蜜蜂甘露蜜中毒及其预防措施

甘露蜜中毒是蜜蜂急发性的病害之一，甘露蜜危害蜜蜂突然，蜜蜂死亡率高，一经发现蜂群甘露蜜中毒，损失已经形成或正在形成。近年蜜蜂受甘露蜜危害的范围和程度有所扩大，有时连年出现甘露，给养蜂生产造成严重损失。2005年深秋，长白山区多数蜂场遭受甘露蜜的危害，越冬蜂死亡率达50％～100％，有的蜂场因甘露蜜中毒全场覆没。有的蜂场越冬前蜂群就已死光。2006年在长白山局部地区又出现甘露蜜中毒，使部分蜂场又遭受损失。     

蜜蜂甘露蜜中毒实验室诊断方法的研究

前言蜜蜂甘露蜜中毒是养蜂生产上最常见的一种非传染性病害,尤其以干旱歉收的年份更为明显。过去对于蜜蜂甘露蜜中毒的诊断多采用酒精反应和石灰水反应来进行,不但准确性低,而且还只能测定蜂蜜内甘露蜜的含量,而对于蜜蜂甘露蜜中毒,由于受到蜂体内蛋白质的影响,根本无法进行诊断。现在通过研究查明,采用电导率测定法来诊断蜜蜂甘露蜜中毒,不但准确性高,而且受蜜蜂体内有机物的干扰小,无论对于蜂蜜内甘露蜜     

浅谈蜜蜂甘露蜜中毒

蜜蜂甘露蜜中毒是我国养蜂生产上一种常见的非传染病,以每年的早春和晚秋发生较严重.此外,在每年的夏秋之交,当外界蜜源中断且气候干旱少雨时,蜜蜂甘露蜜中毒也时有发生. 甘露蜜中毒在北方晚秋时较严重.蜜蜂采集取食甘露蜜,因其中含有较高的矿物质、糊精、松三糖,导致其消化不良,下痢而死.     

《我是怎样开蜂产品专卖店的》

蜜蜂甘露蜜中毒是我国养蜂生产上一种常见的非传染病,以每年的早春和晚秋发生较严重。此外,在每年的夏秋之交,当外界蜜源中断且气候干旱少雨时,蜜蜂甘露蜜中毒也时有发生。甘露蜜中毒在北方晚秋时较严重。蜜蜂采集取食甘露蜜,因其中含有较高的矿物质、糊精、松三糖,导致其消化不良,下痢而死。1甘露蜜中毒的症状发生甘露蜜中毒的大多是采集蜂,通常是强群比弱群中毒死亡严重。中毒严重时,蜂王和幼虫都会死亡,中毒的蜜蜂腹部膨大,失去飞翔能力,病蜂大多死在箱外。解剖病蜂观察,蜜囊成球形,中肠萎缩、环纹消失,成灰白色,并有黑色絮状沉淀,后肠呈…     

怎样防治蜜蜂甘露蜜中毒——大肚子病

蜜蜂甘露蜜中毒,以每年的早春和晚秋(北方9—10月,南方10—12月)发生严重。甘露蜜包括甘露和蜜露两种。甘露是由寄生在松树、柏树、柳树等树上蚜虫、介壳虫等昆虫所分泌的一种含糖汁液。蜜露是由于受气温剧烈变化的影响,植物本身泌出的一种含糖汁液,这种汁液叫做蜜露。当外界蜜、粉源缺乏时,蜜蜂就采集这些甘露和蜜露,并将它搬进蜂箱内,酿成甘露蜜。甘露蜜它含有比蜂蜜高几倍的矿盐和糊精物质,蜜蜂取食后不易消化,引起中毒。中毒蜜蜂腹部膨大(实际是蜜囊膨大)失去飞翔能力,常爬到框梁上或巢门外,有时在蜂箱附近的小草上结成小团。解剖观察,中毒蜜蜂的蜜囊膨大呈球状,大肠呈灰白色,内含物中有黑色絮状沉淀,后肠通常呈蓝色     

蜜蜂“爬蜂病”的研究与防治实践(五)

2 2　有毒蜜粉源植物引起的爬蜂 ,主要是因甘露蜜中毒、枣花蜜中毒以及其他有毒植物花粉、花蜜中毒引起的。2 2 1　甘露蜜中毒(1)中毒原因　甘露蜜中毒多发生在早春和秋季蜜粉源缺乏时 ,由蜜蜂采集和吸食甘露及蜜露引起中毒 ,出现爬蜂。甘露是由蚜虫、介壳虫等昆虫分泌的一种黄色无芳香味的胶状甜液 ,干旱年份尤为严重 ,蜜蜂前往采集 ,造成蜜蜂中毒而死亡 ;蜜露是由于植物受到外界气温变化的影响或受到创伤 ,从植物的叶、茎或创伤部位分泌出的甜液 ,蜜蜂前往采集这些物质 ,将其带回蜂巢 ,酿制成甘露蜜。它有 2种类型 ,即结晶的三糖和不结…     

提高警惕，小心甘露蜜

甘露蜜是指昆虫(如蚜虫)的含糖排泄物和植物(如松树等)所分泌的含糖液体。由蜜蜂采集后酿造的蜜。甘露蜜本身并没有毒,欧洲一些国家还有专门生产的甘露蜜出售。在平常时候蜜蜂吃了也不会中毒,但在越冬期间,蜜蜂食用甘露蜜麻烦可就大了。因为甘露蜜中含有木糖、糊精等物质,蜜蜂食用后不能消化,累积在肚子里,越冬期间又不能排泄,于是形成大肚病。有的爬出门外排泄,不能回巢,有的跌落箱底,有的排泄在框梁上,箱子内黑乎乎的一片一片的。蜜蜂食用甘露蜜不仅造成下痢,还由于不能继续食用蜜以产生热量,造成箱内温度下降,因而大量蜜蜂死亡,甚至全群覆灭。近年来时常听到有蜂友的蜂群因为甘露蜜中毒而伤亡殆尽,应该引起大家的警惕。     

注意防治甘露蜜中毒

北方甘露蜜产生在晚秋，会影响蜂群越冬安全，甘露蜜产生的条件及防治措施有以下几点：一、甘露蜜危害蜂群越冬甘露蜜中含有大量糊精及有毒性的矿物质，特别是钾会导致蜜蜂中毒。蜜蜂无法消化糊精，而其中的松三糖使甘露蜜很快结晶，蜜蜂在冬季无法食用。据笔者调查，从1990年到2005年在双鸭山地区有3次蜂群越冬因甘露蜜中毒，使拥有100-200群较大规模蜂场出现垮蜂的情况。2005年冬集贤县西部山区大小蜂场全军覆没无一幸免。     

蜜蜂甘露蜜中毒的防治

蜜蜂甘露蜜中毒是我国养蜂生产中较为常见的一种非传染性病害，具有明显的季节性和地域性。甘露蜜易造成蜜蜂中毒，成蜂死亡率高，严重时幼虫和蜂王也会死亡，给养蜂生产造成不必要的损失。要采取有效的饲养管理方法，秋蜜结束前要提早预防，防止蜜蜂因采集甘露蜜而中毒，避免对蜂群造成重大损失。     

问题解答

問:在秋季蜜源缺乏的时候,蜜蜂常采甘露蜜使蜂群受到損失,应該怎样防治? (河北刘祥生) 答:蜜蜂常在秋季蜜源稀少时期,采集大量的甘露蜜。甘露蜜是蚜虫的排泄物,蜜蜂不能吸收,容易引起中毒、患下痢病。 1964年8、9月份由于自然灾害的影响,延寿县养蜂生产欠收,各場蜂群巢內存蜜不足,部分蜂場的蜜蜂采集了甘露蜜,因此,蜂群入窖后大批死亡。为     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.