Inhibition of pyruvate kinase M2 by reactive oxygen species contributes to cellular antioxidant responses

Control of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations is critical for cancer cell survival. We show that, in human lung cancer cells, acute increases in intracellular concentrations of ROS caused inhibition of the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) through oxidation of Cys(358). This inhibition of PKM2 is required to divert glucose flux into the pentose phosphate pathway and thereby generate sufficient reducing potential for detoxification of ROS. Lung cancer cells in which endogenous PKM2 was replaced with the Cys(358) to Ser(358) oxidation-resistant mutant exhibited increased sensitivity to oxidative stress and impaired tumor formation in a xenograft model. Besides promoting metabolic changes required for proliferation, the regulatory properties of PKM2 may confer an additional advantage to cancer cells by allowing them to withstand oxidative stress.     

Landscape of somatic retrotransposition in human cancers

Transposable elements (TEs) are abundant in the human genome, and some are capable of generating new insertions through RNA intermediates. In cancer, the disruption of cellular mechanisms that normally suppress TE activity may facilitate mutagenic retrotranspositions. We performed single-nucleotide resolution analysis of TE insertions in 43 high-coverage whole-genome sequencing data sets from five cancer types. We identified 194 high-confidence somatic TE insertions, as well as thousands of polymorphic TE insertions in matched normal genomes. Somatic insertions were present in epithelial tumors but not in blood or brain cancers. Somatic L1 insertions tend to occur in genes that are commonly mutated in cancer, disrupt the expression of the target genes, and are biased toward regions of cancer-specific DNA hypomethylation, highlighting their potential impact in tumorigenesis.     

mtDNA A3243G 点突变小鼠模型的建立及其致病机制探讨

    利用显微注射线粒体技术建立转人线粒体小鼠模型,研究外源突变mtDNA在不同组织的分布及遗传规律,探讨mtDNA A3243G点突变对线粒体功能的影响.从健康成人及2型糖尿病患者(携带mtDNA 3243A-G突变)血液标本中分离有活性的线粒体,将其显微注射至小鼠受精卵,胚胎移植,产出仔鼠后利用分子生物学方法检测人mtDNA及mtDNA A3243G点突变.获得嵌合体小鼠后,对其空腹血糖和全血乳酸进行测定,并使用荧光法和比色法分析A3243G点突变小鼠重要脏器组织细胞活性氧生成量(ROS)、线粒体复合酶Ⅰ和Ⅳ活力及线粒体ATP合成活力的变化.研究结果显示:在1只雌性(转健康人线粒体)和2只雄性小鼠(转患者线粒体)中检测到人mtDNA,其中2只雄性小鼠携带mtDNA 3243A-G突变;将嵌和体雌鼠与野生型C57BL/6J 雄鼠交配后,在1只后代仔鼠中检测到人mtDNA;人mtDNA仅在嵌合小鼠的部分组织中表达.在含有mtDNA A3243G突变的组织中发现,线粒体复合酶Ⅰ、Ⅳ活力降低,ATP合成速率下降,ROS水平升高,说明A3243G点突变能损伤线粒体正常功能从而导致疾病的发生.综上所述,本研究利用显微注射法成功建立了嵌和小鼠,引入了致病性的点突变,为线粒体疾病的研究提供了良好的思路.     

DNA deaminating ability and genotoxicity of nitric oxide and its progenitors

Nitric oxide (NO), a multifaceted bioregulatory agent and an environmental pollutant, can also cause genomic alterations. In vitro, NO deaminated deoxynucleosides, deoxynucleotides, and intact DNA at physiological pH. That similar DNA damage can also occur in vivo was tested by treating Salmonella typhimurium strain TA1535 with three NO-releasing compounds, including nitroglycerin. All proved mutagenic. Observed DNA sequence changes were greater than 99% C----T transitions in the hisG46 (CCC) target codon, consistent with a cytosine-deamination mechanism. Because exposure to endogenously and exogenously produced NO is extensive, this mechanism may contribute to the incidence of deamination-related genetic disease and cancer.     

ROS对氯化镉诱导的人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞凋亡的影响

为研究活性氧(ROS)对氯化镉(CdCl2)诱导的人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞凋亡的影响,本文采用荧光探针DHR检测CdCl2诱导的MCF-7细胞内ROS的变化水平;分别采用MTT法和DNA Ladder法检测CdCl2对细胞的毒性作用和细胞DNA的凋亡情况;通过加入自由基清除剂LNAC抑制细胞内的ROS水平,从而研究ROS对细胞凋亡的影响。结果显示,1.00×10-3 mol/L的CdCl2处理MCF-7细胞6h,细胞内ROS水平为对照组的2.04倍,细胞存活率为26.54%,DNA出现片段化分解。用CdCl2+LNAC复合处理MCF-7细胞6h,细胞内ROS水平为对照组的1.25倍,细胞存活率为61.17%,DNA不出现凋亡条带。因此,由CdCl2所导致的MCF-7细胞凋亡和DNA片段化分解,与细胞内ROS水平的升高有关。     

不同浓度Na2SO3处理对吊兰和天竺葵活性氧代谢及保护酶活性的影响

通过对吊兰和天竺葵进行不同浓度(1 5005、000和7 000 mg/L)Na2SO3溶液浸泡处理模拟大气SO2污染胁迫,比较处理2、4、68、h后吊兰和天竺葵叶片的超氧自由基(O2.-)产生速率、过氧化氢(H2O2)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性的动态变化过程,结果发现,随Na2SO3溶液浓度的升高,吊兰和天竺葵叶片中O2.-、H2O2的含量呈逐渐上升的变化趋势,但吊兰的增幅小于天竺葵。各处理浓度下2种植物SODP、OD活性均高于对照,但SOD随处理时间延长而降低,而POD活性在处理2~6 h上升,6~8 h下降。CAT活性只有在1 500 mg/L Na2SO3处理下高于或接近对照,各处理CAT活性随处理时间延长逐渐下降。吊兰叶片中这三种酶活性高于天竺葵。研究还表明,高浓度Na2SO3处理后期吊兰和天竺葵叶片内活性氧清除酶类活性下降,不能及时清除体内大量的活性氧,从而引起MDA的大量积累,引起膜损伤。     

Reversibility of progression of the transformed phenotype in Ad5-transformed rat embryo cells

The carcinogenic process is extremely complex and is affected by diverse environmental and host factors. The mechanism for the gradual development of the transformed phenotype (a process termed "progression") was studied in type 5 adenovirus (Ad5)-transformed rat embryo cells. Progression was not correlated with major changes in the pattern of integration of viral DNA sequences. Instead, it was associated with an increased methylation of integrated viral sequences other than those corresponding to the E1 transforming genes of Ad5. A single exposure of progressed cells to the demethylating agent 5-azacytidine (Aza) resulted in a stable reversion to the unprogressed state of the original parental clone. A further selection of cells after growth in agar allowed the isolation of Aza-treated clones that had regained the progressed phenotype. These observations indicate that progression is a reversible process and suggest that progression may be associated with changes in the state of methylation of one or more specific genes.     

小麦纹枯病生防菌株S 024的诱变育种研究

采用5种诱变方法(紫外线、微波、LiCl,LiCl 紫外线、LiCl 紫外线 微波)对出发菌株S 024进行了诱变处理.结果表明,几种诱变方法对S 024的诱变效果差异较大,紫外线(UV)照射和LiCl处理均未能筛选到正突变菌株;微波(MV)处理(50,100 s)可选育出高效菌株,LiCl和UV复合诱变处理的效果最好,共筛选到3个高效菌株(LiU-024-1,LiU-024-4,LiU-024-9),其中LiU-024-4菌株抑菌率比出发菌株S 024提高了34.44%;连续3代转代培养,其产生抗生素的能力基本稳定.用MV对3株高效菌株再进行诱变处理,其抑菌活性基本没有提高.     

分根PEG胁迫对羊草幼苗植物量、活性氧代谢及脯氨酸含量的影响

采用分根装置,在自动控制的遮雨棚中,研究了聚乙二醇(PEG)胁迫对羊草幼苗植物量、活性氧代谢以及脯氨酸含量的影响.结果表明:与对照(CK,1/2强度Hoagland营养液)相比,单一根茎胁迫(RHS)、单一根系胁迫(ROS)以及同时根茎和根系胁迫(RHSS)3种处理方式均显著降低了羊草幼苗地上部干重、根茎干重以及总干重,且ROS处理和RHSS处理的降低幅度较大.RHS处理时,羊草幼苗根系中SOD、CAT活性显著降低,而根茎SOD、CAT活性增加.ROS和RHSS处理下,叶片中SOD、POD和CAT活性均有上升趋势;根茎在ROS处理下SOD、CAT活性均增加,RHSS处理下仅SOD活性上升,而根系在ROS处理下仅CAT活性上升.羊草地上部脯氨酸含量在RHS、ROS和RHSS处理时均显著增加,而根茎则显著降低.可见,根茎和根系在羊草响应PEG胁迫的生理过程中具有不同的功能;PEG胁迫下羊草不同器官同一抗氧化酶对活性氧淬灭作用不同,与POD相比不同器官SOD和CAT作用可能更大.     

热应激对猪睾丸细胞活性氧水平影响

 【目的】探讨热应激对猪睾丸细胞的氧化损伤。【方法】将猪睾丸细胞分为43℃ 1 h组、43℃ 2 h组、43℃ 1 h+37℃ 6 h组、43℃ 2 h+37℃ 6 h组、正常对照组及阳性对照组,采用光镜和电镜观察细胞及线粒体形态学变化,采用细胞活性氧检测试剂盒,通过激光共聚焦显微镜和流式细胞仪观察细胞内活性氧水平的变化。【结果】43℃处理1 h后,细胞变圆,线粒体发生部分或广泛变性,43℃ 2 h组和43℃ 2 h+37℃ 6 h组更为明显;43℃ 1 h组细胞内活性氧水平未见明显升高（P＞0.05）,但43℃ 2 h组细胞内活性氧水平显著高于43℃ 1 h组（P＜0.05）。上述2组细胞经43℃ 处理后37℃继续孵育6 h,细胞内活性氧水平均明显增强（P＜0.05）。【结论】热应激使睾丸细胞线粒体形态学发生改变,诱发细胞氧化损伤,进而可能影响睾丸的生殖功能。     

SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE FAMILY GENES IN WATERMELON AND THEIR RESPONSES TO DIFFERENT ABIOTIC STRESSES

• A total of 8 SOD genes from watermelon were identified and bioinformatically analyzed. • The SOD proteins from watermelon and other different plant species can be classified into five groups consistent with their metal cofactors. • ClSOD genes exhibited distinctive tissue-specific and abiotic stress responsive expression patterns. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an important enzyme in the antioxidant system of plants and plays a vital role in stress responses by maintaining the dynamic balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations. Genome-wide analysis of the SOD gene family in various plant species has been conducted but little is known about this gene family in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Here, eight SOD genes were identified in the watermelon genome and are designated ClCSD1-5, ClFSD1-2 and ClMSD according to their metal cofactors. Phylogenetic analysis shows that SOD proteins from various plant species can be classified into five groups and members in the same group possess the same metal cofactor and similar subcellular localizations. Expression analysis of the ClSOD genes indicates that they had tissue-specific expression patterns with high expression in different tissues including the leaves, flowers and fruit. In addition, the expression of ClSOD genes differed appreciably under salinity, drought and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments, indicating that they may be involved in ROS scavenging under different abiotic stresses via an ABA-dependent signaling pathway. These results lay the foundation for elucidating the function of ClSOD genes in stress tolerance and fruit development in watermelon.     

视网膜色素上皮细胞光氧化损伤及原花青素B2的保护作用

蓝光可诱导视网膜色素上皮(RPE)细胞发生光损伤,是年龄相关性眼病的主要发病机制之一。随着年龄增长,脂褐素在RPE细胞中沉积,蓝光能诱导RPE细胞中的脂褐素产生活性氧自由基(ROS),导致光氧化损伤。为了进一步研究蓝光诱导RPE细胞损伤的机制,采用累积了脂褐素主要成分N-亚视-N-视黄基-乙醇胺(A2E)的ARPE-19细胞作为RPE细胞光氧化损伤模型,对细胞活性、ROS、内质网应激(ER stress)蛋白及caspases进行检测,结果显示蓝光可降低RPE细胞活性,增加了ROS生成量,并且与内质网应激(ER stress)反应以及caspase-9和caspase-3的活化相关。此外,经原花青素B2处理后,RPE细胞活性显著提高,并且过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量显著增加。这些结果表明,葡萄原花青素B2可能通过提高细胞内抗氧化酶活力降低氧化应激反应,从而抑制蓝光诱导RPE细胞损伤。     

ROS-generating mitochondrial DNA mutations can regulate tumor cell metastasis

Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) occur at high frequency in human tumors, but whether these mutations alter tumor cell behavior has been unclear. We used cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) technology to replace the endogenous mtDNA in a mouse tumor cell line that was poorly metastatic with mtDNA from a cell line that was highly metastatic, and vice versa. Using assays of metastasis in mice, we found that the recipient tumor cells acquired the metastatic potential of the transferred mtDNA. The mtDNA conferring high metastatic potential contained G13997A and 13885insC mutations in the gene encoding NADH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) dehydrogenase subunit 6 (ND6). These mutations produced a deficiency in respiratory complex I activity and were associated with overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Pretreatment of the highly metastatic tumor cells with ROS scavengers suppressed their metastatic potential in mice. These results indicate that mtDNA mutations can contribute to tumor progression by enhancing the metastatic potential of tumor cells.     

模拟UVB增强胁迫对大田水稻生长及内源激素含量的影响

利用可调式紫外线增强系统人工模拟了江西省千烟洲地区20%臭氧层衰竭程度所导致的紫外线辐射增强环境,在大田栽培条件下,对晚稻品种“协优432”的叶绿素含量、株高、内源激素IAA、ABA、GA3和Zeatin(Z)含量进行了测定。结果表明:经过增强的UV辐射处理后,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量均有明显下降,UV-A UV-B处理组和UVA处理组与对照组间的差异均达到极显著水平(p<0.01)。株高在处理组和对照组之间差异不显著。UV-A UV-B处理组IAA、GA3和Z含量分别比正常日光对照组降低了21.86%、31.90%和30.28%,分别比UV-A处理组降低了31.79%、35.84%、39.14%。ABA含量UV-A UV-B处理组比正常日光对照组降低了29.16%,比UV-A处理组降低了32.33%,但是经过统计学检验后差异均不显著。     

铁离子对斑马鱼肝脏细胞应激低氧胁迫的影响

水体急性低氧一直是水产养殖中的棘手问题,而铁代谢在鱼类低氧应激中发挥着极其重要的作用。为探究铁离子对鱼类应激低氧胁迫的影响,本研究以模式生物斑马鱼的肝脏细胞（ZFL）为研究对象,利用柠檬酸铁胺（FAC）对ZFL细胞进行外源补铁,同时用去铁胺（DFO）清除ZFL细胞的内源及外源铁,比较不同处理条件下ZFL细胞对低氧胁迫的应激反应。结果表明,低氧胁迫显著降低了ZFL细胞的增殖能力和存活率,而与清除内源及外源铁相比,补充外源铁能够明显改善ZFL细胞的增殖能力和存活率。同时,Western blot的结果显示补充外源铁显著提高了低氧胁迫下的ZFL细胞中铁蛋白的表达量。此外,通过qRT-PCR比较在该条件下与铁吸收（tfa）、铁储存（fthl27、fthl28、fthl31）和铁输出（fpn）相关基因的mRNA表达水平,结果表明均显著提高。进一步对低氧胁迫下ZFL细胞内活性氧（ROS）水平进行检测,发现补充外源铁能够在一定程度上恢复ZFL细胞中ROS的水平,由此证明在一定范围内胞内ROS水平的增加有利于ZFL细胞抵抗低氧胁迫。可为探究低氧导致的鱼类相关疾病提供理论基础,为低氧导致养殖鱼类产量低下提供解决办法。     

常压室温等离子体(ARTP)对脱落酸产生菌的诱变效应

[目的]研究ARTP对脱落酸产生菌的诱变效应及有效性,以期获得高产突变菌株。[方法]应用ARTP在电源功率100 W、等离子体温度25℃、气流量10 SLM、照射距离2 mm的条件下,进行不同照射时间的诱变处理,统计致死率、正变率、变异幅度等。[结果]在100 s的处理剂量下,ARTP对脱落酸产生菌的正变率在20%以上,诱变幅度在-30.53%~22.06%,高产突变株6-2的S-ABA产量比出发菌株提高22.06%,且经连续5次传代试验,产量无明显变化。[结论]ARTP对脱落酸产生菌的正变率高、诱变幅度大,所获高产突变株的稳定性好。     

Genotoxicity of formaldehyde in cultured human bronchial fibroblasts

Formaldehyde, a common environmental pollutant, inhibits repair of O6-methylguanine and potentiates the mutagenicity of an alkylating agent, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, in normal human fibroblasts. Because formaldehyde alone also causes mutations in human cells, the compound may cause genotoxicity by a dual mechanism of directly damaging DNA and inhibiting repair of mutagenic and carcinogenic DNA lesions caused by other chemical and physical carcinogens.     

Effects of 24-Epibrassinolide on Antioxidant System in Cucumber Seedling Roots Under Hypoxia Stress

This article aims to study the effects of exogenous 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) on the changes in ROS, activities of antioxidative enzymes and antioxidants in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedling roots under hypoxia stress. Seedlings of a hypoxianormoxic or hypoxic nutrient solutions that were added or not added with 10-3 mg L-1 EBR. Under hypoxia stress, the ROS levels and the lipid peroxidation were significantly increased in the roots upon exposure to hypoxia stress, which were inhibited by EBR application. The EBR treatment significantly increased the seedlings growth and SOD, APX, GR activities, and contents of AsA and GSH under hypoxia stress. From the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that oxidative damage on seedling roots by hypoxia stress can be considerably alleviated and the tolerance of plants was elevated.     

甘薯丝裂原活化蛋白激酶MPK6对低温胁迫的响应

【目的】研究甘薯丝裂原活化蛋白激酶MPK6在抵御低温胁迫过程中的功能,为解析甘薯耐低温机制和遗传改良提供参考。【方法】采用农杆菌介导法,将35S::IbMPK6-GFP重组表达载体和对照载体质粒pDMC83转化甘薯愈伤组织,根据载体上特有的GFP序列设计引物对甘薯拟转基因材料进行分子鉴定,并通过qRT-PCR筛选表达量高的转基因株系。对非转基因植株(WT)和转基因株系进行低温胁迫和恢复处理,观察处理后及恢复后的表型变化;检测叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、丙二醛(MDA)含量和过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量等生理指标;利用二氨基联苯胺(DAB)和氮蓝四唑(NBT)染色法观察活性氧的积累情况;分析低温信号转导途径中关键转录因子基因IbCBF3和下游基因IbCOR27的表达水平。【结果】共获得12株IbMPK6过表达甘薯株系,筛选IbMPK6表达量最高的3个过表达株系(L3、L8和L11)用作低温胁迫分析材料。低温胁迫下WT的Fv/Fm为0.50,而转基因株系L3、L8和L11的Fv/Fm分别为0.79、0.79和0.80,与WT呈现极显著差异水平。温度恢复...