过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

为研究不同过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响,试验选择胎次(3～5胎)、产奶量、产犊日期相近,体重(600±20)kg健康荷斯坦泌乳高峰期奶牛24头,随机分为4组,每组6头。1组为对照组,饲喂牛场常规日粮;2、3、4组为试验组,分别在常规日粮基础上添加过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ500 g/(d.头)。正式期60 d。结果表明:奶牛日粮中添加过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物后,均可明显提高奶牛产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率及乳中总干物质含量。尤其是复合物Ⅲ,添加效果最为理想,平均日产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率及总干物质含量分别比对照组提高21.19%(P<0.05)、21.31%(P<0.05)、9.72%(P<0.05)和10.34%(P<0.05),平均日校正乳产量提高35.70%(P<0.05)。     

瘤胃微生物在奶牛乳脂肪合成中的调节作用研究进展

乳脂肪不仅是牛乳的主要成分之一,同时乳脂肪含量也是评价牛乳质量的重要指标.乳脂肪的合成涉及到日粮营养物质通过奶牛机体转化为乳营养成分的复杂生物学过程,受日粮配方、遗传背景、生理状态、瘤胃微生物等多方面的影响.瘤胃微生物可以通过自身合成的酶类对日粮进行降解,进而对乳脂肪合成前体物质的生成和利用起到一定的调节作用,乳脂肪前...     

日粮添加包被尿素对乳山羊泌乳性能、乳成分及瘤胃发酵参数的影响

文章旨在评估日粮添加包被尿素替代豆粕对乳山羊泌乳性能、养分摄入、乳成分及瘤胃发酵参数的影响.试验将32头平均泌乳期为(68±3)d的乳山羊随机分为2组,每组16头,每组8个重复(2头/重复).对照组饲喂玉米-青贮玉米-豆粕型全混合日粮,处理组饲喂用30％包被尿素替代豆粕的全混合日粮,饲养试验持续5周.结果:日粮添加30...     

过瘤胃氯化胆碱对奶牛生产性能的影响

选取40头健康荷斯坦泌乳盛期奶牛完全随机分为2组,每组20头。对照组牛群饲喂基础日粮,试验组牛群在基础饲料中添加20 g/（日.头）的瘤胃保护胆碱,分三次饲喂,瘤胃保护胆碱直接投喂于TMR日粮上。试验期60 d。测定了产奶量,牛奶中的乳脂率、乳蛋白、体细胞数。试验结果表明：在本试验的条件下,试验组牛群在基础饲料中添加20 g/（日.头）的瘤胃保护胆碱后,奶牛的平均产奶量显著提高了1.6%（P〈0.05）,乳脂率提高了0.06%（P〈0.05）;乳蛋白率、乳蛋白量、乳脂量、体细胞数均无显著差异（P〉0.05）。     

复合酶制剂对瘤胃发酵及泌乳早期奶牛生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究添加不同水平复合酶制剂对瘤胃发酵及奶牛生产性能的影响。试验一以奶牛全混合日粮作为底物进行体外瘤胃发酵试验,分为4组,即对照组不添加酶制剂,试验1、2和3组的酶制剂添加量分别为日粮浓度的0.10%、0.15%和0.20%,每组设9个重复。每个重复准确称取0.500 g底物,在体外发酵产气自动记录装置上发酵48 h,测定其发酵参数和营养物质降解率。结果表明:复合酶制剂显著提高发酵液中总挥发性脂肪酸和乙酸浓度(P<0.05);试验组中粗蛋白(P<0.05)和中性洗涤纤维(P<0.01)降解率显著高于对照组。试验二选择体重、胎次、泌乳天数和产奶量相近的泌乳早期荷斯坦奶牛36头,采用随机区组设计分为4组,即对照组和试验1、2和3组,对照组不添加酶制剂,试验1、2和3组分别添加0.10%、0.15%和0.20%的酶制剂,每组9个重复,试验期8周,测定产奶量和乳成分含量,计算3.5%乳脂校正乳。结果表明:复合酶制剂显著提高3.5%乳脂校正乳产量(P<0.05),0.10%、0.15%和0.20%组比对照组分别提高3.88、4.27和2.26 kg·d^-1。0.15%组的乳脂率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),比对照组高12.7%。结论添加复合酶制剂有利于瘤胃发酵和提高生产性能,且添加量为0.15%时效果较好。     

Effect of tannins and saponins in Samanea saman on rumen environment,milk yield and milk composition in lactating dairy cows

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of tannins and saponins in Samanea saman on rumen fermentation, milk yield and milk composition in lactating dairy cows. Four multiparous early‐lactating dairy cows (Holstein‐Friesian cross‐bred, 75%) with an initial body weight (BW) of 405 ± 40 kg and 36 ± 8 day in milk were randomly assigned to receive dietary treatments according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The four dietary treatments were unsupplemented (control), supplemented with rain tree pod (S. saman) meal (RPM) at 60 g/kg, supplemented with palm oil (PO) at 20 g/kg, and supplemented with RPM at 60 g/kg and PO at 20 g/kg (RPO), of total dry matter (DM) intake. Cows were fed with concentrate diets at a ratio of concentrate to milk yield of 1:2, and chopped 30 g/kg of urea‐treated rice straw was fed ad libitum. The RPM contained condensed tannins and crude saponins at 88 and 141 g/kg of DM respectively. It was found that s upplementation with RPM and/or PO to dairy cows diets did not show negative effect on ruminal pH, blood urea nitrogen and milk urea nitrogen concentration (p > 0.05). However, supplementation with RPM resulted in lower ammonia nitrogen (NH₃‐N) concentration (p < 0.05). In addition, propionic acid and milk production increased while acetic acid, acetic to propionic ratio, methane production, methanogens and protozoal population decreased with RPM and/or PO supplementation. Furthermore, addition of PO and RPO in the diets increased milk fat while supplementation of RPM resulted in greater milk protein and Fibrobacter succinogenes numbers (p < 0.05). The population of Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Ruminococcus albus were not affected by any treatments. The findings on the present study showed that supplementation with RPM and RPO to diets of cows improved the rumen environment and increased milk yield, content of milk protein and milk fat.     

不同瘤胃细菌培养物添加水平对奶牛瘤胃发酵及BCP含量的影响

本文旨在研究不同剂量的瘤胃细菌培养物对荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃发酵及菌体蛋白(BCP)含量的影响。试验采用单因素试验设计,选用4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管,体况相近的荷斯坦奶牛,取其瘤胃液混匀,添加不同剂量的瘤胃细菌培养物进行体外培养,分别为:对照组(0 CUF/g),试验Ⅰ组(添加量为3%,4.4×108CUF/g),试验Ⅱ组(添加量为5%,7.8×108CUF/g),试验Ⅲ组(添加量为10%,1.2×109CUF/g),每组分别设2、4、8、12、24、36、48 h 7个指标测定时间点,每个时间点3个重复。结果表明:(1)添加瘤胃细菌培养物使瘤胃液pH有所降低,但始终在6.5～7.0,对瘤胃内环境无不良影响;(2)添加3%的瘤胃细菌培养物显著降低氨态氮(NH3-N)的含量(P<0.05),显著增加了培养液BCP的浓度(P<0.05);(3)添加3%的瘤胃细菌培养物可一定程度增加总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)和乙酸浓度,但对其他各挥发性脂肪酸及乙酸/丙酸比值无显著影响。由此可见,添加3%剂量的瘤胃细菌培养物可改变瘤胃的发酵环境,提高BCP浓度。     

Effects of rumen‐protected methionine on milk production in early lactation dairy cattle fed with a diet containing 14.5% crude protein

We evaluated the influence on milk production of feeding early lactation cows a diet that included 14.5% crude protein (CP) and that did not meet methionine (Met) requirements or that met them by supplying rumen‐protected Met (RPMet). Thirty‐nine multiparous Holstein cows were allocated into two groups. For 15 weeks after calving, each group was fed one of the two total mixed rations, Control (n = 20) or Treatment (n = 19). The Treatment group received added RPMet at 0.034% (8 g/day) of the Control diet on dry matter basis. The adequacies of Met for the Control and Treatment groups were 96% and 106%, respectively, and for other amino acids, >110%. The CP level (14.5%) was 1 percentage point lower than that recommended by the Japanese Feeding Standard (2006). No between‐group differences were found in milk yield (40 kg/day), milk composition, plasma profile, rumen fermentation, nitrogen balance, or cow health. Met intake and the amount of rumen‐undegradable feed Met were higher in the Treatment group (p < 0.05). Microbial Met and total metabolizable Met did not differ between groups. Supplying RPMet in a 14.5% CP diet during early lactation did not dramatically affect milk production, because the amount of total metabolizable Met was unchanged.     

过瘤胃蛋白和丙二醇对乳牛瘤胃发酵、产乳量及乳成分的影响

用 8头荷斯坦黑白花奶牛 ,在饲粮中添加过瘤胃蛋白和丙二醇 ,研究其对乳牛瘤胃发酵、产乳量及乳成分的影响。结果表明 ,过瘤胃蛋白+丙二醇可显著提高丙酸浓度 (P <0 0 5) ,并且产乳量较对照组有增加的趋势。乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率及无脂固形物率 ,并未因添加过瘤胃蛋白和丙二醇而受到显著影响 (P >0 0 5)。乳蛋白质量、乳脂量及无脂固形物量 ,过瘤胃蛋白 +丙二醇组较对照组有增加的趋势 ,但差异均不显著 (P >0 0 5)。     

高精料日粮下添加阿卡波糖对奶牛瘤胃及后肠发酵的影响研究

本试验旨在探讨高精料日粮下添加阿卡波糖对奶牛瘤胃和后肠发酵的影响。试验选用3头干奶期荷斯坦奶牛,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,阿卡波糖添加剂量为0,0.5和1.0 g/d,试验分3期进行,每期21 d。结果表明,与对照组比较,添加阿卡波糖显著降低了奶牛瘤胃液中丙酸浓度(P<0.05),提高了乙丙比(P<0.05),但对瘤胃pH值、乳酸、乙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸、总挥发性脂肪酸和氨氮浓度无显著影响(P>0.05);与对照组比较,添加阿卡波糖显著降低了粪便pH值和氨氮浓度(P<0.05),提高了乳酸、丁酸和异戊酸浓度(P<0.05),但对乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、戊酸、总挥发性脂肪酸和乙丙比无显著影响(P>0.05)。结果说明,高精料日粮下长期添加阿卡波糖虽可影响瘤胃液中个别挥发性脂肪酸的浓度,但对瘤胃整体发酵和瘤胃pH值无显著影响,此外,添加阿卡波糖可增加后肠发酵,并可能对后肠健康带来潜在危害。     

过瘤胃赖氨酸对奶牛产乳量及乳成分的影响

试验采用随机分组试验设计,选择健康的中国荷斯坦奶牛48头,按照胎次、产奶量、泌乳日期一致原则,均匀分成4组,试验各组基础日粮相同,就饲粮中添加过瘤胃赖氨酸(Lys)对乳牛产乳量及乳成分的影响进行研究。4个处理组分别为:对照组(0添加组)不添加过瘤胃赖氨酸(RPLys)和试验Ⅰ组添加10 g(/头.d)、试验Ⅱ组添加20 g(/头.d)和试验Ⅲ组添加30 g(/头.d)。试验结果显示:经过饲喂后,试验各组与对照组相比,产奶量显著提高;试验Ⅲ组和试验Ⅱ组都与对照组差异显著(P0.05),其中试验Ⅲ组与对照组差异极显著(P0.01);乳蛋白含量有所提高,其中试验Ⅲ组与对照组有显著差异(P0.05);其他乳成分指标略有提高,但差异不显著(P0.05)。     

瘤胃保护氨基酸和脂肪酸对奶牛瘤胃发酵、产乳量、乳成分和血液成分的影响

选用8头经产荷斯坦泌乳牛分为对照和试验2 组(n=4),以1 期为2 周、共3 期的二乘反转法,研究了瘤胃保护氨基酸和脂肪酸添加物(RPLMF)对奶牛瘤胃发酵、产奶量、乳成分和血液成分的影响。对照组牛饲喂由苏丹草青干草(20%)、苜蓿草块(20%)、意大利黑麦草青贮(17%)和混合精料(43%)组成的典型日粮。试验组牛饲喂上述日粮外,每天另添加160 g/d RPLMF。RPLMF 中主要含有脂肪酸60%、赖氨酸8%、蛋氨酸4%、其他28%。结果表明,RPLMF的添加对瘤胃发酵无明显的影响。2组血浆尿素氮、总游离氨基酸和必需氨基酸浓度以及赖氨酸和蛋氨酸浓度间均无明显差异(P>0.1),而试验组血浆葡萄糖浓度有下降趋势(P<0.1)和组氨酸浓度显著下降(P<0.05)。试验组与对照组比较,干物质采食量无明显差异,分别为20.2和20.4 kg/d;产乳量和4%的标准乳量分别为24.2、22.3和25.6、24.1 kg/d,试验组分别增加了1.4 kg/d和1.8 kg/d(P<0.1);乳脂率有增加趋势(P<0.1),而其他乳成分无显著变化;乳脂肪、乳蛋白质和无脂固形物分别增加9.5%(80 g/d,P<0.05)、6.9%(50 g/d,P<0.1)和6.4%(130 g/d,P<0.1);乳脂脂肪酸组成中C18∶0 比例显著提高(P<0.05)。另外,RPLMF添加后饲料蛋白质向乳蛋白质的转化效率从23.9%提高到25 3%。以上结果显示:在暑热季节泌乳中期的     

硫酸钠对奶牛瘤胃发酵的影响

本文旨在研究不同添加水平的硫酸钠对泌乳中期奶牛瘤胃发酵的影响。试验选用4头体重、胎次、产奶量均相近的荷斯坦奶牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,试验分4个处理组,添加不同水平的硫酸钠,即0%(对照组)、0.4%(试验1组)、0.8%(试验2组)与1.2%(试验3组),试验分为4期,每期18 d(预试期15 d,正试期3 d)。结果表明:(1)饲粮中添加硫酸钠对瘤胃液pH、NH3-N平均浓度无显著影响(P>0.05);(2)饲粮中添加硫酸钠后,瘤胃内原虫数均有所提高,其中试验2组和试验3组与对照组相比均差异显著(P<0.05);(3)添加硫酸钠的试验2组瘤胃液菌体蛋白浓度与对照组相比显著提高(P<0.05)。结果说明,日粮中添加适量的硫酸钠可以改变瘤胃发酵环境,提高瘤胃液菌体蛋白浓度。     

不同豆粕添加量的日粮对奶牛产奶性能的影响

将40头荷斯坦产奶牛随机分为4个试验组,每组10头。4种试验日粮均配制成蛋白质(CP)含量15.2%、产奶净能(NEL)6.90~7.06 MJ/kg。日粮通过调节豆粕和棉籽粕的用量改变日粮赖氨酸(Lys)含量,这样试验1组日粮赖氨酸含量为0.65%、试验2组0.62%、试验3组0.59%和试验4组0.56%。所有试验奶牛先饲喂10 d试验日粮作为预试期,然后开始70 d正试期。试验1组产奶量最高,平均为(27.13±1.53)kg/d;试验4组产奶量最低,平均为(24.40±1.56)kg/d;试验2组和3组依次为(26.18±1.37)和(25.27±1.58)kg/d;其中试验1组产奶量明显高于试验3组(P<0.01)和试验4组(P<0.01),试验2组明显高于试验4组(P<0.05)。因此,在日粮蛋白质含量保持相同和产奶净能相近的条件下,提高日粮赖氨酸含量则提高了奶牛产奶量,降低日粮赖氨酸含量则降低了奶牛产奶量;大量使用棉籽粕替代豆粕降低日粮赖氨酸含量,导致产奶量降低;尽管日粮赖氨酸含量容易提高奶牛日粮成本,由于提高产奶量,增加了产奶纯收入。使用日粮赖氨酸含量这一指标有利于评价奶牛产奶量、乳成分和经济效益。     

Performance of dairy cows fed an entirely organic diet containing cold-pressed rapeseed cake

Abstract

Organic dairy production will be based entirely on organically grown feeds as of 2008, and thereby a demand is created to find suitable feeds that are possible to grow locally. The aim of this experiment was to investigate whether milk yield and milk composition were maintained when cows were fed a 100% organic diet, with around 15% of dietary DM from cold-pressed organic rapeseed cake, compared to a 95% organic diet, in which a conventional protein source was used. Two experimental groups included 20 cows each and the study was carried out during two indoor periods. For cows fed the rapeseed cake diet, milk yield increased by 3.0 kg/day, but contents of milk fat and milk protein of multiparous cows decreased, resulting in similar yields of energy-corrected milk in early lactation. Milk from cows fed rapeseed cake had increased content of unsaturated fatty acids, including conjugated linoleic acid. In conclusion, it is possible to maintain milk production of dairy cows fed 100% organic feedstuffs using cold-pressed rapeseed cake as the main protein source compared to a 95% organic ration.     

日粮阴阳离子差在泌乳奶牛日粮中的应用

日粮阴阳离子差（DCAD）可调控家畜体内的酸碱平衡。近年来，由于其对泌乳奶牛生产性能的影响而越来越受到研究者的重视。文章就阴阳离子差的计算，阴阳离子差对泌乳奶牛干物质采食量、泌乳量和乳成分、瘤胃参数的影响，及对DCAD在我国泌乳奶牛日粮中的应用的展望作了综合阐述。     

Effects of fumaric acid on rumen fermentation,milk composition and metabolic parameters in lactating cows

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of fumaric acid (FA) on ruminal fermentation and its effects on the acid‐base balance of seven ruminally and duodenally fistulated multiparous German Holstein cows. The experiment was conducted in a change‐over design with three periods in which the animals were randomly arranged in one of three treatments: Control (C; without FA), 300 or 600 g FA per day. The diets consisted of 7.4 kg DM grass silage, 4.2 kg concentrate mixture and 0, 300 or 600 g FA or wheat starch as isocaloric compensation per day and cow. FA supplementation decreased the rumen pH, acetic acid and butyric acid and increased propionic acid in rumen fluid. The results of the single‐strand conformation polymorphism analysis (SSCP) did not show an influence of FA on the microbial population in the rumen. The beta‐hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration in blood and the pH of the urine decreased, while the blood gases were unaffected by supplementation of the acid. The microbial protein per MJ ME decreased in the duodenum with FA supplementation. The milk fat concentration decreased after addition of FA. We conclude that in this study feeding of up to 600 g FA per day did not result in an acidosis. It seems that up to 600 g FA per day did not have a significant influence on the acid‐base balance of dairy cows.     

Effect of linseed oil supplementation on performance and milk fatty acid composition in dairy cows

Thirty‐six Holstein‐Friesian crossbred lactating dairy cows were used to determine the effects of linseed oil supplementation on performance and milk fatty acid (FA) profile. Three treatments were as follows: basal diet (56:44 Roughage:concentrate [R:C] ratio, dry matter basis) supplemented with 500 g of palm oil as control (PO), 500 g mixture (1:1, w/w) of palm oil and linseed oil (POLSO) and 500 g of linseed oil (LSO). The LSO supplementation had no effects on total dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield and milk composition. Compared to control cows, cows supplemented with LSO increased milk concentrations of cis‐9,trans‐11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and n‐3 FA (P < 0.05), particularly C18:3n‐3, C20:5n‐3 and C22:6n‐3. Feeding LSO reduced concentrations of milk short‐ and medium‐chain saturated fatty acids (P < 0.05) while it increased concentration of milk unsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.05). Milk proportions of n‐3 FA increased, whereas n‐6/n‐3 ratio decreased in the LSO as compared with the control (P < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementing dairy cows' diet based on corn silage with LSO at 500 g/day could improve the nutritional value of milk with potential health‐beneficial FA without detrimental effect on milk composition or cow's performance.     

饲粮NDF/NFC对泌乳高峰期奶牛瘤胃甲烷排放量、营养物质表观消化率及生产性能的影响

本试验采用六氟化硫(SF6)示踪技术测定生产条件下泌乳奶牛瘤胃甲烷(CH4)排放量,旨在研究饲粮中性洗涤纤维/非纤维性碳水化合物(NDF/NFC)对泌乳高峰期奶牛甲烷排放量、营养物质表观消化率及生产性能的影响。试验选用体重(564.04±24.97)kg、胎次(1.58±0.23)胎、泌乳天数(88.00±15.32)d、产奶量(20.83±0.77)kg/d的荷斯坦奶牛12头,随机分成3组,每组4头。各组饲粮NDF/NFC分别为1.14、1.30、1.55。试验期为24 d,包括14 d预饲期和10 d正试期。结果表明:(1)低NDF组甲烷排放量、甲烷能极显著低于高NDF组(P≤0.01),甲烷/干物质采食量、甲烷能/总能摄入量在3个处理组间有极显著差异(P≤0.01);(2)各营养物质的表观消化率在3组间无显著差异(P> 0.05);(3)低NDF组日增重显著高于高NDF组(P <0.05)。综上,在不影响奶牛健康和生产性能的前提下,NDF/NFC为1.14的低NDF组饲粮能显著降低泌乳高峰期奶牛瘤胃甲烷排放量。     

Theoretical turnover rate of the rumen liquid fraction in dairy cows and its relationship to feed intake,rumen fermentation,and milk production

Ruminant animals are able to convert plant materials (grain and the human‐indigestible portion of carbohydrates) to milk and meat. In this conversion, most of the plant materials are digested by rumen fermentation and are changed to short‐chain fatty acids, microbial cells, and methane, which is released into the atmosphere. The relationships among feed, rumen fermentation, and milk production are poorly understood. Here we report a novel indicator of characteristics of rumen fermentation, theoretical turnover rate (TTOR) of the rumen liquid fraction. The TTOR was calculated from the presumed rumen volume (PRV) which is estimated by dividing the methane yield by the methane concentration of rumen fluid. The formula for the TTOR is: TTOR = PRV/body weight^0.75. Our present analyses confirm that the TTOR as an indicator is capable of connecting feed, rumen fermentation, and milk production, because dry matter intake/TTOR showed a strong correlation with milk yield/TTOR. In addition, the TTOR may be related to ruminal pH, as we observed that the ruminal pH decreased as the TTOR increased. We propose that the TTOR is a factor characterizing rumen fermentation and a good indicator of the productivity of ruminants and dysbiosis of the rumen microbiome.