饲用酸化剂中甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、乳酸、柠檬酸的同步测定

实验建立利用高效液相色谱同时测定饲用酸化剂中甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、乳酸、柠檬酸含量的方法。采用Grom-Sil org acid柱(250 mm×2.1 mm,5μm)进行分析。流动相为pH值2.5磷酸水溶液;流速为1.0 ml/min;检测波长为210 nm;柱温为30℃。在此色谱条件下,5种有机酸分离良好。平均回收率均大于85%,RSD小于10.0%。对实际样品的检测结果表明:该方法操作简便易行,准确可靠。     

Amino acid interactions in chick nutrition. 3. Interdependence in amino acid requirements

The quantitative nature of specific interactions between certain indispensable amino acids has been examined in a series of factorial experiments with young chicks.

It was demonstrated that when the dietary concentration of lysine was 1.10 per cent, the arginine requirement of the chick was 0.80 per cent. When the lysine concentration was raised to 1.35, 1.60 or 1.85 per cent of the diet, the arginine requirement was increased to 0.92, 1.04 and 1.15 per cent of the diet respectively. In another experiment, it was found that when due importance had been attached to the interaction between lysine and arginine, the requirements for these amino acids could be lowered to 0.94 per cent and 0.81 per cent respectively. These concentrations are considerably lower than those normally recommended for young chicks.

The interrelationship between leucine and isoleucine has also been defined in quantitative terms. At concentrations of 1.40, 2.15 or 2.90 per cent leucine, the isoleucine requirement was 0.58, 0.62 and 0.65 per cent of the diet respectively.

In a further study, a similar dependence of valine requirements upon the dietary concentration of leucine was observed: at concentrations of 1.40, 2.40 or 3.40 per cent leucine, the valine requirement was shown to be 0.77, 0.89 and 1.01 per cent respectively. The results of the experiment on the threonine‐tryptophan interaction indicated that at concentrations of 0.80, 1.30, 1.80 or 2.30 per cent threonine, the tryptophan requirement was 0.17, 0.18, 0.19 and 0.20 per cent of the diet respectively.

The results of the present study permit the general conclusion that the requirements of amino acids are interdependent.     

Acetic acid and 3-hydroxybutyric acid levels in cerebrospinal fluid of cattle

To evaluate the importance of acetic acid and 3-hydroxybutyric acid (3-HB) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of cattle, CSF samples were taken from a population of 60 cattle including healthy and sick animals with central nervous disorders. Mean acetic acid and 3-HB levels in blood plasma were 0.30 (SD 0.24) and 0.30 (SD 0.28) mM, and those in CSF were 0.14 (SD 0.06) and 0.08 (SD 0.07) mM, respectively. Significant differences were observed between plasma and CSF samples for both acetic acid and 3-HB levels. Acetic acid levels in CSF showed less relationship with those in blood plasma, whereas plasma 3-HB levels accompanied proportional changes with its CSF levels, which were about 30% of plasma 3-HB. It was revealed that both acetic acid and 3-HB levels in plasma and CSF have less relationship to glucose levels in plasma and CSF; therefore, the decrease of glucose levels in plasma or CSF is not necessarily accompanied by hyperketonemia.     

家蚕体内的氨基酸转运系统

几年前,Sacchi,V.F和作者撰写了最近18-20年内关于鳞翅目昆虫中肠内氨基酸吸收研究的综述,结论认为大多数研究集中在鳞翅目幼虫。最近的文献检索显示大部分关于昆虫氨基酸转运的研究继续集中在鳞翅目昆虫幼虫中肠,受到人们的关注。对中肠以外的其他组织氨基酸吸     

核酸免疫与核酸疫苗

核酸疫苗是最近几年从基因治疗研究领域发展起来的一种全新免疫防治剂。核酸疫苗是指将含有编码某种抗原蛋白基因序列的质粒载体作为疫苗 ,直接导入动物细胞内 ,通过宿主细胞的转录系统合成抗原蛋白 ,诱导宿主产生对该抗原蛋白的免疫应答 ,从而使被接种动物获得相应的免疫保护。免疫应答包括细胞激活、细胞因子分泌、细胞毒淋巴细胞 (CTL)产生以及特异性抗体形成等。因此 ,核酸疫苗又称基因疫苗或裸DNA疫苗。这种免疫称为核酸免疫、基因免疫、遗传免疫或DNA介导免疫等。核酸疫苗与传统疫苗相比有许多潜在的优势 ,从而被誉为第三次疫苗革…     

HPLC法测定复方多聚甲醛粉中水杨酸和苯甲酸

建立了HPLC法测定复方多聚甲醛粉中水杨酸和苯甲酸的方法。采用AgilentZORBAXEclipseXDB-C18色谱柱（4．6mm×250mm,5μm）,以0．05mol／L磷酸二氢钾溶液（pH6．0）-甲醇（90：10）为流动相,流速1．0mL／min,检测波长230nm,柱温40cC,进样量10μL,以外标法定量。水杨酸和苯甲酸在1．0～50μg／mL范围内均线性关系良好,相关系数r均为0．9999,平均回收率分别为99．06％～99．69％（RSD=0．09％～0．63％）和99．12％～99．73％（RSD=0．16％～0．48％）,n=3。本方法简便、准确,可快速测定复方多聚甲醛粉中水杨酸和苯甲酸的含量,为产品质量控制提供了依据。     

Effect of amino acid deficiency on precaecal amino acid digestibility in broiler chickens

In this study, we determined whether deficient dietary amino acid (AA) concentrations influence the precaecal (pc) AA digestibility when determined using the regression approach. We mixed two basal diets. Basal diet 1 was deficient in essential AAs, whereas adequate AA concentrations were ensured in basal diet 2 by adding free AAs. Rapeseed cake and full‐fat soya beans as test ingredients were included in the basal diets at levels of 100 and 200, and 150 and 300 g/kg, respectively, at the expense of maize starch. Each diet was tested with six replicates of 10 broiler chickens each. The feed intake of the chickens that were fed diets based on basal diet 2 was similar, whereas the feed intake of the chickens that were fed diets based on basal diet 1 differed considerably. The numerical differences in pc AA digestibility determined with basal diet 1 or 2 ranged from 2.6 percentage points to 20.8 percentage points in rapeseed cake and from 0.5 percentage points to 15.2 percentage points in soya beans. Across all measured AAs, the average differences were 10.1 percentage points and 5.4 percentage points in rapeseed cake and soya beans, respectively. The differences in the estimated pc AA digestibility between the basal diets were probably caused by different basal endogenous AA losses in the digesta between treatments as a consequence of different feed intake. Adequate AA concentrations and test ingredient levels that are specifically adjusted to avoid a negative effect on feed intake are recommended for future studies.     

动物营养代谢中的酸碱平衡

动物维持正常的酸碱平衡,是发挥机体细胞整体功能效应的必要前提。当某种酶活性对微小ｐＨ值变化敏感时,许多中间代谢产物反应,调控着动物细胞酸碱平衡。酸碱平衡是氢离子浓度的一种功能。当难于测定细胞内液和亚细胞内ｐＨ变化时,一般测定细胞外液中氢离子浓度,大多数哺乳动物细胞外液氢离子浓度维持在低水平状态(40×10-9ｍｏｌ/Ｌ或40ｎＥｑ/Ｌ,ｐＨ74)。细胞内液氢离子浓度比细胞外液高,哺乳动物肌肉细胞胞液ｐＨ值67～71变化,这种差异是维持细胞内代谢产物浓度的重要因子。但在细胞内,亚细胞器与胞液间也存在氢离子浓度差异。线粒体内…     

Pharmacokinetics of ascorbic acid in horses

The pharmacokinetics of ascorbic acid were studied in 29 horses after intravenous (iv), subcutaneous, intramuscular (im) and oral administration. Following iv injection of 5 and 10 g ascorbic acid, respectively, a biphasic decline of ascorbic acid serum levels was found, indicating that the vitamin distributes in the body according to a two-compartment open model. The apparent volume of distribution (average value for V_d(ss)= 0.6 litre/kg) was approximately equivalent to the volume of total body water. The terminal half-life of the biexponential serum level-time curve (t_1/2β) varied between 5 and 17 h. Both distribution and elimination were found to be positively correlated with the iv dose administered. Following subcutaneous and im injection, the average bioavailability of ascorbic acid amounted to 82 and 61 per cent, respectively. However, both routes of administration gave rise to marked local irritation. Following oral administration, the systemic availability of ascorbic acid was very poor. Serum levels in most experiments were not increased above the endogenous pre-administration values of the vitamin. Thus, in horses iv injection appears to be the only satisfactory route of administration of ascorbic acid if supplementation is required.     

胆汁酸在水产养殖中的应用研究

胆汁酸是胆固醇衍生的一类固醇酸，各种胆汁酸以一定的比例存在于不同动物胆汁中，在动物脂肪代谢过程中起着重要作用。作为一种新型的饲料添加剂，生产实践中已验证了胆汁酸的功效，胆汁酸的使用范围也越来越广泛。为使胆汁酸的作用与功能为更多的人所认识了解，并合理地选择和使用胆汁酸产品，本文首先介绍了胆汁酸的生理作用机制，随后综述了近年来胆汁酸在水产动物中的营养研究进展。多年的研究结果表明，适宜的胆汁酸产品能够有效地促进水产动物的生长，并在改善养殖鱼类品质方面有显著的效果。     

有机酸在饲料中的应用

1　有机酸种类有机酸作为饲料添加剂可分为两大类:1 )通过降低环境pH值,间接降低细菌数量的有机酸,如延胡索酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸、乳酸等。这类有机酸添加到饲料中主要在胃中起作用。2 )在降低环境pH值的同时还可破坏细菌细胞膜、干扰细菌酶的合成、影响细菌DNA复制直接抗菌的有机酸。这一类有机酸包括甲酸、乙酸、丙酸和山梨酸等。有机酸还可分为单一酸和复合酸。复合酸是几种有机酸和无机酸(多为磷酸)的混合物。2　有机酸生物学作用有机酸能提高饲料的酸度,降低饲料的缓冲能力,同时具有杀菌、抑菌、防止饲料霉变作用,可添加在饲料或饮水…     

Bioavailability of ascorbic acid in horses

The bioavailability of ascorbic acid administered to thoroughbreds by intramuscular injection was investigated. For intramuscular injection two preparations were studied, and the percentage bioavailability up to 24 h of 10 g of ascorbic acid was 95% +/- 22 in four horses and 60% in two horses with preparations A and B, respectively. Bioavailability at 24 h in three horses injected subcutaneously with 10 g of preparation B was 82%. Intramuscular injection of both preparations was apparently well tolerated while subcutaneous injection of preparation B (pH 6.0) was associated with marked irritancy. In a cross-over trial in seven thoroughbreds the effect of 13 or 15 days of oral administration of crystalline ascorbic acid (20 g) or ascorbyl palmitate (47 g) on plasma ascorbic-acid concentrations was investigated. Marked differences occurred between individuals. There was a greater increase in plasma ascorbic-acid concentration with ascorbyl palmitate compared to ascorbic acid at 6 and 24 h following administration. In two horses there was no increase in plasma ascorbic acid at 6 h following either oral preparation. The finding of lowered plasma ascorbic-acid concentrations following a period of supplementation warrants further investigation to assess its significance.     

Cyclopiazonic acid mycotoxicosis in the dog

The subacute toxic effects of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA; given orally) were characterized in the dog (CPA was purified from cultures of Aspergillus flavus). Four groups of dogs were given CPA in gelatin capsules for 90 days at the following dosage levels: 0.05, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg of body weight; a 5th group was used as controls. All dogs administered the 0.5 and 1.0 mg of CPA/kg dosages and 1 dog given the 0.25 mg of CPA/kg dosage died or were humanely killed before the scheduled termination of the study. Clinical signs of intoxication appeared 2 to 44 days after dosing was started and consisted of anorexia and, in 1 to 2 days, vomiting, diarrhea, pyrexia, dehydration, weight loss, and CNS depression. Grossly, the entire alimentary tract had diffuse hyperemia with focal areas of hemorrhage and ulceration. Other lesions were renal infarcts, necrotizing epididymitis, and ulcerative dermatitis. Microscopic lesions included ulceration, necrosis, vasculitis, lymphoid necrosis, karyomegaly in several organs, and decreased mitotic activity in intestinal crypt epithelium. Ulcerative and necrotic lesions were usually associated with vascular lesions. Clinical pathologic changes were leukocytosis, neutrophilia, lymphopenia, monocytosis, and increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity.