A Comparison of the Effects of Objective and Perceived Land Use on Travel Behavior

Planning and medical studies have independently evaluated the effects of land use on travel behavior. Focusing on actual land use, planning studies have measured the impacts of land use. This study analyzes the effects of two land use factors—objective and perceived land use. It develops a structural equation model in which the land use factors have multiple relationships with travel behavior, and then modifies the model to consider different travel behaviors reflecting varying travel purposes: commuting, shopping, and leisure. The three purpose‐specific models are tested in Seoul, Korea, using recent geographic information system and travel survey data. The results indicate that the strongest variable is the same as reported in planning, but at the factor level, the relative strengths of the factors differ according to travel purposes. The findings are explained by qualitative aspects of land use that affect shopping and leisure travel, including perceived land use.     

东平县商老庄乡生态农业观光园规划设计

为了研究一个县域尺度内欠发达地区生态农业观光园的规划、开发建设项目,对商老庄乡生态农业观光园规划设计进行实践研究,在区域内现有基础上依据景观生态学和游憩学的相关理论,运用景区规划和园林设计的理念,因地制宜设置传统农业种养殖、休闲观光、现代农业科技示范、农业科普教育、传统文化活动等项目,形成富有地方特色、环境优美集吃住行游购娱为一体的观光农业旅游胜地,为东平县社会主义新农村建设提供一个可以借鉴的发展模式。     

基于卖方视角下的农产品网购意愿的影响因素分析

从卖方视角出发,结合376份网络调查数据对影响消费者农产品网购意愿的因素进行实证分析。通过因子分析得出：卖方视角下的农产品网购意愿的影响因素主要由产品满意因子、平台使用和安全因子、物流及价格因子、企业信誉因子、服务质量因子等5个方面构成;通过Logistic分析得出：上述5个因子对消费者的农产品网购意愿都具有显著的正向影响,按影响程度从大到小排序依次为产品满意因子、平台使用和安全因子、物流及价格因子、服务质量因子、企业信誉因子;同时,年轻消费者比中老年消费者具有更高的农产品网购意愿;喜欢网络购物形式的消费者也具有更高的农产品网购意愿。     

高海拔地区农牧民收入调查报告

为了解高海拔农牧民收入状况,2009—2014 年通过实地走访,对西藏自治区拉萨市当雄县郭庆村179 户牧民进行跟踪调查,调查内容包括当雄县郭庆村牧民牲畜养殖情况、家庭劳动力人数及人均年收入等。结果表明,整体上牧民收入和牲畜存栏量在不断增加,但从人均可支配收入的分布可知中低收入群体占比较重。根据这些收入现状问题,提出促进草原畜牧业的提质增效以及增加低收入人群的劳动就业率等建议。     

Can State Tax Policy Increase Economic Activity and Reduce Inequality?

Previous research shows that when changes in national commodity and income tax rates affect labor supply decisions differently, relative rates can be altered to increase welfare. In the U.S., 40 states impose both a sales and income tax; however, the reliance varies widely. This paper uses a computable general equilibrium model to examine tax policy changes in Colorado. The findings suggest that the revenue neutral changes to income and sales tax rates can affect both the level of economic activity and the distribution of income. When labor force participation is highly sensitive to income tax rate changes—which this paper suggests is the case—progressive changes to Colorado's tax policy changes can both reduce inequality and increase output and employment.     

消费者网购生鲜蔬菜的意愿及影响因素分析——基于上海市消费者的调查

网上购买生鲜蔬菜以提高农业产业化发展水平的新兴模式,成为人们日常消费的一个不可或缺的组成部分。本文针对网络商店特性,消费者自身特征,蔬菜特性和消费者购买意愿行为,基于logistic回归分析,探讨了其之间的关系。得出了网络商店特性对消费者网购生鲜蔬菜的意愿具有显著的正向影响。而蔬菜特性和消费者自身特征对网购蔬菜意愿不显著。通过分析,以期对政府、市场管理和网络商店企业提供一些良好的建议。     

基于ELES模型的天水市城镇居民消费结构分析

为了对比分析天水市城镇居民的基本需求支出、边际消费倾向、消费结构现状及变化特征,以2004—2010年甘肃省和天水市城镇居民消费结构为依据,利用Eviews软件,采用ELES模型对甘肃省和天水市城镇居民各项消费结构及其变动趋势进行动态分析。结果表明：天水市城镇居民消费结构处于从生存型向发展型和享受型过度的阶段。受收入水平的影响,在该地区城镇居民消费结构中,食品支出仍然居于最重要的层次,但随着经济的增长,人们开始更多的注重休闲娱乐以及养身、出行的方便及舒适、通讯的方便快捷、居住环境的好坏及子女受教育层次等一系列问题,此类消费具有较大市场及空间。提示天水市城镇居民消费结构不合理,主要用于满足基本生活需求,但旅游、文教娱乐、交通通讯及其他消费等构成部分消费潜力大。     

Determinants of the Travel Behavior of the Suburban Elderly

In recent years, a significant feature of population change in North American metropolitan areas has been the rapid suburbanization of elderly people. The ability to engage in routine activity may be a necessary condition for the maintenance of independent life styles and psychological well‐being among older suburbanites. Using a conceptual framework based on Parmelee and Lawton's ecological model of aging, this article offers an exploratory investigation of the determinants of the travel of separate samples of elderly male and female suburbanites to each of five destination categories of key service/activity sites in a Canadian city. The results of the tests of ten multiple regression models disclose that the levels of explanation of trip frequency afforded by “autonomy components” (e.g. health‐related characteristics, living arrangements, and income level) vary according to destination category. However, the explanatory power of “security components” (i.e. variables concerning access to destination categories) is generally low. Overall, the findings of the study provide a basis for developing a deeper understanding of the repetitive travel behavior of elderly suburbanites.     

北京郊区休闲农业发展现状及对策思考

体闲农业是社会主义新农村建设的重要组成部分,是北京郊区发展现代农业的核心产业之一。本文从经营者对休闲农业的认知、投资实力、政策限制和文化挖掘几个方面分析了目前京郊休闲农业发展存在的主要问题,并提出了解决对策,认为京郊休闲农业应该引入外来资本和人才,加强对本地经营者和其他从业人员的培训,深入挖掘文化内涵。     

江苏省休闲农业发展现状研究

休闲农业是乡村产业的重要组成部分,已成为发展农业、繁荣农村、富裕农民的新业态。笔者通过梳理江苏省休闲农业发展现状,以期为促进休闲农业可持续健康发展提供理论依据。本研究在分析江苏省发展休闲农业优势的基础上,结合文献资料、数据统计和实地调研,对江苏省休闲农业发展的历程、特征、模式以及存在的问题进行系统分析。良好的自然生态、雄厚的农业基础、发达的社会经济、明显的区位优势、丰富的旅游资源和悠久的农耕文明,已成为江苏省大力发展休闲农业的优势和机会。江苏省休闲农业主要经历了萌芽阶段、发展阶段、创意阶段3个阶段,应着力解决好政策落实不到位、融资难、缺乏规划引领、基础设施亟待完善、管理服务水平较低、文化内涵挖掘不够等问题。江苏省休闲农业呈现出了蓬勃发展的态势,经营主体不断壮大、营业收入快速增长、市场需求持续旺盛、促进农民就业增收、提升品牌培育水平、类型模式丰富多样,成为经济社会发展的新业态。针对江苏休闲农业发展存在的问题,提出了科学规划布局、强化政策扶持、完善基础设施、加大宣传推介、加快创意发展等对策。     

Urban Polycentricity and the Costs of Commuting: Evidence from Italian Metropolitan Areas

Polycentricity at the metropolitan scale is perhaps the model of spatial organisation that needs to be investigated more thoroughly as regards its effects on travel. The aim of this paper is to test the role of polycentricity—as well as other spatial characteristics, such as compactness, functional diversification and size—in the costs of commuting, taking into account an external cost component (per‐capita CO₂ emissions) and a private cost component (time spent on travelling). The degree of urban polycentricity has been measured by adopting a dynamic approach based on commuting flows and on social network analysis tools. The analysis is carried out using a database of 82 Italian metropolitan areas (MAs). Results show that MAs with a higher degree of polycentricity are more virtuous both in terms of private and external costs of mobility, while the degree of compactness is associated with lower environmental costs but with higher private costs. Size is associated with both higher external and private costs, while the role of functional diversification turns out to be statistically insignificant. Socio‐demographics also play a role.     

Endogenous Processes in European Regional Growth: Convergence and Policy

The traditional empirical approaches to the analysis of economic growth,cross‐section and panel data regressions are substantially uninformative withrespect to the issue of convergence. Whether national or regional economies appear to converge in terms of per capita income or productivity levels (the so‐called β‐convergence) critically depends on the way in which the empirical model is specified. Traditional specifications witness a disproportionate presence of proxies for forces leading towards divergence among the conditioning variables. It is therefore hardly surprising that these analyses find a positive and statistically significant value for the estimate of the speed of convergence. A more constructive use of cross‐section and panel data regressions is in the analysis of the determinants of growth. The present paper therefore builds on recent work on the role of different growth determinants (Cheshire and Carbonaro 1996) and analyses the growth performance of 122 Functional Urban Regions (FURs)over the period 1978–1994. This model explicitly recognizes growth as amultivariate process. In this new formulation it incorporates a spatialized adaptation of Romer's endogenous growth model (Romer 1990), developing the work of Magrini (Magrini 1997). Magrini's model originated from the view that technological knowledge has a very important tacit component that has been neglected in formal theories of endogenous growth. This tacit component, being the non‐written personal heritage of individuals or groups, is naturally concentrated in space. As a result, technological change is profoundly influenced by the interaction between firms and their local environments. The present paper reports the results of the estimation of a fully specified model of regional growth in per capita income. Particular attention is played to the role of research and development (R&D) activities, and to the influence of factors such as Universities that shape the local environments and have important policy implications. These results are then applied to quantifying the scope for policy to influence the growth process. Several simulations are presented deriving alternative growth outcomes across European regions that would have been obtained if those variables over which policy might have control—including the contribution of human capital—had had alternative values reflecting the realistic scope of policy makers' influence. The implications for convergence/divergence in regional per capita income levels are then analyzed using a Markov chain approach (Quah 1993 and 1996; Magrini 1999).     

Openings in the body of ‘capitalism’: Capital flows and diverse economic possibilities in Kiribati

Much of the post‐development agenda is concerned with decoupling Eurocentric imaginings of development from development practices in ‘remote’ regions and exploring new forms of economy that can enhance local well‐being. In the South Pacific (and elsewhere), small peripheral economies have confronted globalisation in varying ways. Some places, such as the Micronesian island state of Kiribati, have engaged directly with the global economy by investing capital generated locally in international financial markets rather than in domestic industries. Kiribati's trust fund, the Revenue Equalisation Reserve Fund, maintains a balanced portfolio of international equity and fixed income assets that produces a financial return, helping to augment Kiribati's other national income sources. In this paper we explore the results of capital flowing from Kiribati to global financial markets, noting that this alternative development practice can enhance local well‐being.     

嵊州市十大森林休闲养生区空气负离子资源及影响因子分析

本研究旨在评价浙江省嵊州市十大森林休闲养生区春、夏、秋、冬4个季节空气负离子(NAI)浓度及其空气质量状况。从2016年6月到2019年6月期间,用NT-C101A便携式空气正负离子测定仪对嵊州市十大森林休闲养生区30个监测点进行了空气负氧离子测定。结果显示：（1）嵊州市十大森林休闲养生区平均负氧离子浓度6668个/cm³,超过世界卫生组织清新空气标准的6倍多;（2）嵊州市十大森林休闲养生区NAI浓度季节分布特征是夏季>春季、秋季>冬季;（3）不同森林休闲养生区的空气负离子浓度有明显差异,其中紧临跌水的监测点的空气负离子浓度最高,瞬时测定最高值达67800个/cm³;（4）NAI浓度与空气相对湿度、温度呈显著正相关关系、与PM_2.5浓度呈不显著负相关关系。浙江省嵊州市十大森林休闲养生区空气负离子资源丰富,季节变化明显,夏季较高,冬季较低。NAI浓度的变化受空气中的湿度、温度及PM_2.5等环境因素的综合影响,嵊州市茂密森林植被资源和丰富的水资源使其空气清洁、舒适,有益于人体健康的决定因素,发展森林健康产业前景广阔。     

Regional Consumption Inequality in China: An Oaxaca‐Blinder Decomposition at the Prefectural Level

Sharp regional differences in income and consumption patterns have characterized the Chinese development process. Focusing on the years 2007 and 2012, this work employs the Oaxaca‐Blinder decomposition to assess the extent and the determinants of the urban/non‐urban and coastal/inland disparity in consumption patterns. The analysis shows that the average gaps across the Chinese prefectures tend to be mainly explained, along both divides, by the mean differences in local endowments of the covariates that explain consumption over GDP ratio. In particular, at the basis of the observed regional disparity, there is an uneven allocation of FDI and foreign enterprises, as well as of domestic investments in fixed assets and welfare state provisions.     

农民工家庭务工地消费影响因素实证研究

农民工问题是我国工业化进程中备受关注的问题,研究农民工家庭消费问题,对扩大内需及推进城镇化健康发展具有重要意义。文章基于全国988个农民工家庭调查样本,从收入、家庭特征和其他不确定因素三个方面探析农民工家庭务工地消费的影响因素。研究结果表明,收入因素对农民工家庭务工地总消费支出、居住支出、娱乐支出具有显著影响;家庭特征因素如文化水平、孩子随迁、工作行业因素对农民工家庭的各项消费具有不同程度的影响;租房因素显著影响着农民工家庭的总消费支出和居住支出;健康因素对农民工家庭的医疗支出具有显著的负影响。因此,要提高农民工家庭的消费水平,扩大农民工家庭的消费潜力,一方面要提高农民工家庭的收入水平;另一方面还要提高农民工的文化水平,完善社会保障系统,减少不确定性因素对农民工家庭消费的影响。     

Unemployed Job Seeker Attitudes towards Potential Travel‐to‐Work Times

The effectiveness of intra‐regional job search is influenced by how far people are willing to travel to new employment. While much has been written on the commuting patterns of those in work, relatively little research has been carried out on how far unemployed job seekers are prepared to commute. This paper presents and tests a model of factors influencing the maximum time unemployed job seekers would be willing to travel to a potential new job. Significant effects are found for a range of personal and demographic characteristics, including gender, years of education, type of job, and location. The evidence suggests support for the spatial mismatch hypothesis and shows differing accessibility to employment opportunities for certain types of unemployed people. The findings also suggest that models of the trade‐off between leisure and work time should fully include travel‐to‐work time as part of this trade‐off.     

Unveiling various spatial patterns of determinants of hukou transfer intentions in China: A multi-scale geographically weighted regression approach

As the floating population has become a vital issue influencing China's economic and social development and aroused broad concern, many scholars have paid attention to the factors that influence settlement intentions of the floating population, while their spatial differences are usually neglected in extant studies. To rectify this situation, this study employs a multi-scale geographically weighted regression model to investigate the spatial pattern of determinants on hukou transfer intentions of the floating population, based on the data of the China Migrants Dynamic Survey in 2016. The results demonstrate that the effects of various determinants present different spatial patterns: part of significance pattern (the average residence time in destination cities, the ratio of rural hukou holders, the number of flows, the ratio of family income to family expenditure, the geographical location), the “East-West” pattern (the ratio of self-employed migrants, the average wage of employed workers), the “Southwest-Northeast” pattern (the ratio of migrants in the secondary industry, the ratio of sharing town employees' social insurance, the ratio of floating population accompanied by children in destination cities, and the population density of municipal districts). Cities of different conditions should formulate different policies that are sensitive to their contexts.     

休闲农业刍议——兼谈上海休闲农业的挑战和机遇

休闲农业在中国有较快的发展趋势。笔者认为,休闲农业依托了休闲这个概念,融合了旅游这一方式,是休闲行为和农业的耦合,属于休闲产业的范畴。若要准确认识休闲农业的发展规律和建设方向,必须充分理解休闲和休闲产业。中国休闲农业的发展有内因和外因。内因是农业产业结构发生变化,以及社会观念的理性回归。外因是政府重视、闲暇增加、收入增长和交通便捷。上海的休闲农业面临区域竞争和行业竞争双重挑战,建议采取产业联动和产业嵌入的方式开辟休闲农业发展的新途径。     

Developing the Shanghai online games industry: A multi‐scalar institutional perspective

In recent decades, while place‐based policies and local development have attracted the interest of institutional economic geography, the issue of features of certain industries and how they are shaping and shaped by institutions at multiple spatial scales, has not been taken up sufficiently. This paper, based on a local creative industry—the Shanghai online games industry, which is an essential part of the new media sector, takes issue with it. It explores two aspects, namely how multi‐scalar institutions relate and influence the development of the online games industry in Shanghai and how local firms and entrepreneurs affect local and national institutions. It shows that the three aspects that are related to media sector in general and games industry in particular (i.e., cultural influence, technological significance, and economic value) matter much as they have resulted in diverse industry‐relevant policies and regulations devised by local and national states. Moreover, local firms and entrepreneurs with different capacities and characteristics also differ much in influencing the design of the industry‐specific institutions in the face of institutional voids.