植物铝毒害研究进展

综述了国内外有关植物铝毒害的研究进展 ,其中包括铝的形态及其植物毒性、植物铝毒害的症状、植物铝毒害的生理生化反应 (包括对养分、水分的吸收和运输、光合作用、呼吸作用、质膜透性、活性氧代谢、氮代谢、碳水化合物代谢、核酸代谢等的影响 )。     

铝毒害与森林衰退研究评述

综述了国内外森林衰退与铝毒害研究现状.国外诸多研究表明,森林衰退与铝毒害有着紧密联系,但国内大面积多树种人工林衰退是否与铝毒害有关,尚未引起学术界的高度重视.     

植物重金属毒害及其抗性机理研究进展

本文综述了植物重金属毒害及其抗性方面的研究。分析了重金属影响植物的光合作用、呼吸作用,影响植物激素、碳水化合物等的形成等生化过程;并从植物根际环境、重金属的排斥、形成类-金属硫蛋白和植物络合素以及抗氧化系统形成等方面进行了抗性机理解释。     

铝对植物生长发育及生理活动的影响

铝是地壳中含量最高的金属元素,以固定态形式存在的铝对植物和环境没有毒害作用,而离子态铝才对其产生影响。通过过量铝对小麦、黑麦、荞麦、甘蔗、杉木、马尾松等植物的生长发育及生理活动影响的诸多研究成果归纳分析认为:(1)铝主要对植物的根、茎、叶、花、果实、种子6个器官的生长发育造成影响,进而导致植物产量的下降;(2)铝对植物的一些生理活动,如有机酸的分泌、细胞活动、酶活性光合作用造成不良影响。据此对植物的耐铝性及其遗传特性进程了分析;并对其相关的研究以讨论的方式作了展望。     

四川盆周山地杉木人工林衰退与铝毒害阈值的探讨

根据四川盆周山地杉木人工林调查分析数据,借鉴国内外森林土壤酸化研究方法,在立地分类基础上,确定二代杉木人工纯林作为研究对象,选择根际土壤ｐＨ 值（ＫＣｌ） 、Ａｌ３＋ 、Ｃａ２＋ ／Ａｌ３ ＋ 和凋落物Ｃａ２ ＋／（Ｃａ２ ＋ ＋Ｆｅ３＋ ＋ Ａｌ３＋ ） 作为参数,探讨杉木人工林衰退与铝毒害阈值。研究结果表明,有的林地立地质量差,树种与立地不相适应,导致杉木人工林生产力下降;另有的林地,虽然立地条件较好,但是已出现铝毒害,导致杉木人工林衰退。铝毒害阈值是ｐＨ≤４－１８ ,Ａｌ３ ＋ ≥３１－６６ ｍｇ／ｋｇ,Ｃａ２ ＋ ／Ａｌ３＋ ≤１－８０９ ｍｏｌ／ｍｏｌ 和Ｃａ２＋ ／（Ｃａ２ ＋ ＋ Ｆｅ３ ＋ ＋ Ａｌ３＋ ）≤０－５５ ｍｏｌ／ｍｏｌ。     

酸铝对杉木磷吸收和代谢的影响

用＾３２Ｐ示踪原子法通过水培试验研究了酸性条件下铝对１年生杉木的根和叶磷吸收和代谢的影响。结果表明,在ｐＨ＝３时,用酸铝处理根和叶后,根中＾３２Ｐ－无机磷增加到对照的１９５％,叶片＾３２Ｐ－无机磷转运指数由４３．０降低到２０．０。根的Ｐ总含量中的各＾３２Ｐ－化俣物比例发生较大变化,无机磷增加到对照的１７５％,有机化合物,脂类化合物,ＤＮＡ,ＲＮＡ分别减少到对照的５５％,４２％,３６％,４０％;叶中     

森林生态系统铝毒危害研究进展

铝毒是酸性条件下抑制林木生长、造成森林大面积衰退的主要原因.近年来, 世界各国针对铝毒害机理及植物的耐铝机制进行了大量研究, 然而目前研究者对植物铝毒报道多限于农作物, 对林业铝毒的综述性报道还不多见.文中从森林土壤铝毒产生的原因、铝毒害机理、林木响应机制、铝毒对森林生态系统的危害以及防治措施等方面综述了森林生态系统铝毒的研究进展, 对我国森林资源保护和林木管理具有重要意义; 并提出林业铝毒研究存在的问题及今后的研究方向, 为进一步开展林业铝毒研究提供参考.     

不同铝毒害对毛竹笋营养品质影响的研究

铝毒害是酸性土壤中植物生长发育的一个主要限制因素,为了探讨不同铝毒害对毛竹笋营养品质的影响规律,试验采用二因素正交旋转回归设计,分析不同试验处理对笋品质的影响。     

重金属污染毒害与植物修复机制研究

伴随日趋严重的重金属污染问题,植物修复的可能机制与植物在重金属胁迫下的损伤与抗性研究成为研究热点。     

木本植物重金属毒害及抗性机理

主要从重金属对木本植物毒害作用和木本植物对重金属的抗性机理方面,综述了国内外在该领域的研究进展,并分析了现阶段在研究重金属对木本植物的毒害和木本植物对重金属的抗性机理方面存在的问题,提出了今后的研究趋势。     

Effective combinations of functional groups in chemically modified kraft lignins for reduction of aluminum toxicity

Plant growth tests were performed with radish (Raphanus sativa var. radicula Pers.) in culture solutions containing low molecular weight compounds in the presence of aluminum to determine the types of functional groups in kraft lignin (KL) modified with ozone and alkali that contributed to reducing aluminum toxicity. The low molecular weight compounds used in this study contained carboxyl, formyl, methoxyl, alcohol hydroxyl, and phenolic hydroxyl groups. The compounds that had adjacent two carboxyl groups (oxalic acid), carboxyl/alcohol hydroxyl groups (glycolic acid), or carboxyl/formyl groups (glyoxylic acid) were effective in reducing aluminum toxicity. Malonic acid, having two carboxyl groups, also reduced aluminum toxicity. The ability of ozone-treated KLs to reduce aluminum toxicity was considered to be partly due to these chemical structures. Protocatechuic acid, having two adjacent phenolic hydroxyl groups, was also effective in reducing aluminum toxicity. This indicated that the effectiveness of the alkaline-treated KL was partly due to its catechol structure. This report was presented in part at the 58th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tsukuba, Japan, March 2008     

亚热带山地土壤碳动态与吸存研究进展

简述了森林土壤有机碳的来源与损失,概述了森林经营、植被条件、自然条件、山地利用方式以及不同的环境因素等对山地土壤有机碳的影响,总结介绍了当前对土壤碳储量动态变化的研究进展,为恢复亚热带山地土壤肥力、缓解全球变暖提供基础理论依据。     

Root parameters of forest trees as sensitive indicators of acidifying pollutants: a review of research of Japanese forest trees

The root parameters of forest trees can be indicators of a changing environment. We summarize the results of root studies with regard to the effects of acidifying pollutants, especially soil acidification and aluminum toxicity, on various root parameters of Japanese forest trees under experimentally controlled conditions. All root parameters such as biomass, morphology, nutritional status, and physiology can be regarded as indicators, because, under laboratory conditions, root responses occur prior to the responses in the aboveground parts. However, considering the conditions of forest sites, the nutritional status and physiological changes are better indicators of soil acidification and Al stress than the biomass and morphological response. The currently available data suggest that the most important indicator is the Ca/Al molar ratio in roots of Japanese tree species. In order to predict and detect the initial effects of soil acidification, we postulate that the specific root response to the Ca/Al molar ratio of tree roots should be considered as a parameter for use in long-term forest monitoring sites.     

Reduction of aluminum toxicity to radish by alkaline oxygen treated kraft lignin

To obtain a soil-conditioning agent for acid soil containing excess aluminum ions (AL), kraft lignin was modified by alkaline oxygen treatment. The growth of radish root in solution and in soil containing AL with or without addition of these lignins under controlled pH was examined. We concluded the following. Growth inhibition of radish roots by AL can be removed by adding alkaline oxygentreated lignins in the range of pH 4.5–4.8 in soil. A similar result was obtained at pH 4.5 in a culture solution. The reduction of AL toxicity to plant may be due to the aggregation between AL and the modified lignin at low concentrations of modified lignin because soluble AL could not be detected. On other hand, elongation of radish root was not obviously inhibited, although the soluble AL in the solution culture was at an extremely high level when the dosage of a modified lignin was high. This suggests that the reduction in AL toxicity to plants was due to formation of a complex between AL and acidic groups of the modified lignin.Part of this report was presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 1999 and the 44th Lignin Symposium, Gifu, October 1999     

林下药用植物刺五加和无梗五加研究进展

本文对刺五加和无梗五加生物学特性、化学成分和药理活性进行比较,结果表明:刺五加与无梗五加在形态特征和分布上大体相同,但化学成分和药理活性却有所不同。未来对刺五加进行研究、开发、利用的同时,应对无梗五加开展深入研究。     

水体突发性事故应急监测技术及研究进展

应急监测是突发性环境污染事故处置与善后处理中的重要环节。在水体污染物含量突发性升高的情况下,目前尚无对其实现原位、实时、快速的有效监测方法。作者讨论了水体突发性事故应急监测技术进展,对基于生物毒性的水体突发事故应急监测技术进行了全面论述。     

Development of acid soil conditioning agent from lignin by ozone treatment I

A purified softwood kraft lignin was modified by ozone treatment and its activity as an acid soil conditioning agent, mainly focusing on elimination of aluminum toxicity, was assayed by planting experiments. The growth of radish root was examined in nutrient solution containing CaCl₂ and AlCl₃ at pH 4.8 with and without modified kraft lignins. The modified kraft lignins that absorbed 1.8 and 3.9 moles of ozone per C6-C3 unit (M _w 180) showed two effects: the elimination of aluminum toxicity and the acceleration of root growth. The effect on the elimination of aluminum toxicity was observed even with modified kraft lignin that absorbed 1.0 mole of ozone per C6-C3 unit. The high molecular weight part of the modified kraft lignin that absorbed 3.9 moles of ozone per C6-C3 unit also proved to be effective not only in elimination of aluminum toxicity but also in acceleration of root growth. The acceleration effect of ozone-treated lignins on root growth was also observed under the absence of aluminum in planting experiments. This report was presented in part at the 56th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Akita, Japan, August 2006