The effect of preplanting soil preparation and soil management on soil physical parameters in an apple orchard

Abstract. Effects on soil physical properties in a trial which compared establishing an apple orchard on grassed and cultivated soil and of maintaining soil with or without a vegetative cover post-planting are discussed. On a fine sandy loam soil (Fyfield series) prone to erosion, bulk density, water filled porosity and soil erosion, measured at intervals after the establishment year, were all unaffected by the use of grass. Infiltration rate was much higher on grassed than on herbicide treated soil as was the apparent ability to accept heavy rainfall.     

Orchard floor management effects on nitrogen fertility and soil biological activity in a newly established organic apple orchard

This study addresses the often-competing goals of organic fertility and weed control by evaluating alternative orchard floor management strategies for their impact on N cycling, tree performance, and soil biological activity in a newly established apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchard. The standard tillage weed control practice resulted in satisfactory tree growth with desirable levels of leaf N and most other nutrients; however, soil biological activity did not improve. Maintenance of a living cover understory increased soil N concentration and availability and improved soil biological activity; however, tree growth was less than in other treatments likely in response to competition with the living cover understory for space and water. Application of wood chip mulch resulted in exceptional tree growth which may have resulted from greater water availability, but available soil N was lower, and consequently, tree leaf N concentration was low; in addition, soil biological activity was not improved. Clove oil organic herbicide provided poor weed control resulting in lower leaf N and tree growth and did not improve soil biological activity. Brassicaceae seed meal applications enhanced N availability and soil nematode abundance, but leaf N and many other nutrients were below desirable levels, and additional research is needed to optimize this treatment. We conclude that meeting the multiple objectives of weed control, optimal tree health, and increased soil biological activity may require employment of different orchard floor management strategies at different times during the life of the orchard.     

生草对渭北旱地苹果园土壤有机碳组分及微生物的影响

在渭北旱地苹果园行间播种毛苕子（Vicia villosa）、白三叶（Trifolium repens）、黑麦草（Lolium perenne）和早熟禾（Poa pratensis）,以清耕为对照,对0100 cm土层的土壤有机碳各组分及微生物群落功能多样性进行研究。结果表明,行间生草可显著增加040 cm土层土壤的总有机碳（TOC）、颗粒有机碳（POC）、轻质有机碳（LFOC）、易氧化有机碳（ROC）、可溶性有机碳（DOC）和微生物量碳（MBC）,豆科牧草毛苕子和白三叶的各有机碳含量总体上高于禾本科牧草黑麦草和早熟禾。其中在020 cm土层中,豆科牧草的TOC含量平均每年增加约1.2 g/kg,禾本科牧草每年增加约0.9 g/kg。生草处理的微生物群落碳源利用率（AWCD）、微生物群落Shannon 指数（H）和微生物群落丰富度指数（S）均高于清耕处理,其中豆科牧草的微生物活性更高。因此,生草可以提高土壤有机碳各组分的含量、土壤微生物群落碳源利用率、微生物群落的丰富度和功能多样性,豆科牧草毛苕子和白三叶提高效应更加明显。     

苹果园生草对土壤微生物多样性、酶活性及碳组分的影响

  【目的】  果园种植生草能够改善土壤肥力与土壤结构。研究种植不同生草对果园土壤微生物多样性和土壤生物学性状的影响,为果园高效绿色管理提供理论依据。  【方法】  于2017年山东省泰安市马庄试验基地多年生苹果行间进行生草试验,供试草种为白三叶草(Trifolium pratense)、垂穗草(Bouteloua gracilis)、沙画眉草(Eragrostis trichodes)、弯叶画眉草(Eragrostis curvula)和加拿大披碱草(Elymus canadensis),以清耕自然生草为对照(A_CK),研究不同生草处理在连续3年内对果园土壤环境的影响。  【结果】  1) 从6个土壤样品中共得到31459个细菌操作分类单元和5021个真菌操作分类单元,6个土壤样品中共有1019个相同细菌群落(OTUs)和108个相同真菌群落(OTUs)。Alpha 多样性分析可知,弯叶画眉草处理后的土壤中细菌的Shannon、Simpson和Chao1指数高于Ack处理,比Ack分别增加了4.61%、7.01%和27.44%,尤其加拿大披碱草处理后土壤真菌的Chao1指数是对照的1.31倍(P<0.05)。在门分类水平变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)是优势细菌,这8个细菌门在各自处理中占比超过95%,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、球囊菌门(Glomeromycota)、接合菌门(Zygomycota)是优势真菌,这4个优势真菌门在各自处理中占比超过80%。弯叶画眉草处理可提高土壤中细菌丰富度和多样性,沙画眉草处理土壤中的细菌芽单胞菌门、浮霉菌门、绿弯菌门相对丰度降低;5个生草处理提高了土壤中真菌群落担子菌门的相对丰度,垂穗草子囊菌门相对丰度降低明显,垂穗草、弯叶画眉草和加拿大披碱草提高了土壤中的球囊菌门相对丰度。2)果园生草提高了土壤中微生物的数量,且随着生草时间的延长微生物数量增加明显,2020年9月份的弯叶画眉草处理土壤微生物数量高于清耕处理。3) 生草提高了果园土壤总有机碳和可溶性有机碳含量,弯叶画眉草、加拿大披碱草和沙画眉草处理效果显著好于清耕,弯叶画眉草的效果尤为突出,而三叶草的效果不显著。相应地,沙画眉草、弯叶画眉草和加拿大披碱草土壤脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著高于清耕处理。4)相关性分析结果表明,果园生草处理土壤的碳组分(除DOC外)、酶活性与微生物数量之间存在极显著或显著正相关。  【结论】  种植沙画眉草、弯叶画眉草和加拿大披碱草均可显著增加土壤中总有机碳和可溶性有机碳含量,随着生草年限的增加,提高幅度也在增加,进而显著增加了土壤中微生物数量,并不同程度地改变了细菌和真菌的丰富度和多样性。弯叶画眉草和加拿大披碱草对土壤影响效应优良,极具推广价值。     

Enzyme activities in apple orchard agroecosystems: How are they affected by management strategy and soil properties

This study under field experimental conditions in apple orchard agroecosystems investigated the effects of pest management strategies (i.e. none, organic, conventional and integrated) on enzyme activities, in relation to soil properties. Enzyme activities chosen are implicated in the major biogeochemical nutrient cycles such as C (cellulase, fluoresceine diacetate hydrolase, β-galactosidase, β-glucosidase, phenol oxidase), N (arylamidase), P (acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterases, phosphodiesterase and phosphotriesterase) and S (arylsulfatase). Redundancy analyses and decomposition of the variances were performed to clarify how enzyme activities are affected by management strategy and soil properties. Results showed that the effects and their proportion attributable to management strategy and soil properties varied considerably depending on enzyme activity. Phenol oxidase activity was the only case where total variance was principally explained by management strategy (i.e. conventional and integrated) rather than by soil properties, and thus it seems to be an attractive potential indicator to assess soil quality in this agrochemical context.     

Comparison of the macropore structure of a sandy loam surface soil horizon subjected to two tillage treatments

Abstract. Erosion and excessive runoff from a crusting and hard-setting red-brown earth may he ameliorated with suitable management. A field trial, near Cowra, New South Wales, to assess the long-term effect of different tillage systems was used to compare the effect of direct drilling with conventional district cultivation practices under continuous wheat. The soil was sampled in the eighth year for assessment of the soil macropore structure, measurement of bulk density and hydraulic conductivity under tension. Vertical faces were prepared from resin impregnated blocks and the macropore structure described mathematically and visually using digital images and data generated from these images. Infiltration, bulk density and image analysis data all lead to the same conclusions about changes in pore structure. Under direct drilling no crust was evident, and there was greater macroporosity (> 0.175 mm diameter in section). The treatment effects appeared to be significant to about 30 to 35 mm depth at the time of sampling. Greater root and faunal activity were observed under direct drilling.     

生草改善果园土壤肥力和苹果树体营养的效果

  【目的】  果园生草在促进树体生长发育、改善土壤理化环境和土壤肥力等方面起着重要作用,本研究旨在解决我国果园普遍存在的立地条件差和土壤改良困难、有机质含量少且缺乏补充途径等问题,为果业可持续发展提供重要的技术支撑。  【方法】  以美国引进的格兰马草 (Bouteloua gracilis)、粗燕麦草 (Sporobolus asper)、小须芒草 (Schizachyrium scoparium)、宠禾草 (Eragrostis trichodes)、弯叶画眉草 (Eragrostis curvula)、柳枝稷 (Panicum virgatum) 和加拿大滨麦 (Elymus canadensis) 为试验材料,以清耕和白三叶草 (Trifolium pratense) 为对照,于2017年春季在山东省泰安市马庄镇实验基地一年生苹果幼树行间进行生草试验,研究不同生草处理在连续两年内对果树生长发育和果园土壤环境的影响。  【结果】  1) 8种处理草的生物学性状各不相同,其中弯叶画眉草的高度和叶片宽度、密度、盖度、地上和地下生物量表现最佳。2) 7个生草处理对改善土壤环境都具有显著效果,6、7月份,弯叶画眉草处理的土壤温度下降幅度最大,生草一年较清耕分别下降了23.62%和27.45%;6、7、8月份,小须芒草处理两年的土壤pH最低,较同月清耕处理分别降低了6.83%、7.07%、7.19%;弯叶画眉草处理两年的土壤孔隙度增幅最大,较清耕处理分别增加了6.76%、8.35%、9.09%;3) 果园生草提高了土壤中微生物的数量,且随着生草时间的延长提高效果越明显。生草两年的弯叶画眉草处理土壤中的真菌和放线菌数量最多;生草两年的粗燕麦草处理土壤中的细菌数量最多;宠禾草处理两年的细菌OTU数量最大,为5323个,比清耕处理高7.93%。4) 不同生草处理均显著改善了果园的土壤养分。弯叶画眉草处理的土壤有机质含量最高,且生草两年比生草当年的有机质含量提高了23.53%;不同生草处理后土壤中的有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、有效锌的含量较清耕处理均有显著提高。5) 不同生草处理的果树叶片矿质元素含量较清耕有显著差异,显著降低了叶片氮元素的含量,显著提高了叶片磷、钾、镁、铁、铜、锌等元素的含量。  【结论】  果园内不同生草处理对苹果幼树树体、土壤环境和土壤养分产生重要影响,可不同程度地改善幼树的叶片矿质元素含量,降低土壤温度和pH,提高土壤孔隙度、土壤有机质和土壤微生物数量,果园生草处理是有利于改良果园园土和树体的方法,可推动我国果业可持续发展。     

The impact of soil carbon management and environmental conditions on N mineralization

Soil carbon (C) management is identified as a key element of sustainable agriculture, and an increase in nitrogen (N) mineralization rates is expected with an increase in soil C. However, any practical recommendation for using soil C management to substitute the application of synthetic N fertilizer needs to account simultaneously for other important agronomic variables and environmental conditions. For this purpose we investigated the simultaneous impact of soil C management, environmental conditions, and soil structure on N mineralization in two apple orchard systems in Havelock North, New Zealand. One system is an organic orchard using regular compost applications and the other is a neighboring integrated orchard with no external inputs of organic matter. The soil type, texture, and climate are identical in both orchards. We selected different temperatures (10°C, 15°C, and 20°C) and soil moistures (?30, ?100, and ?300?kPa) as the environmental conditions for N mineralization. Simultaneously, the hot-water extractable C (HWC) contents were measured and served as the indicator for the soil C management of the orchards. To analyze the impact of soil structure, the N mineralization of undisturbed cores was compared with that of disturbed samples. The net N mineralization of the soil in the organic orchard was on average six times higher than that in the integrated orchard. At the same time, in the organic orchard the HWC contents at the beginning of the N mineralization experiment were about two times higher than in the integrated orchard. In a multiple regression as a practical recommendation for the orchards of our case study, we could explain 84% of the variability of N mineralization rates using HWC and environmental conditions as the independent variables. The HWC content was the most significant variable in the multiple regression model and showed that soil C management has a more prominent role than the environmental conditions. Soil C management such as regular compost applications which increase the soil??s HWC contents can also be used to manage N mineralization. The significant difference between the undisturbed and disturbed samples showed the soil structure can have an effect on N mineralization.     

Afforestation effects on soil carbon stocks of low productivity grassland in New Zealand

Soil carbon stock change between two major land uses in New Zealand was measured by sampling paired plots across the boundaries of low productivity grassland and forest planted pre‐1990. The national soil carbon monitoring system uses low productivity grassland as a benchmark to evaluate soil carbon stock change for other land uses. The goal was to validate earlier estimates of the effect of pre‐1990 afforestation and to reduce their level of uncertainty. We selected a set of sites to represent the national stocks of forests planted pre‐1990. Previous studies derived estimates of the land‐use effect on soil carbon for afforestation ranging from +1.6 to ?8.5 t/ha to 30 cm depth. For all estimates, the 95% confidence interval spanned zero. Our study used nine of the previous paired‐plot sites and sampled and analysed 21 new sites. The land‐use effect of change from grassland to forest planted pre‐1990 was estimated at ?17.4 t/ha. The 95% confidence interval ranged from ?10.1 to ?24.6 t/ha and did not include zero change. The result supported the soil carbon monitoring system assumption that forests planted pre‐1990 have significantly lower soil carbon stocks than the low‐productivity‐grassland standard. Evidence of stock change occurred in depth increments to 0.2 m but with no significant change for the 0.2–0.3 m increment. This suggests that the sampling depth of 0.3 m was adequate for the estimation of soil carbon stock change.     

黄土高原沟壑区塬面苹果园土壤水分特征分析

为了解长期种植果树对黄土高原沟壑区土壤水分的影响,对不同种植年限的塬面果园土壤水分特征进行了分析。结果表明:黄土沟壑区塬面果园土壤水分含量普遍低于80%田间持水量,水分较亏缺。0~10 m果园土壤平均含水量与3 m以下各层含水量均呈极显著相关关系,与2~3 m层含水量呈显著相关关系,与0~2 m层次的土壤含水量相关性不显著。土壤水分含量随种植年限的增加呈现先降低后又略有恢复的趋势,但水分恢复量不大。土壤水分波动性及其亏缺量随种植年限的增加呈现先增加后减小的抛物线型变化趋势。果树根系所吸收利用的土壤水分的深度,随着种植年限的增加而增深。在果树的主要生命周期内,其吸收利用的土壤水分最大深度可达8 m上下,耗水量最大时期为盛果中期(种植15年左右)。     

不同生育期苹果园土壤氨氧化微生物丰度研究

【目的】大量施氮引起的土壤酸化问题已严重制约苹果的安全生产。氨氧化微生物驱动的土壤硝化作用是土壤氮素循环的重要环节,探析苹果园土壤中氨氧化微生物氨单加氧酶基因(amoA)丰度与土壤硝化强度(Potential Nitrification,PN)和土壤理化性质的相关性,有助于评价土壤氨氧化微生物类群在苹果园土壤生态系统中的作用。【方法】本研究以辽宁省丹东东港地区‘寒富’苹果园土壤为研究对象,采用实时荧光定量PCR(Real-time PCR)技术,检测苹果树不同生育时期, 4月28日(萌芽期)、 7月24日(新梢停长期)、 10月23日(落叶期)的两个苹果园(分别编号为D1和D2)的土壤理化性质、 土壤硝化强度、 氨氧化古菌(Ammonia-oxidizing archaea, AOA)和氨氧化细菌(Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, AOB)的amoA基因丰度,并分析了氨氧化微生物丰度与土壤理化性质和土壤硝化强度之间的关系。【结果】不同生育时期‘寒富’苹果园土壤理化因子差异较大。所有供试土壤的硝态氮(NO-3-N)、 速效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)含量在4月份最高,铵态氮(NH+4-N)含量在7月最高,NO-3-N、 NH+4-N、 AP和AK含量在10月多为最低。且所有供试土壤pH值均在4.25~6.09之间。同一生育时期内,D2土壤pH均显著高于D1土壤,但其NO-3-N和NH+4-N含量则不同程度地低于D1土壤。不同采样时期的果园土壤硝化强度随季节变化表现出先降后增的趋势,除7月D2土壤硝化强度显著高于D1土壤外,4月与10月D2土壤硝化强度均显著低于D1土壤。尽管不同采样时期的土壤AOA与AOB丰度随生育期而各异,所有供试土壤中AOA丰度均显著高于AOB丰度。同一时期内,D2土壤AOA和AOB丰度均显著高于D1土壤。尽管土壤pH、 NO-3-N与AOA、 AOB均表现出显著相关性,土壤PN仅与AOA丰度明显正相关。【结论】长期施肥导致苹果园土壤pH值降低,pH值的改变是影响AOA与AOB丰度的重要因子,果园土壤的硝化过程主要由AOA来完成,土壤硝化强度与季节变化引起的温度和土壤环境因子等的改变密切相关。苹果园无机氮肥混合有机肥的施入,同时结合自然生草、 人工刈割等管理制度,在一定程度上可改变土壤氮素的含量与种类,减缓土壤酸化。     

Impacts of farmland conversion to apple (Malus domestica) orchard on soil organic carbon stocks and enzyme activities in a semiarid loess region

Land‐use change often affects the sizes of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and the activities of soil enzymes. Responses of relevant soil quality indices caused by farmland conversion to orchard are largely unknown in the semiarid loess regions. This study was conducted at orchard sites, which have been under very intensive cultivation, to evaluate the impacts of farmland conversion to apple (Malus domestica) orchard on SOC stocks and soil enzyme activities in the semiarid loess region of Weibei, Shaanxi province, China. The spatial and temporal changes in a variety of soil quality indices were measured for the 0–100 cm soil profile in apple orchards of three age groups (< 10 y, juvenile; 10–15 y, mature; > 15 y, over‐mature) and adjacent farmlands (control). After farmland conversion, total SOC (TOC) content and density and soil alkaline phosphatase activity significantly decreased, while soil catalase activity increased for the 0–100 cm soil profile. The labile SOC (LOC) content, its proportion to TOC content, and carbon management index (CMI, changes in the total content and lability of SOC) significantly increased in the 0–40 cm soil layer, whereas soil urease and invertase activities only increased in the 0–20 cm layer (P < 0.05). With increasing age of apple orchards, SOC stocks significantly increased after 10 y, being more than 10% larger in mature and over mature orchards than in adjacent farmlands. The LOC content and CMI value also had an increasing trend, while soil enzyme activities showed different response patterns. There were significant correlations between soil enzyme activities, SOC fractions, and CMI value (P < 0.05). We concluded that farmland conversion to apple orchard affected soil quality by reducing SOC stocks in the soil profile and changing SOC content as well as soil enzyme activities at various depth intervals. Long‐term apple cultivation was effective to restore SOC stocks, although it took over a decade to rebuild a new increasing trend after farmland conversion.     

苹果专用肥对果园土壤理化性质及苹果产量、品质的影响

研究比较了旱地苹果专用肥与化肥、农家肥对果园土壤理化性质、果实产量及品质的影响,在10年生红富士果园设置不覆膜+化肥(CK)、不覆膜+农家肥(T1)、不覆膜+苹果专用肥(T2)、覆膜+化肥(FCK)、覆膜+农家肥(FT1)、覆膜+苹果专用肥(FT2)6个处理。结果表明:在未覆膜条件下,与CK相比,T1和T2处理均降低了土壤容重,增加了土壤贮水量,但两者间差异不显著;T1和T2处理显著提高了土壤有机质含量,在0~20 cm土层较CK处理分别提高36.77%和33.73%;T2处理提高了土壤中速效养分含量,其0~60 cm土层碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾平均含量分别较CK提高7.34%、9.05%、5.90%;各施肥处理苹果年均产量顺序为T2CK≥T1,T2处理的果实硬度(7.19 kg·cm-2)和糖酸比(33.23)均最高。与未覆膜相比,覆膜条件下,各处理(FCK、FT1、FT2)土壤容重均有所降低,土壤贮水量、有机质、速效养分、果实产量和品质均得到提高,以FT2处理整体效果最好。综合分析表明,施用苹果专用肥提高了果实产量和品质,改善了土壤肥力,是果园简便高效的施肥技术。     

黄土高原苹果园间作油菜对土壤水分与苹果品质的影响

[目的]间作生草是黄土高原苹果优势产区有机肥替代化肥模式之一.由于黄土高原地区年际干旱少雨且降水在季节上分配不均,可能产生果园生草与果树争水的问题.因此,本研究采用不同耗水模式的油菜品种探究其对土壤水分及苹果品质的影响.[方法]试验于2018和2019年在陕西省延安市安塞区南沟流域进行.设置4个生草处理,分别为甘蓝型油...     

基于冠层叶气温差的苹果园土壤水分预报模型

该研究于2003～2004年采用便携式红外测温仪观测得到苹果主要生长季节晴天14∶00时冠层叶温数据,结合同步观测得到的空气温度数据及0～80 cm土壤相对有效含水率, 分析、建立以苹果树冠层叶气温差为指标的果园水分预报模型。该模型中,土壤相对有效含水率和冠层叶气温差的相关系数为－0.819(n=50),通过0.01水平显著性检验。并利用2002年及2005年的实测土壤水分数据对所建模型进行验证,结果表明：土壤相对有效含水率的观测值与计算值吻合较好,二者线性相关系数可达0.9137(n     

土施维生素B6对苹果园土壤微生物多样性的影响

【目的】 土壤微生物是影响根系生态环境的重要因素,维生素B₆具有提高果实品质的功效。本试验通过高通量测序的方法,研究土施不同剂量维生素B₆ (VB₆) 对土壤微生物多样性的影响,从而揭示土施维生素B₆提质功效的机理。 【方法】 2015年4月,在距富士苹果主干1 m处土施不同剂量的维生素B₆,同年10月,在撒入维生素B₆处采集土样,提取基因组DNA,通过PCR扩增建立文库,通过高通量测序技术并结合相关生物信息学方法,对土壤细菌16S rRNA基因V4+V5区域和真菌ITS1+ITS2区域的丰富度、多样性及群落结构进行检测。 【结果】 从9个土壤样品中共获得530714个有效细菌序列数和434886个有效真菌序列数,从每个样品中平均可获得1920个细菌群落 (OTUs) 和374个真菌群落 (OTUs),每个样品中有566个相同的细菌群落 (OTUs) 和73个相同的真菌群落 (OTUs),丰富度指数 (Ace指数和Chao指数) 分析显示,维生素B₆ 5g/株处理提高了细菌丰富度,其Ace指数显著提高了62.6%,Chao指数显著提高了71.6%,降低了真菌丰富度,其Chao指数显著降低了18.6%,维生素B₆ 10 g/株处理对细菌和真菌丰富度无显著影响。多样性指数 (Simpson指数和Shannon指数) 显示,维生素B₆ 5 g/株处理提高了细菌的多样性,其Shannon指数显著提高了22.3%,降低了真菌的多样性,其Simpson和Shannon指数显著降低了29.2%和34.4%,维生素B₆ 10 g/株处理对细菌和真菌的多样性无显著影响。在门分类水平上,变形菌门 (Proteobacteria)、放线菌门 (Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门 (Bacteroidetes) 和酸杆菌门 (Acidobacteria) 是优势细菌,其相对丰度之和超过80%,子囊菌门 (Ascomycota)、担子菌门 (Basidiomycota)、接合菌门 (Zygomycota) 是优势真菌,其相对丰度之和超过98%,维生素B₆ 5 g/株处理降低了细菌中拟杆菌门 (Bacteroidetes) 的相对丰度,提高了真菌中子囊菌门 (Ascomycota) 的相对丰度,降低了担子菌门 (Basidiomycota) 和接合菌门 (Zygomycota) 的相对丰度,维生素B₆ 10 g/株处理提高了细菌中的变形菌门 (Proteobacteria) 和放线菌门 (Actinobacteria) 的相对丰度,降低了拟杆菌门 (Bacteroidetes) 和酸杆菌门 (Acidobacteria) 的相对丰度,提高了真菌中担子菌门 (Basidiomycota) 的相对丰度,降低了接合菌门 (Zygomycota) 的相对丰度。 【结论】 维生素B₆可以改变土壤中细菌和真菌的丰富度和多样性,改变土壤中门水平的细菌和真菌的相对丰度。维生素B₆作为一种良好的根系生态调节剂,具有推广价值。      

陇东旱地苹果园不同地面覆盖模式的水分与养分效应

为完善和改进果园树盘起垄覆膜集雨保墒模式,提高土壤墒情,探寻更加有效的果园保墒措施,该研究以17 a生苹果园为研究对象,设置常规树盘起垄覆膜行间清耕模式（F）,在F 基础进行改进的树盘起垄覆膜+行间覆草模式（F+W）和树盘起垄覆膜+行间覆草+膜侧添加渗水穴模式（F+W+H）2种改进模式,以不起垄不覆盖为对照（CK）,采用定点试验,连续3 a(2015年干旱、2016年秋旱和2017年常年降雨)开展苹果花前、果实膨大期及采后的水分效应,以及养分效应和树体生长发育响应研究。结果显示：3种覆盖模式可不同程度增加0～200 cm土层的含水率, 以2017年最显著,2种改进模式可缓解300～500 cm土层水分消耗,降低休眠期无效蒸散,3 a三种覆盖模式果园土层总蒸散量均极显著（P<0.01）低于CK,由低到高顺序为F+W+H、F+W、F、CK。2015年和2016年采后覆盖模式0～300 cm土层硝态氮累积量均极显著（P<0.01）低于CK（比CK低34.4%～39.6%）。3种覆盖模式增加果实中氮磷钾养分吸收,以钾最突出。F+W+H、F+W和F 3 a平均产量分别较CK提高13.1%、13.0%和8.3%。综合各种效应,以2种改进覆盖保墒模式F+W+H和F+W较优。     

渭北旱塬果园自然生草对土壤水分及苹果树生长的影响

土壤水分不足是渭北旱塬苹果生产中的首要问题。为了提高果园土壤贮水量,促进果树生长,该试验以果园清耕和人工生草(三叶草)为对照,探讨渭北旱塬果园自然生草(繁缕和牛繁缕群落)对土壤水分及苹果树生长的影响。结果表明:自然生草在苹果开花坐果期可提高0~80 cm土层土壤水分,在幼果膨大期和花芽分化期可提高0~120 cm土层土壤水分,在果实采前膨大期可提高0~160 cm土层土壤水分,而人工生草则降低了土壤水分。自然生草和人工生草主要影响0~80 cm土层土壤水分,且对0~40 cm土层土壤水分影响较大,对120 cm以下土层影响较小。自然生草的土壤蒸散量较人工生草和清耕分别减少了17.30和8.07 mm,单果重分别提高了15.46%和6.21%,产量分别提高了21.29%和6.10%,土壤水分利用效率分别提高了25.09%和7.64%。自然生草不但可提高果园土壤贮水量,而且可提高果实单果重与产量,渭北旱塬应积极推广果园自然生草。     

有机物覆盖对核桃园土壤有机碳库及酶活性的影响

【目的】 地面覆盖是重要的地面管理措施,简单省力,不仅可以提高土壤肥力,还可以促进土壤微域生态系统的可持续发展。研究核桃园有机物覆盖对土壤有机碳库及酶活性的影响,可为推广有机覆盖管理措施提供理论依据。 【方法】 基于核桃园连年有机物覆盖试验,采用随机区组设计,以不覆盖为对照,研究了地面覆盖有机肥、碎木屑后,土壤有机碳库、碳库管理及酶活性的变化及三者间的关系。 【结果】 1) 有机物覆盖处理提高了土壤各有机碳组分含量,随着土层的加深效应下降,覆盖有机肥效果优于覆盖碎木屑。在0—20 cm土层,覆盖有机肥处理的总有机碳含量、可溶性有机碳含量及易氧化有机碳含量分别为对照的1.66倍、1.33倍、6.99倍,覆盖碎木屑处理的稳定性有机碳含量为对照的1.42倍。2) 有机物覆盖处理在一定程度上提高了土壤碳库活度、碳库活度指数、碳库指数及碳库管理指数,随土层的加深处理间差异减小。在0—80 cm土层,覆盖有机肥处理的碳库活度及碳库活度指数为对照的2.9～5.9倍,覆盖碎木屑处理的为对照的1.3～2.5倍;覆盖有机肥处理的碳库指数为对照的1.1～1.7倍,覆盖碎木屑处理的为对照的1.1～1.5倍;覆盖有机肥处理的碳库管理指数是对照的3.3～9.8倍,覆盖碎木屑处理的为对照的1.6～2.8倍。3) 有机物覆盖处理提高了核桃生长期内的土壤过氧化氢酶活性、中性蛋白酶活性、脲酶活性和纤维素酶活性,覆盖有机肥处理的提高幅度为4.2%～103.0%,覆盖碎木屑的提高幅度为3.5%～47.3%。4) 土壤总有机碳含量与碳库指数、碳库活度指数、碳库管理指数均呈显著正相关,土壤脲酶活性、土壤纤维素酶活性与土壤总有机碳含量、可溶性有机碳含量及易氧化有机碳含量呈极显著正相关。 【结论】 地面覆盖有机肥、碎木屑可以提高核桃园土壤的碳库活度及土壤酶活性。