Suppression of development of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Col.: Bruchidae) in bambara groundnut seeds exposed to solar heat in the Nigerian savanna

The effect of solarization on the development of Callosobruchus maculatus was investigated in the Nigerian savanna during the hot season from April to May, 1999. Development of C. maculatus adult progeny was completely suppressed in seeds of bambara groundnut, Vigna subterranea bearing bruchid eggs or harbouring first and second instar larvae that were exposed to the sun in metal tins, clay pots or polypropylene sacks for 7, 14 or 28 h. Adults of C. maculatus developed only in seeds that were not exposed to sun. Solarization did not have a significant adverse effect on germinability of bambara groundnut seeds.     

抗虫绿豆对绿豆象生长发育及体内几种酶活性的影响

为明确抗虫绿豆对绿豆象Callosobruchus chinensis L.生长发育的抑制作用,采用室内人工接虫和生化测定的方法,研究了绿豆象幼虫取食抗虫绿豆后其体重、体内消化酶、保护酶和解毒酶活性及成虫羽化率和体重的变化。结果表明,取食抗虫绿豆的绿豆象幼虫体重、雌、雄成虫体重以及成虫羽化率分别是取食感虫绿豆的0.69、0.69、0.71及0.14倍;取食抗虫绿豆8~16 d的绿豆象幼虫中肠总蛋白酶、α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶活性均显著低于对照;保护酶超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶与解毒酶羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽转移酶的活性在绿豆象幼虫取食8~12 d时均显著高于对照,但取食14~16 d时,2种解毒酶活性与对照差异不显著。表明抗虫绿豆可抑制绿豆象幼虫中肠消化酶活性,影响其体内保护酶和解毒酶活性,从而使绿豆象幼虫不能正常生长发育。     

Phenology, damage and parasitoids of the apple leaf cutter Coenorhinus pauxillus (Germ.) (Col.: Attelabidae)

An outbreak on apple permitted a closer look at Coenorhinus pauxillus (Germar) (Col.: Attelabidae). The adult weevils emerge from mid-March onwards and attack the first unfolding leaves. Infested leaves drop when the larvae are in the 1^st or 2^nd instar, and it takes a further 4 weeks before the larvae are ready to pupate. Rearing of field-collected eggs and larvae is described. Leaf decomposition is an essential condition for pupation, as the fully-grown larvae do not leave their mine actively. Part of the population pupates more or less immediately and produces adult weevils in autumn. However, up to 70% of the weevils remain in prolonged diapause; their pupation does not take place before the summer of the following year. Damage by the weevil involves not only the loss of leaves of flower clusters and shoots, but also feeding damage to young fruits. Two parasitoids were found. Observations indicate that 3–4 subsequently more abundant generations of Anaphes brachygaster Debauche (Hym.: Mymaridae) develop in eggs of C. pauxillus. Probles brevicornisHorstmann (Hym.: Ichneumonidae, Tersilochinae) emerges in May and oviposits in young weevil larvae on the tree. The parasitoid does not develop into a pupa until its host starts pupating. The outbreak of apple leaf cutter did not decline over three years, but did not spread into adjacent plantings.     

Studies on diets and population dynamics of the cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne F. (Col., Anobiidae)

Aromatic spice crops such as coriander, Coriandrum sativum L., and fennel, Foeniculum vulgare L., are among the major seeds exported to the international market. Observations on the stores of these crops revealed differences in their susceptibility to the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F.) (Col., Anobiidae). Coriander seeds proved to be the most appropriate diet for the beetle. The population dynamics of L. serricorne (F.) was determined, showing 3 generations during the period from May to October.     

Studies on diets and population dynamics of the cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne F. (Col., Anobiidae)

Aromatic spice crops such as coriander, Coriandrum sativum L., and fennel, Foeniculum vulgare L., are among the major seeds exported to the international market. Observations on the stores of these crops revealed differences in their susceptibility to the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F.) (Col., Anobiidae). Coriander seeds proved to be the most appropriate diet for the beetle. The population dynamics of L. serricorne (F.) was determined, showing 3 generations during the period from May to October.     

The oak buprestid beetle,Agrilus biguttatus (F.) (Col., buprestidae), a recent factor in oak decline in Europe

During last years, the populations of the oak buprestid beetleAgrilus biguttatus (Fab.) in Europe have increased. In several countries, the beetles’ attacks have become a new component in oak dieback. The larvae excavate galleries under the bark of weakened trees, which are killed through the girdling. Because of the difficult diagnosis it is necessary to draw more attention to the infestations. Therefore, this paper presents a review on the literature concerning the recognition of the infestations by the insect and its bionomics.     

Infection of Tomicus piniperda (Col., Scolytidae) with Canningia tomici sp. n. (Microsporidia, Unikaryonidae)

Canningia tomici sp. n. (Microsporidia, Unikaryonidae) infects the midgut epithelium, the gut muscules, Malpighian tubules, connective tissues, adipose tissues and the gonads of the pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). The infection is present in populations of Tomicus piniperda in Europe and in the United States. Uninucleate oval single spores occur in two sizes: 2.8±0.4× 1.4±0.4m and 3.8±0.3×2.0±0.2m. The polar filament of this microsporidium is fixed subapically in a flat anchoring disc. The thick posterior lamellae of the binary polaroplast are asymmetric due to the lateral fixation of the polar filament.     

The oak buprestid beetle,Agrilus biguttatus (F.) (Col., buprestidae), a recent factor in oak decline in Europe

During last years, the populations of the oak buprestid beetleAgrilus biguttatus (Fab.) in Europe have increased. In several countries, the beetles’ attacks have become a new component in oak dieback. The larvae excavate galleries under the bark of weakened trees, which are killed through the girdling. Because of the difficult diagnosis it is necessary to draw more attention to the infestations. Therefore, this paper presents a review on the literature concerning the recognition of the infestations by the insect and its bionomics.     

Laboratory and field evaluation of the pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes to the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliv.) (Col.: Curculionidae)

Ten Egyptian and imported entomopathogenic nematodes were evaluated for their pathogenicity to R. ferrugineus in both the laboratory and the field. In the laboratory, most nematodes were pathogenic to the pest larvae, pupae and adults. Larvae and adults were more susceptible to nematode infection (mostly 100% mortality) than pupae enclosed in their cocoons. In the field however, the highest insect larval mortality was 66.67% and most of nematodes failed in controlling the pest. Such failure could be due to hot weather, the tunnelling behaviour of the pest larvae and the too much sap in the infested sites in the trunks of palm trees.     

Laboratory and field evaluation of the pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes to the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliv.) (Col.: Curculionidae)

Ten Egyptian and imported entomopathogenic nematodes were evaluated for their pathogenicity to R. ferrugineus in both the laboratory and the field. In the laboratory, most nematodes were pathogenic to the pest larvae, pupae and adults. Larvae and adults were more susceptible to nematode infection (mostly 100% mortality) than pupae enclosed in their cocoons. In the field however, the highest insect larval mortality was 66.67% and most of nematodes failed in controlling the pest. Such failure could be due to hot weather, the tunnelling behaviour of the pest larvae and the too much sap in the infested sites in the trunks of palm trees.     

三七黑斑病的综合防治研究

 "三七黑斑病"在云南省文山州各县,广西省靖西等县三七产区,普遍发生,一般发病率为20~35%,严重达90%以上,是造成三七产量和种子大幅度减产的主要原因。经鉴定该病系Alternaria panax Whetz侵染所致,是我国三七生产上的一种新病害。
本病原菌能在病残体中越冬,成为第二年主要初次侵染源。孢子发芽适温为18~24℃,在温度18℃和相对湿度80%接种,潜育期为5~7天,在温度20℃和相对湿度90%以上,潜育期相应缩短。
该病于3月三七出苗发生。高温多湿雨季蔓延快,为害重。
采取综合防治:加强田间管理,及时清除发病中心病株,喷退菌特、代森铵、代森锌、百菌清、炭疽福镁等农药,有显著防效。     

Infection of Tomicus piniperda (Col., Scolytidae) with Canningia tomici sp. n. (Microsporidia, Unikaryonidae)

Canningia tomici sp. n. (Microsporidia, Unikaryonidae) infects the midgut epithelium, the gut muscules, Malpighian tubules, connective tissues, adipose tissues and the gonads of the pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). The infection is present in populations of Tomicus piniperda in Europe and in the United States. Uninucleate oval single spores occur in two sizes: 2.8±0.4× 1.4±0.4m and 3.8±0.3×2.0±0.2m. The polar filament of this microsporidium is fixed subapically in a flat anchoring disc. The thick posterior lamellae of the binary polaroplast are asymmetric due to the lateral fixation of the polar filament.     

Monitoring ofHylobius abietis (L.) (Col., Curculionidae) populations by two types of baited pitfall traps

Two types of baited pitfall traps with standardized food attractants (alpha-pinene, 96% ethanol and water) were compared in monitoringHylobius abietis (L.) populations at several localities in southern Bohemia (Czech Republic). The smaller type (volume 1 l)) proved less useful in comparison with the larger type (volume 15 l). The latter type is described and discussed in more detail with respect to its application in the field.Zwei Typen von Bodenfallen, beködert mit standardisiertem Fraßlockstoff (-Pinen; 96% Äthanol; Wasser) wurden zur Überwachung vonH. abietis an verschiedenen Standorten im südlichen Böhmen (C R) verglichen. Der kleinere Typ (Volumen 1 l) erwies sich als weniger gut geeignet als der größere Typ (Volumen 15 l). Letzterer wird ausführlich beschrieben und hinsichtlich seiner Anwendung im Freiland erörtert.

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With 2 figures     

Deterrent effects of some botanical products on oviposition of the cowpea bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Extracts from nine plant materials were tested in choice and no-choice tests as oviposition deterrents for cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) on chickpea, Cicer arietinum L. Seed treatment with 0.1% crude extract of materials resulted in a significant reduction in ovipositional preference of the bruchid. The highest repellency was found in Rhazya stricta leaves (82%), Azadirachta indica seeds (76.8%), Heliotropium bacciferum aerial parts (59.2%) and citrus peels (58.6%). Progeny production was significantly reduced: only 11.5, 11.9, 12.4, 13.4 and 14.8% of the eggs deposited reached adulthood in R. stricta, neem seeds, Piper nigrum, citrus peels and H. bacciferum, respectively. F1 females laid significantly fewer eggs in response to R. stricta, neem seeds, Eugenia caryophyllata cloves, H. bacciferum, citrus peels and P. nigrum. Percentage reduction in F₂ progeny ranged between 71.4% with R. stricta-treated seeds and 24.5% in the P. nigrum treatment.     

Beetles (Coleoptera) caught with pheromones of Gnathotrichus retusus and G. sulcatus (Col., Scolytidae) in southern Finland

The ambrosia beetle Gnathotrichus materiarius, which originally came from North America, was discovered in southern Finland in 1996. In 1997, using Norwegian drainpipe traps baited with pheromones of Gnathotrichus retusus and G. sulcatus, we collected beetles in the region where the first specimen had been caught in order to determine whether this potential pest species had become established in the area. Samples from a total of 16 traps included 79 species of beetles and 719 individuals, but no specimens of G. materiarius. The most abundant species in the samples were the ambrosia beetles Xyleborus dispar and Trypodendron lineatum. Several predators and other associates of bark beetles were also captured. The majority of the beetles caught were saproxylic species.     

Beetles (Coleoptera) caught with pheromones of Gnathotrichus retusus and G. sulcatus (Col., Scolytidae) in southern Finland

The ambrosia beetle Gnathotrichus materiarius, which originally came from North America, was discovered in southern Finland in 1996. In 1997, using Norwegian drainpipe traps baited with pheromones of Gnathotrichus retusus and G. sulcatus, we collected beetles in the region where the first specimen had been caught in order to determine whether this potential pest species had become established in the area. Samples from a total of 16 traps included 79 species of beetles and 719 individuals, but no specimens of G. materiarius. The most abundant species in the samples were the ambrosia beetles Xyleborus dispar and Trypodendron lineatum. Several predators and other associates of bark beetles were also captured. The majority of the beetles caught were saproxylic species.     

Role of chemical characteristics of the seed coat in the resistance of selected cowpea varieties to Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in Nigeria

The role of seed coat chemical factors in the resistance of the cowpea varieties, Kanannado, IT89KD-391 and Borno brown, to the cowpea seed bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), was investigated under laboratory conditions (30-35C and 65-67% RH) in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Significantly higher numbers of eggs were laid on de-coated than on intact Kanannado seeds whereas significantly smaller numbers of eggs were laid on de-coated than on intact IT89KD-391 or Borno brown seeds. Susceptibility was higher in de-coated than in intact Kanannado seeds (susceptibility indices [SI] 3.4 and 0.0, respectively). Egg-hatch was significantly reduced in seeds with intact seed coats by 88.6%, while the proportion of eggs that failed to hatch in de-coated seeds was 31.9%. Treatment of Borno brown seeds especially with 32 and 64 mg of extracts from Kanannado and IT89KD-391 seed coats, reduced oviposition by 61.9% and 95.2%, respectively. Treatment with 32 mg of the seed coat extracts reduced egg-hatch by 49.2%. Identical dosages (32 and 64 mg) of these seed coat extracts also significantly reduced susceptibility ofBorno brown to C. maculatus (SI values 6.7 and 1.5, respectively). Comparable SI values for Borno brown treated with 16 mg of the seed coat extracts or extract-free acetone were 14.9 and 14.0, respectively.     

Olfactory reactions ofCryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Col., Coccinellidae) andChrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neur., Chrysopidae) in relation to period of starvation

In a laboratory study, it was tried to measure the extent of olfactory responses of two predators namelyCryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant andChrysoperla carnea (Stephens) to their respective preys at varied levels of their starvation. Results indicated that both the predators, irrespective of their developmenta stage, oriented more positively to their preys odour when they were deprived of food for certain period of time than they did so when tested directly without subjecting them to starvation. The first, second, third and fourth instar larvae and adults ofC. montrouzieri showed maximum response at 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 12 h and 24 h of starvation, respectively. Similarly, the larvae ofC. carnea responded maximum with 4 h, 8 h and 12 h of hunger in first, second and third instar, respectively. However it was also evident that the continued starvation for more than certain ideal period affected the predators olfactory orientation negatively. But the adults ofC. montrouzieri differed slightly in their behavior as they could respond positively for comparatively longer period of starvation.In Laborversuchen wurde das Ausmaß der olfaktorischen Reaktionen der beiden PrädatorenCryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant undChrysoperla carnea (Stephens) auf deren BeuteinsektenPlanococcus citri Risso respektiveAcyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) und in Abhängigkeit von der Dauer einer vorangegangenen Hungerperiode, namentlich 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 und 24 Stunden, ermittelt. Wie die Ergebnisse belegen, reagieren beide Prädatoren-Arten unabhängig vom jeweiligen Entwicklungsstadium stärker auf den Geruch ihrer Beute, wenn sie zuvor eine bestimmte Zeit unter Ausschluß von Nahrung gehalten worden waren. Dabei zeigte sich bei den Larven beider Arten ein typischer Verlauf der Attraktivität durch die Beute, nach dem diese mit zunehmender Dauer der Hungerperiode zunächst zunahm, um nach einem Maximum wieder deutlich abzufallen. Dieser Verlauf erwies sich für die einzelnen Larvenstadien als unterschiedlich. So wurde fürC. montrouzieri das Maximum bei den L₁-Larven mit durchschnittlich 9,33 von 15 durch die Beute angelockten Individuen bereits nach einer Hungerperiode von 4 h erreicht, für die L₂ jedoch mit 9,50 Individuen erst nach 8 und für die L₃ sowie L₄ erst nach 12 h mit 8,83 respektive 9,17 Individuen. Lediglich bei denC. montrouzieri-Adulten war eine kontinuierliche Zunahme der Attraktivität der Beute während des Untersuchungszeitraums von 24 h festzustellen, wobei das Maximum bei 10,00 Individuen lag. Analog wurde für das ersteC. carnea-Larvenstadium bei einer 4stündigen Hungerperiode mit 55,5% attrahierten Individuen das Maximum erreicht, wohingegen das zweite Stadium mit 61,1% bei der 8- und das dritte mit 65,5% bei der 12stündigen Hungerperiode die maximale Attraktion durch die Beute aufwies.

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With one table and one figure     

Parasitoids of Saperda populnea (L.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on aspen ( Populus tremula L.) in Bulgaria

The parasitoids of Saperda populnea (L.) (Col.: Cerambycidae) were studied in Bulgaria during the period 1997–2001. Galls with pest larvae were collected from young aspen trees at eight locations (Sofia, Kokaliane, Plana, Churek, Gorni Lom, Gintzi, Dolno Kamartzi and Klisura) and examined under laboratory conditions. Four species were reared from 1118 galls containing overwintering pest larvae: Iphiaulax impostor (Scop.) (Hym.: Braconidae), Dolichomitus populneus (Ratz.), Schreineria populnea (Gir.) (Hym.: Ichneumonidae) and Billaea irrorata (Meig.) (Dipt.: Tachinidae). All of the parasitoids were solitary. Schreineria populnea was found as a new parasitoid of the host in Bulgaria. B. irrorata emerged mainly from late-stage S. populnea larvae; the remaining species from both early- and mid-stage larvae. In the parasitoid complex of S. populnea, the most numerous were B. irrorata (59.8%) and D. populneus (29.4%). The percentage of host larval parasitism varied from 2.4 to 33.3, with an average of 9.7%. B. irrorata was the most important in reducing the pest number. The average mortality of S. populnea caused by the tachinid was 5.8%, and the highest mortality observed in individual study was 20.2%.     

Parasitoids of Saperda populnea (L.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on aspen (Populus tremula L.) in Bulgaria

The parasitoids of Saperda populnea (L.) (Col.: Cerambycidae) were studied in Bulgaria during the period 1997–2001. Galls with pest larvae were collected from young aspen trees at eight locations (Sofia, Kokaliane, Plana, Churek, Gorni Lom, Gintzi, Dolno Kamartzi and Klisura) and examined under laboratory conditions. Four species were reared from 1118 galls containing overwintering pest larvae: Iphiaulax impostor (Scop.) (Hym.: Braconidae), Dolichomitus populneus (Ratz.), Schreineria populnea (Gir.) (Hym.: Ichneumonidae) and Billaea irrorata (Meig.) (Dipt.: Tachinidae). All of the parasitoids were solitary. Schreineria populnea was found as a new parasitoid of the host in Bulgaria. B. irrorata emerged mainly from late-stage S. populnea larvae; the remaining species from both early- and mid-stage larvae. In the parasitoid complex of S. populnea, the most numerous were B. irrorata (59.8%) and D. populneus (29.4%). The percentage of host larval parasitism varied from 2.4 to 33.3, with an average of 9.7%. B. irrorata was the most important in reducing the pest number. The average mortality of S. populnea caused by the tachinid was 5.8%, and the highest mortality observed in individual study was 20.2%.