针铁矿和针铁矿—胡敏酸复合体对Se(Ⅳ)吸附机制

研究了针铁矿和针铁矿—胡敏酸复合体对Se(Ⅳ)的吸附机制。结果表明:针铁矿和复合体对Se(Ⅳ)的最大吸附容量分别为0.202 mmol g-1和0.159 mmol g-1。针铁矿的等温吸附数据适合用Langmuir模型拟合,而Freundlich模型更适合描述复合体的等温吸附过程。针铁矿的等电点(IEP)在7.0附近,复合体的IEP3.0;当p H=4.0时,它们的表面电位分别为46.6 m V和-40.5 m V。X—射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析显示,针铁矿和复合体表面Fe2p3/2的电子结合能(B.E.)分别为711.4e V和711.5 e V,复合体表面C1s的B.E.值为284.8 e V。初始p H=4.0时,样品与Se(Ⅳ)相互作用后的主要变化体现在:(1)针铁矿和复合体的悬浮液p H分别升高至4.4和4.2,表面电位分别降低了39.08 m V和升高了1.8 m V;(2)针铁矿表面Fe(Ⅲ)的B.E.值降低了0.4 e V,但吸附态Se(Ⅳ)的B.E.值无明显变化;(3)复合体表面Fe(Ⅲ)的B.E.值降低了0.3 e V,表面C-O中C的B.E.值由285.7 e V升高至286.5e V,吸附态Se(Ⅳ)的B.E.值升高了0.6 e V。针铁矿和复合体吸附Se(Ⅳ)的主要机制包括表面配合反应(复合体表面铁羟基与HSe O3-之间存在双齿配位)、静电引力、氢键等作用。此外,复合体表面吸附态Se(Ⅳ)同时与针铁矿和胡敏酸发生了作用,形成了针铁矿—Se(Ⅳ)—胡敏酸三元体。     

还原态蒙脱石结构Fe（Ⅱ）催化水铁矿转化特性及影响因素

还原条件下土壤中Fe(Ⅱ)催化水铁矿转化在调控营养元素和污染物的生物地球化学过程中具有重要作用。然而,作为土壤中Fe(Ⅱ)存在的主要形态之一,蒙脱石结构中Fe(Ⅱ)催化水铁矿转化的特性及其影响因素目前尚不清楚。以化学还原的蒙脱石为研究对象,探究还原态蒙脱石(rSWy-2)结构中Fe(Ⅱ)催化水铁矿转化的特性及其影响因素。结果表明,贫铁的蒙脱石结构中Fe(Ⅱ)可催化水铁矿向纤铁矿转化,反应96 h后水铁矿转化量达到83.3%。X射线衍射(XRD)、高分辨透射(HRTEM)、球差电镜(STEM)和表面吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)含量分析表明,rSWy-2结构Fe(Ⅱ)催化水铁矿转化主要经历矿物间固相吸附、电子传递和水铁矿转化三个阶段,形成的纤铁矿呈板状纳米片,尺寸大小为100～200 nm。溶液中Na+和Cl–离子对rSWy-2催化水铁矿转化影响较弱,而Ca²⁺、SO₄^2-、有机质和As(Ⅲ)均对水铁矿转化具有明显的抑制作用。     

水溶性有机质对金霉素在猪粪中吸附-解吸附行为的影响

选择来自猪粪和稻草的水溶性有机质（DOM）,用室内模拟试验方法研究了我国常用抗生素金霉素（CTC）在受到内源和外源DOM作用下在猪粪中的吸附和解吸附行为。研究表明,金霉素能被猪粪便快速吸附,等温线呈非线性,用Freundlich方程可以很好地拟合吸附数据;添加DOM能抑制猪粪对CTC的吸附,其能力大小与加入的DOM种类有关,其中内源性猪粪DOM的解吸附效果明显大于外源性稻草DOM;形成阳离子复合体和加入DOM的性质可能是抑制CTC在猪粪便上吸附的主要机制。     

磷在富营养化湖泊沉积物-水界面的循环

沉积物中部分固定的磷可通过分解或溶解作用而释放磷酸盐到沉积物间隙水中;再生的磷可能释放到上覆水体中,或在沉积物中作为一种自生相而再沉淀,或被沉积物的其它组分所吸附。本文描述了磷在沉积物-水界面的迁移过程,并对影响磷循环的因子及其磷自沉积物释放的机制作一简要概述。     

红壤有机矿物复合体吸附Cu(Ⅱ)的分子机制

采用元素分析、X射线衍射分析（XRD）、同步辐射扫描透射显微术（STXM）等手段,表征湖南祁阳红壤中颗粒态有机质(Particle organic matter, POM)和有机矿物复合体（Organo-mineral complexes, OMC）的元素组成、矿物组成,以及Cu(Ⅱ)在土体土壤（Bulk soil,BS）和OMC表面的吸附行为、元素微区分布和分子固定机制,以明确实际土壤系统有机矿物复合体对铜吸附的能力及其固定机制。元素分析、XRD结果表明,土体土壤主要由OMC组成,富含黏土矿物,且所含有机质矿化度较BS和POM组分高。等温吸附实验结果表明,BS和OMC等温吸附曲线符合Langmuir和Freundlich方程,BS及OMC对Cu(Ⅱ)吸附等温线类似,且理论最大吸附量相当,说明供试土壤对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附主要由OMC决定。STXM在亚微米尺度上表征了BS和OMC吸附样品中Cu与C、 Fe、Al、Si的微区分布特征,发现Cu在红壤中分布具有空间异质性,Cu主要与羧基碳与铁氧化物形成的有机矿物复合体相结合,控制着红壤中Cu(Ⅱ)的形态分布与有效性。     

土壤溶解性有机质分子特征对不同来源有机肥分解的响应

从有机肥料中提取的溶解性有机质（DOM）可为不同的商业有机肥料的潜在应用提供新的见解。选用四种不同来源有机肥（生物质炭肥,WSB;羊粪有机肥,SM;海藻有机肥,SW;虾肽有机肥,SP）与昌化矿区周边土壤为研究材料,进行为期三个月的培养试验,采用多元光谱分析研究土壤DOM分子特征对有机肥分解的响应。与对照组相比,在培养过程中添加四种有机肥均增加土壤DOM的含量,WSB处理增加量最低,SW处理增加最高。激发发射矩阵结合平行因子分析 (EEM-PARAFAC) 表明培养过程中添加WSB提高了土壤DOM中类胡敏酸组分,减少了类富里酸组分;添加SM、SW和SP在0~45 d内降低了土壤DOM中微生物转化的类胡敏酸组分的比例而提高类富里酸组分,在45~90 d内增加难降解的类胡敏酸组分的比例。二维红外相关分析 ( 2D-FTIR-COS) 表明CK和SP处理中土壤DOM的芳香性或羧酸碳优先对分解时间发生响应;而添加WSB、SW和SM处理组中土壤DOM的烯烃或多糖类碳优先对分解时间发生响应;添加WSB和SP处理土壤提取液中也出现了Si-O-Al等土壤纳米矿物类官能团响应信号。碳近边X射线吸收精细结构 (C 1s NEXAFS) 分析结果表明：培养结束后,与未添加有机肥处理相比,WSB处理提高土壤DOM中含氧脂肪族碳组分比例,而减少芳香与酚类碳比例;SW处理主要增加了芳香碳、羰基碳的比例,而减少了脂族碳和氧烷基碳含量;SM、SP处理增加了酚类碳、芳香碳以及脂族碳比例,减少了羧基碳、氧烷基碳和羰基碳比例。本研究结果可增强对不同来源有机肥分解影响土壤DOM分子特征的了解,对于评估土壤中施用商品有机肥料的生态环境效应至关重要。     

铁铝氧化物–层状硅酸盐矿物互作对Cr (Ⅵ)和As (Ⅴ)吸附的影响

以高岭石、蒙脱土、针铁矿和三水铝石四种单一典型土壤矿物以及针铁矿-蒙脱石和三水铝石-蒙脱石（质量比为1:1）两种代表性土壤矿物复合体为吸附材料，采用吸附平衡实验、能谱分析（(EDS）、红外光谱、扫描电镜、酸碱滴定和zeta电位测定等方法，研究了铁铝氧化物与层状硅酸盐矿物之间的相互作用对Cr(Ⅵ)和As(Ⅴ)吸附的影响及其机制。吸附平衡实验和EDS实验结果表明，两种复合体对Cr(Ⅵ)和As(Ⅴ)的吸附容量均小于其两种组成矿物单一体系吸附量的平均值，即铁铝氧化物与蒙脱石的互作降低了这些氧化物对Cr(Ⅵ)和As(Ⅴ)的吸附能力。表面性质表征结果表明，与蒙脱石复合后，针铁矿与三水铝石表面的正电荷均被完全中和，电荷符号发生反转。与理论值相比，三水铝石-蒙脱石复合体的表面位点总浓度无明显变化，比表面积减小。针铁矿-蒙脱石复合体的比表面积与理论值无明显差异，但矿物表面位点浓度减小，表面羟基红外吸收峰强度减弱。氧化物与层状硅酸盐矿物互作改变了矿物表面性质，这可能是导致氧化物对Cr(Ⅵ)和As(Ⅴ)的吸附能力降低的主要原因。当评估污染元素在土壤中有效性时应当考虑土壤固相组分间的互作对离子吸附的影响。     

矿物对溶解性有机质及其不同组分的吸附作用

溶解性有机质(Dissolved Organic Matter,DOM)在土壤矿物表面的吸附控制着其在土壤中的迁移,会影响土壤/矿物对重金属、有机污染物等的传质过程[1～3]。已往资料揭示,土壤中黏土矿物是DOM的重要吸附质;但迄今,有关DOM在不同类型黏土矿物表面吸附的差异及机制尚很不清楚。另外,不同DOM组分在土壤矿物上的吸附各异,土壤矿物对DOM不同成分的吸附具有选择性;因此分离DOM不同组分,分别研究其在土壤矿物上的吸附有助于揭示DOM与土壤矿物的结合机理,但该研究尚待深化。此外,目前研究中DOM多以土壤中提取的为主[4],对于因污泥农用等农业管理措施而从外部引入土壤的DOM的研究还较     

土壤中溶解性有机质及其对污染物吸附和解吸行为的影响

溶解性有机质（DOM）已成为环境科学、生态学和土壤科学等学科的研究热点。DOM对重金属、养分和有机污染物的环境化学行为有很大影响,因此开展DOM与污染物（或养分）之间相互作用的研究,具有重要的理论与实践意义。本文系统地评述了DOM的来源、组成、分级及其对土壤中污染物吸附一解吸行为的影响。尽管关于土壤中DOM的研究还不完善,许多工作也只是刚刚开始,至今对土壤中DOM的性质、组成和分类方法等问题都不是很清楚,但现有的结果已经表明,DOM是土壤圈中一种十分活跃的重要化学组分,它对土壤中化学物质的溶解、吸附、解吸、吸收、迁移和生物毒性等行为均有显著的影响。     

铁氧化物-胡敏酸复合物对磷的吸附吸附

本试验通过设置不同磷酸根浓度、 pH和不同电解质及电解质强度梯度,研究磷酸根在针铁矿-胡敏酸（HA）复合物和赤铁矿-胡敏酸（HA）复合物表面的吸附特性。X射线衍射（XRD）、 扫描电镜（SEM）和红外光谱（FTIR）图谱显示: 铁氧化物包覆胡敏酸后其内部结构特性保持不变; 氧化铁与胡敏酸通过氢键形成粒径大、 表面光滑的铁氧化物-HA复合微粒,且复合物比表面减小; 形成的氧化铁-胡敏酸复合物对磷的吸附能力增强,且针铁矿复合物的吸附能力大于赤铁矿复合物,均为多层吸附过程; pH增高抑制铁氧化物复合物对磷的吸附,同时电解质浓度增加促进复合体对磷的吸附,且反应后体系pH随之降低。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.