.