补铁对高原瘦肉型母系猪白系哺乳仔猪的影响

选用高原瘦肉型母系猪白系哺乳仔猪25窝261头,随机按窝分为两组。试验组13窝139头仔猪2日龄,采用深部肌肉注射的方法,头均补给右旋糖苷铁1ml（含铁100mg）,对照组12窝122头不注射,在相同条件下哺乳至35日龄断奶。结果表明,试验组窝均成活8．6头,比对照组（7．8头）多0．8头,差异显著（P〈0．05）;断奶个体重分别为7．2kg和7．0kg差异不显著（P〉0．05）;窝均收入试验组比对照组提高13．3％,效益明显。     

甘氨酸螯合铁、蛋氨酸螯合铜预防仔猪贫血效果的研究

选择健康、血统来源相同、预产期相近的妊娠母猪36头,随机分成两组。一组为试验组,另一组为对照组。两组母猪饲喂相同基础日粮。产前至产后两周在试验母猪日粮中添加甘氨酸螯合铁150mg/kg(以铁计,)和蛋氨酸螯合铜10mg/kg(以铜计),其所产仔猪不注射任何铁剂;对照组仔猪生后第2d肌肉注射右旋糖苷铁1ml(含铁150mg),两周龄时重复注射1次。试验结果表明,仔猪出生重、出生窝重、两周龄个体重、0周～2周日增重,两组间差异不显著(P>0.05);两周龄窝仔数,试验组显著高于对照组(P<0.05);两周龄窝重,试验组极显著地高于对照组(P<0.01)。     

注射铁制剂对仔猪生产性能的影响

选择体质健壮、胎次相近苏太母猪60头，与长白公猪杂交所产仔猪60窝，将其随机分成3组，即对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组，每组20窝，其中对照组仔猪不注射铁制剂；试验Ⅰ组仔猪3日龄注射铁制剂1次；试验Ⅱ组分别于3日龄、10日龄注射铁制剂两次。结果表明，60日龄体重、料重比，试验Ⅱ组比试验Ⅰ组差异不显著（P〉0．05），试验Ⅰ组比对照组差异显著（P〈0．05）。说明仔猪补铁是必要的，可有效预防疾病，提高成活率及日增重，经济效益增加。     

缩短仔猪断奶日龄以提高经济效益的试验

采用 1 0窝产期相近的母猪及其所产的杜长大仔猪 98头 ,随机分成两组 ,每组各 5窝 ,分别进行 1 8日龄 (试验组 )和 2 8日龄断奶 (对照组 )仔猪饲养至 56日龄的试验。结果 :两组仔猪 4 2日龄时体重已很接近 (P >0 .0 5) ,其发病次数百分率、断奶成活率和育成率的差异均不显著 (P >0 .0 5) ,试验组单位增重成本比对照组低 0 .6 9元 /kg,母猪断奶至发情间隔天数、发情持续时间、受胎率的差异均不显著(P >0 .0 5) ,母猪年产仔胎数试验组比对照组可提高 0 .2胎 /年。本试验表明 ;在工厂化养猪条件下 ,仔猪 1 8日龄断奶是可行的 ,且较 2 8日龄断奶可提高生产水平和饲料利用率     

新一代补铁剂-妈蜜铁完全替代仔猪肌注补铁制剂的对比试验

选取30头已与杜洛克公猪配种的妊娠第90天的长大二元杂种母猪及其所生的30窝仔猪进行试验，研究妈蜜铁对母猪铁营养状况及其新生仔猪铁营养状况、生长性能的影响，探讨妈蜜铁能否完全替代仔猪肌注补铁制剂。试验母猪随机分为两个处理组，每组15头，对照组母猪饲喂普通哺乳料（含母猪正常需铁量），妈蜜铁组母猪饲喂普通哺乳料＋妈蜜铁（1kg/t饲料），直到仔猪断奶。对照组仔猪出生后第2天每头肌肉注射右旋糖酐铁1mL（含铁150mg），妈蜜铁组仔猪不注射。结果表明：①妈蜜铁组与对照组的母猪在妊娠第90天时的血红蛋白浓度、红细胞数、红细胞压积差异不显著；而到产后第1天、第7天和第21天时，妈蜜铁组母猪的上述血液理化指标均高于对照组（P〉0．05）；②与对照组相比，妈蜜铁组母猪的初乳含铁量显著提高（P〈0．05），常乳含铁量也有所增加（P〉0．05）；⑧妈蜜铁组仔猪1目龄的血红蛋白浓度、红细胞数、红细胞压积均优于对照组（P〉0．05），到7日龄和21日龄时则均差异不显著；④与对照组相比，妈蜜铁组窝产活仔数增加9．77％，初生窝重增加6．80％，日增重略高，初生重、成活率两组均差异不显著。     

两种补铁制剂对哺乳仔猪血红蛋白含量及其生长性能的影响

铁元素是畜禽生长发育所必需的微量元素,是合成血红蛋白、细胞色素氧化酶等的重要原料。合理应用补铁制剂是解决哺乳仔猪缺铁性贫血的主要手段,对于猪场如何选择适合自己的补铁制剂十分重要。笔者对比了两个厂家的右旋糖酐铁注射液;在同一饲养环境下,随机选择11窝仔猪,从每窝中挑选4头或6头大小均匀的仔猪(共58头)编号打耳牌,每窝猪平均分为A、B两组;分别在3日龄给仔猪注射铁100 mg/头、记录体重和检测血红蛋白,10日龄注射铁150 mg/头和检测血红蛋白含量,21日龄记录体重和检测血红蛋白;通过比较仔猪增重效果和对仔猪血红蛋白含量的影响评判补铁的效果。结果表明:在增重方面A组平均净增重比B组多540 g明显优于B组;但在血红蛋白含量方面,两者差异较小。试验发现3日龄检测两组仔猪血红蛋白都低于正常值,在3日龄注射补铁100 mg/头后10日龄检测时两组仔猪的血红蛋白含量仍低于正常值,而10日龄肌注补铁150 mg/头后21日龄检测两组仔猪的血红蛋白含量达到了正常标准。     

哺乳仔猪补铁最佳剂量试验

选择20窝188头杜×天长三元杂交仔猪，以窝为单位分为1、2、3、4个组，第1组为对照组，2、3、4组为试验组．试验组仔猪于3日龄分别肌注富铁力1．0、1．5、2．0ml（含铁量为100mg／ml）．试验期间测定10日龄、28日龄仔猪血液中血红蛋白含量，并统计各组下痢发病情况，计算35日龄断奶存活头数、发病率、个体重和日增重．试验结呆在明：血液中血红蛋白含五随补铁量增加而提高，下痢发病率随补铁量增加而下降，但仔猪35日龄断乳重、存活率，则以补铁量150mg的为最佳，差异显著（P＜0．05）．     

给繁殖母猪添加动物性油脂对仔猪初生重及发育的影响

为防止夏季暑热期间仔猪初生重及哺育率的下降 ,采用 2 2头日本Hypor系统妊娠后期母猪进行饲料中动物性油脂添加试验 ,其中C对照组 13头 ,F试验组 9头。对F试验组母猪从分娩前 2 0日至泌乳期 14日在种猪用配合饲料中添加粉末动物性油脂 10 0g d·头。结果表明 :1.仔猪初生重F试验组比C对照组重 0 .14kg 头。 2 1日龄断奶是时仔猪窝重F组比C组多 6 .48kg 窝 ,其差异均显著 (P <0 .0 5 )。 2 .平均总产仔猪数两组间无差异 ,但平均成活产仔数、断奶头数F组比C组分别多 0 .5 6头 窝 ,0 .95头 窝 ,差异显著 (P <0 .0 5及P <0 .0 1)。     

三种不同铁制剂对哺乳仔猪体内血红蛋白及生长性能的影响

为了比较3种铁制剂对哺乳仔猪体内血红蛋白及生长性能的影响,通过试验对照方法,分别设立注射国产铁制剂A组、注射进口铁制剂B组、注射维克加强铁补乐组,试验过程中对1日龄、10日龄、20日龄的哺乳仔猪进行指标测定。结果表明,加强铁补乐组比国产铁制剂A组、进口铁制剂B组的平均日增重均显著提高,且差异极显著(P0.01)。     

P38 MAPK在断奶应激致仔猪肠黏膜屏障损伤中的作用

选用21日龄杜长大仔猪60头,随机分成3组,每组20头.①哺乳组:不断奶继续哺乳;②断奶组;③试验组:断奶前1h腹腔注射P38 MAPK通路抑制剂(SB203580)2 mg/kg,之后隔日同一时间同剂量注射.仔猪21日龄断奶,试验期为7d.分别于21,22,24,28日龄屠宰仔猪取样待测.结果表明,在22和24日龄时,试验组绒毛高度分别高于断奶组12.06％和13.49％,差异显著(P＜0.05);24和28日龄时,试验组隐窝深度分别低于断奶组11.21％和12.12％,差异显著(P＜0.05);22,24,28日龄时,试验组绒毛高度隐窝深度之比显著高于断奶组(P＜0.05).试验组血浆D乳酸含量和DAO活性在22,24,28日龄时均显著低于断奶组(P＜0.05).与断奶组相比,试验组显著降低了22日龄空肠、24日龄和28日龄回肠肠黏膜TNF α的含量(P＜0.05),而与哺乳组相比差异不显著(P＞0.05).试验结果提示:阻断P38MAPK通路可能通过降低肠黏膜TNF-α的产生,缓解断奶仔猪的肠道炎症,保护肠黏膜屏障;P38 MAPK信号通路在断奶应激致小肠黏膜屏障受损过程中起调控作用.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein