黑龙江省第二积温带水稻新品种产量稳定性分析

以黑龙江省第二积温带2014年审定的10个水稻新品种为材料,采用随机区组设计,分析了黑龙江省第二季温带水稻新品种产量的稳定性。结果表明,供试的10个品种中,绥粳16的产量受环境影响较小,稳产性好;龙粳42的产量受环境影响较大,产量不稳定,但在适宜的条件下能够获得高产;参试品种在4个试验地点的表现有很大区别,不同品种在延寿县的表现较好,在方正县的产量差异较大,但是在适宜条件下能获得高产。参试的10个品种中有7个品种其亲本来自2个骨干亲本绥粳3号、绥粳4号,形成2条主干系,由这2大干系参与育成或者衍生出的水稻品种占了供试品种的70%,这7个品种稳产性表现较好。     

寒地水稻产量稳定性分析

水稻产量由多种因素决定,不同年份、不同管理水平、不同品种产量各不相同,但不同品种间适应性、稳定性存在着差异。AMMI试验结果表明,绥粳9号稳产性比较好,其次是绥粳8号、龙稻3号,绥粳10号有较大增产潜力。绥粳8号、绥粳9号、绥粳10号、绥粳11号、龙稻3号、东农416均适宜在黑龙江省63监狱、鸡西、庆安种植;其中,绥粳10在鸡西地区的增产潜力较大,鸡西地区是其最适宜栽培地点;绥粳11号、东农416在鸡西地区也有较大增产潜力;而龙稻3号则在庆安有较大增产潜力。     

超级杂交稻氮素吸收利用的基因型差异及其产量表现

为了探讨不同生态条件下超级杂交稻氮素吸收利用的基因型差异及其产量表现,2007年在长沙、桂东和南县进行了大田栽培试验。结果表明：（1）超级杂交稻地上部植株氮素吸收量的基因型差异显著．其中准两优527最高,3地点平均为155．3kg／hm^2,两优293最低,3地点平均为129．6kg／hm^2;（2）不同超级杂交稻产量显著高于对照品种汕优63和常规稻品种胜泰1号,10个品种3地点平均产量为9．22t／hm^2,比对照品种增产12．1％;（3）超级杂交稻氮素需要量均低于对照品种汕优63和常规稻品种胜泰1号,不同基因型品种间存在较大差异,10个品种3地点平均为14,53～17．21kg／1000kg。     

辽宁省水稻新品种产量及产量结构与环境效应的方差分析

以辽宁省2004～2005年中晚熟水稻区试参试品种为试材,分析了水稻品种在不同试点的产量和产量结构的差异,方差分析表明:水稻品种产量的变化主要受环境效应影响,年份×地点互作效应是影响产量的主要随机因素。每穴穗数、每穗总粒数、成粒率、千粒重都与产量有显著线性效应,每穴穗数和每穗总粒数对产量的直接作用较大,每穗总粒数通过每穴穗数对产量表现为显著负向作用。     

干湿交替灌溉对抗旱性不同水稻品种产量的影响及其生理原因分析

【目的】旨在阐明全生育期干湿交替灌溉对抗旱性不同水稻品种产量的影响。【方法】以抗旱性差异显著的4个水稻品种(籼稻扬稻6号和两优培九,粳稻旱优8号和镇稻88)为材料,以常规水层灌溉(CI)为对照,在盆栽条件下研究了轻干湿交替灌溉(WMD)和重干湿交替灌溉(WSD)对水稻产量、根系、叶片及籽粒部分生理特性的影响。【结果】与CI相比,WMD处理下抗旱性较强品种扬稻6号和旱优8号产量分别提高6.90%和7.45%,抗旱性较弱品种两优培九和镇稻88产量分别降低7.28%和8.10%。WSD处理下,4个水稻品种的产量均显著下降,抗旱性较弱的品种产量降幅远高于抗旱性较强的水稻品种。WMD处理下,扬稻6号和旱优8号复水后根系氧化力、根系与叶片细胞分裂素(玉米素+玉米素核苷)含量、叶片光合速率和籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶的活性均较CI有不同程度提高,而两优培九和镇稻88上述指标则与CI持平或有不同程度降低。WSD处理下,4个品种上述指标均较CI不同程度降低。【结论】轻干湿交替灌溉条件下,根系活性强、叶片细胞分裂素含量和光合速率高、籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性强是抗旱性较强水稻品种的基本生理特征。     

不同种植地点超级杂交稻产量及其构成的变化特点

为探明不同生态条件下超级杂交稻产量稳定性及其与产量构成因子的关系,以两优培九、中浙优1号等8个具有代表性的超级杂交稻品种为材料,普通杂交稻汕优63和超级常规稻品种胜泰1号为对照,于2007~2009年在湖南桂东、长沙、南县进行了大田栽培试验。结果表明,超级杂交稻在不同地点种植条件下籽粒产量及其构成因子表现出显著的基因型差异、地点间差异及年度间差异。其中,超级杂交稻比汕优63平均增产2.3%~22.2%,比胜泰1号平均增产4.3%~29.3%;不同地点间产量均以桂东点最高,3年平均为11.45±1.08 t/hm2,其原因是有效穗数多、结实率高。超级杂交稻品种的产量构成表现出大穗型、多穗型、大粒型等多种类型,但不同类型品种均以单位面积有效穗数对产量的贡献最大,其次为每穗粒数。     

辽宁花生品种区域化研究

[目的]对辽宁省花生品种的产量、稳产性、适应性区划进行研究,以期对辽宁省花生单产水平的提高提供理论依据。[方法]利用8个品种在省内7个地点进行试验,各处理实测产量,经方差分析、稳定性分析、离均差分析、聚类分析判定各品种稳产性和适应性及亲缘关系,并对试验点进行地点相似性分析。[结果]阜花系列花生新品种产量均高于对照或当地推广品种,阜花18号产量最高,稳产性、适应性最好,并将辽宁省花生主产区进行区域区划划分。[结论]阜花系列花生新品种适宜在辽宁省境内种植,不同地区宜选择不同的主栽品种。     

辽宁省水稻中晚熟种植区域品种类型选择的初步分析

以辽宁省2007年中晚熟水稻区域试验参试品种为分析材料,分析了不同试验点产量水平、不同产量水平产量及产量结构的差异,不同试验点高产品种产量及产量结构差异。结果表明,选择适宜的高产品种对各生态区水稻产量有重要影响,在不同生态区水稻增产途径有一定的差异,辽阳、鞍山、海城、沈阳农大试区更适宜种植穗数、穗粒兼顾型高产品种,大石桥、辽宁省盐碱地所、西海试区更适宜种植穗数型高产品种,辽宁省稻作所试区更适宜种植穗重型高产品种。     

我国不同时期玉米代表性品种产量比较研究

以我国不同时期具有代表性的20个玉米单交种为材料,选择3个栽培地点,分别采用3种栽培密度和3次重复裂区试验,分析相关品种产量的变化趋势。结果表明:不同时期玉米单交种产量总体上逐年提高。地点内、密度内、区组内同一品种产量差异不显著;地点间、密度间、品种间、地点×密度间、地点×品种间和品种×密度间产量差异极显著;地点效应:本溪>北京>郑州,密度效应:中密>高密>低密。以上试验结果说明,40多年来我国玉米遗传育种水平不断提高。     

马铃薯不同品种产量及淀粉含量的差异比较

试验以6个马铃薯品种,延97-8、晋薯11号、克新12号、坝薯8号、陇薯3号和尤金为供试材料,种薯分别来源于吉林延吉、河北坝上、辽宁本溪和青海西宁4个地点,比较不同品种间产量和淀粉含量的差异以及不同来源种薯的引种效应。试验结果表明,延97-8和克新12号的单株产量最多,淀粉含量最高,但单株商品薯产量最少,结薯较琐碎;晋薯11号、陇薯3号、坝薯8号和尤金的单株产量较少,淀粉含量均较低,但商品薯较多。从地区间的引种效应来看,不同来源种薯在产量上无显著差异,从青海地区引入的马铃薯种薯在产量上要高于其它来源的种薯,来源于河北坝上和辽宁本溪的种薯在淀粉含量上显著高于其它来源地种薯。     

淮河下游稻区机插粳稻新品种比较试验研究

通过不同粳稻品种机插种植比较试验研究,结果表明,圣稻16、新稻21全生育期140 d,早熟;宁9213、武运粳24全生育期161 d,偏迟熟;其余品种全生育期为151～154 d,适中;武运粳24、连粳9号、新稻18、南粳9108、武运粳27实收产量均在700 kg/667 m2以上,产量较高,其它品种产量在680.6～697.8 kg/667 m2,差异较小。从产量、生育期和抗性等方面综合分析,武运粳27、中稻1号、淮稻5号、南粳9108、连粳9号适合在淮河下游稻区大面积推广种植,其余品种尚需扩大示范或再示范。     

Agronomic performance of late-season rice in South China

Improving rice yields is critical for global food security. China is a major rice-producing country having two rice cropping systems, i.e. single-season rice cropping system and a double-season system with both early- and late-season rice. There have been reports on the sink-source traits contributing to high grain yield for single- and early-season rice, but such information is limited for late-season rice. In this study, field experiments were conducted at the research farm of Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China in the late rice-growing season. Grain yield and sink-source traits were compared among five cultivars (Guiliangyou 2, Teyou 838, Y-liangyou 087, Teyou 582, and Yuxiangyouzhan) in 2012 and then three cultivars (Guiliangyou 2, Teyou 838, and Y-liangyou 087) in 2013. Y-liangyou 087 produced 6–26% higher grain yield than did the other cultivars. This higher grain yield was driven by improvements in sink-source capacity. Sink capacity was 8–31% higher in Y-liangyou 087 than in the other cultivars. Well-balanced relations between spikelets m^?2 and grain weight was responsible for the higher sink capacity in Y-liangyou 087. The result was that Y-liangyou 087 produced 11–17% greater biomass (source capacity) than did the other cultivars. The greater source capacity in Y-liangyou 087 was mainly attributed to higher radiation use efficiency (RUE). Our study suggests that enhancing sink capacity through balanced relations between number of spikelets per unit land area and grain size, while improving source capacity through increasing RUE is a feasible way to achieve higher grain yield of late-season rice in South China.     

机插株距对优质食味水稻品种产量和群体质量的影响

目的 机插密度对水稻产量和品质有重要影响,但机插株距对优质食味水稻品种产量与群体质量的调控作用尚不清楚。明确优质食味水稻品种的适宜机插株距可为水稻机械化高产优质栽培提供理论与实践依据。方法 以南粳9108、南粳5055和南粳46三个江苏优质食味水稻品种为材料,在机插行距固定为30 cm的情况下,研究了10、12、14、16和18 cm五种株距对上述水稻品种产量和群体质量的影响。结果 南粳9108、南粳5055和南粳46三个水稻品种的茎蘖成穗率、高效叶面积指数、粒叶比(粒重/叶面积)、抽穗后群体冠层净光合速率和抽穗至成熟干物质积累量均在株距为12 cm时最大。上述水稻品种产量均随株距增加呈现先增加先减少的趋势,产量与株距呈二次曲线关系。依据曲线方程计算出两年中南粳9108、南粳5055和南粳46高产最适株距分别为11.6 cm,11.6~12.3 cm和10.8~11.4 cm。结论 机插秧行距固定为30 cm时,11~12 cm的株距有利于改善优质食味水稻的群体质量指标并提高其产量,可作为江苏省代表性优质食味水稻品种的适宜机插株距。     

Parental Selection in Rice Cultivar Improvement

The evaluation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars assists breeders in identifying useful trait relationships and in selecting parents as donors of specific traits. This study was conducted to compare long-grain rice cultivars using genotype × trait (GT) biplot analysis and determine potential donors of traits related to grain yield and quality. Seventeen cultivars in the 2005 and 2006 Uniform Regional Rice Nursery in Beaumont, Texas, USA were analyzed for 20 traits using GT biplot analysis. The GT biplots showed the diversity among cultivars with regards to yield-related traits. Cultivars recommended as donor parents were: Trenasse, Spring, Presidio, and Cocodrie for high grain yield and head rice rate; Trenasse and Presidio for semi-dwarfness; Banks for tall plant height; Wells for high flag leaf area, panicle weight, and number and mass of filled grains per panicle; Hidalgo for high tiller density; Francis for high number of spikelets per panicle; Spring and Trenasse for short flowering duration; Cheniere for more days to heading and maturity and Spring for less days; and Spring and Hidalgo for high grain weight. Breeders can use these cultivars with specific traits to increase grain yield and quality.     

Effects of Plant Spacing on Grain Yield and Population Quality in Mechanically-transplanted Rice with Good Tasting Quality

【Objective】The mechanical transplanting density plays an important role in grain yield and quality in rice. However, the effects of plant spacing on grain yield and population quality of mechanically transplanted rice with good tasting have not been clearly understood. Clarifying the optimal plant spacing for good tasting rice could lay a theoretical and practical basis for high yielding and good quality in mechanical cultivation.【Method】In this experiment, three rice cultivars with good tasting quality (Nanjing 9108, Nanjing 5055 and Nanjing 46) in Jiangsu Province were used as materials, and the effects of plant spacing (10 cm, 12 cm, 14 cm, 16 cm and 18 cm) on their grain yield and population quality were investigated under mechanical transplanting when the row spacing was fixed at 30 cm.【Result】Productive tillers rate, high efficient leaf area index, grain leaf ratio (grain weight/leaf area), canopy net photosynthetic rate after heading and dry matter accumulation from heading to maturity were the highest under the plant spacing of 12 cm in above three rice cultivars. Grain yields tended to increase at first and then decrease with the increase of the plant spacing, and the relationship of quadric curve was found between grain yield and plant spacing. The optimal plant spacing for grain yield in Nanjing 9108, Nanjing 5055 and Nanjing 46 ranged from 11.6 cm, 11.6－12.3 cm and 10.8－11.4 cm in two years according to the curve equation, respectively. 【Conclusion】When the row spacing was fixed at 30 cm, the plant spacing of 11－12 cm was helpful to improve the population quality and increase grain yield, and it could be used as the optimal plant spacing for the typical rice cultivars with good tasting in Jiangsu Province under mechanical transplanting.     

新时期浙江省水稻品种类型结构演变研究

根据1999年以来浙江省不同类型水稻品种的种植面积数据,分析了不同时期浙江的主栽品种数量和品种集聚度等。结果表明,与《种子法》实施前的1999年相比:一是2002年以来浙江省水稻生产上推广应用的品种总数变化不大,但杂交晚稻品种数量逐年增加,常规水稻(除晚籼稻外)品种数量则逐年下降;二是杂交晚籼稻品种集聚度呈下降趋势,常规晚粳稻品种集聚度呈上升趋势;三是杂交晚稻面积占比逐年上升,而常规晚稻面积占晚稻面积比例总体呈下降趋势;四是1999-2013年期间水稻主栽品种已经更新1次以上。     

东北水稻生产现状及对策

简要介绍了东北粳稻生产状况,针对发展东北水稻生产面临的种植面积发展空间小、水资源短缺、低温冷害频繁发生、稻瘟病危害日趋严重、生产技术发展不平衡等问题,提出加强广适型早熟超级稻和超级杂交稻的培育,挖掘超级稻增产增效潜力,创新成果转化机制,实行产、学、研、官结合等发展对策。     

淮北地区机插超级粳稻产量形成及氮素吸收利用特征

为探究淮北地区不同氮肥水平下粳型超级稻产量形成及氮素吸收利用特征。在大田机插条件下,以常规中熟中粳超级稻和非超级稻(对照)为试材,设置3个氮肥水平即0、225、300 kg/hm2。从产量构成因素、干物质和氮素积累、茎蘖动态、叶面积指数等角度分析不同氮肥水平下粳型超级稻产量形成及氮素吸收利用特征。结果表明,随着氮肥施用量的增加超级稻平均产量呈增加趋势,对照产量则是先增加后减少。粳型超级稻最高产量平均值较对照最高产量平均值高10.98%。与对照相比,超级稻在3个氮肥水平下每穗粒数和群体颖花量高,结实率和千粒重与之相当;群体茎蘖移栽后早发快长,最终成穗率高;拔节前叶面积指数和光合势比对照低,拔节后比对照高,超级稻粒叶比在3个氮肥处理下均高于对照;拔节前,超级稻干物质积累量比对照低,而拔节至抽穗、抽穗至成熟阶段干物质积累量分别比对照高7.77%和6.96%;植株氮素阶段积累量和植株阶段吸收速率,移栽至拔节、拔节至抽穗、抽穗至成熟阶段超级稻均比对照高。淮北地区粳型超级稻籽粒产量在3个氮肥处理下均表现出明显的增产优势。超级稻移栽后叶面积指数、粒叶比和光合势较高,最终茎蘖成穗率高;穗型大,群体总颖花量高,穗后干物质积累量多;生育期相近的中熟中粳超级稻产量高于对照与其较强的氮素吸收特性有关。     

油稻稻三熟制稻区早稻育秧方式“旱育多两大”的示范研究

 根据洞庭湖三熟制稻区的生态特点及生产实践,提出了“旱育多两大”三熟制早稻育秧方式。这一方式将耐寒旱育秧与“多两大”两段育秧技术有机结合起来,具有抗逆性强、秧龄弹性大、肥水集约管理、秧苗个体发育均衡、秧苗素质好及增产、节膜等特点。这有利于温光资源较差的三熟制稻区选择迟熟早稻、适时早播、培育多蘖壮秧、实行品种搭配“满负荷”但不超负荷而促使早晚两季三熟全年高产。     

Comparison of empirical models for predicting yield loss of irrigated rice (Oryza sativa) mixed with Echinochloa spp.

Crop yield losses due to weeds can be described by empirical models. The objective of this study was to compare empirical models to predict interference by a mixed population of Echinochloa colona and E. crusgalli. in irrigated rice. Three experiments, one under field conditions and two under greenhouse conditions, were set up during the growing season of 2005/2006. The treatments tested in the field were 6 rice cultivars: BRS Atalanta, IRGA 421, IRGA 416, IRGA 417, Avaxi; and BRS Fronteira and 10 Echinochloa spp. densities, naturally present in the soil seedbank under field conditions. The variables soil cover, shoot dry weight of the Echinochloa spp. and their relative mass were evaluated in relation to the rice cultivars. The greenhouse experiments were carried out both in monoculture and replacement series to evaluate shoot dry mass and leaf area production, both for the crop and the weed species. The data obtained for the variables were analysed using linear and non-linear regression models. The fitting of the data to the empirical models varied as a function of the rice cultivars and variables tested. Among the models describing crop yield loss as a function of the evaluated variables, the single-parameter empirical model presented a better prediction than the two-parameter model. For the two-parameter models, yield loss estimation was obtained by the evaluated variable. In general, shoot dry mass of the weed was a better predictor of irrigated rice yield loss than soil cover.